Paychological Asan (pp. 125-154). Emotional Attention, Clarity, and Exploring Emotional Intelligence Using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale Peter Salovey, John D, Mayer, Susan Lee Goldman, Carolyn Tarvey, and Tibor P. Palla [2itisnerealettecmibuonn ine bite that the disclosure of emotions can have postive ransaquences for individuale—that emotional closure is 8 Good Thing like democracy, ‘mother, and an annual physical, But, although contemporary psycholo fists may view emational disease as @ Good Thing this has not been ‘the prevailing view in much of Westen zhought nor even in twentieth _ceneury pychology. For example the psychologists who fit stadied hu: ‘man intligence cantrated tational thought with emotional experience (Schafer, Gilmer, & Schoen, 1940; Woodworth, 1940; Young, 1936). To sna ane pit eee es ate nn eae bens pe peso eset Ci etek aha hen peeoe gu Rogen Crete SES ace cpr ps i an ose 25think cen they believed, one had to Keep emotions in check This idea resides in popular psychological chores about human nature even today, Ebter (1985), for instance, wrote, "When emotions ae directly involved {i actin, they tend to overwhelm or subvert rational mental processes, ‘otto supplement them” (p. 379), In recent years, however, thee has been something of « backlash ‘taint the view that reason and passion ae incompatible, Even copni- tively oriented investigators recognize that emotions can serve asa source of information to individual (f, Scar, 1990), and tha individual iy ‘be more or les shilled at processing this kind of information, The ability {© lize informarion provided by emotions can be adaptive, andthe e lationship between emotion and thought need not be antagonistic, Many ‘ofthe contributors to this volume also take this postive view of human ‘motions For example, Rime’ view that most emotional experiences ae socially shared suggests that emotions can serve socal goals such a socal comparison, clear communication, o the elicitation ofasitance from others (chapter, this volume). 1m considering individual dilerences in the ability to use the infor ination conveyed by emotions adaptively, Gardner (1983) deserbed what ‘ne clle persona intelligence in part as"access to one's own fling life ‘one’s range of aflects or emotions the capacity instantly 10 sffet dis ‘timinations among these flings and, eventually, to label them, 1 en mesh them in symbolic codes, to draw upon them as & means of ‘derstanding an! guiding one’s behavior” (p. 239) We, too, belee that Individuals ditfer inthe sil with which they can identity their feclings and the felings of others, regulate these flings and ue the information ‘rovided by their fess to motivate adaptive social behaviow. These sill are likely related to the use of felings to motivate, plan, and ache in life. Elewhere, we hve organized these competencies into framework 'eemed emotional inteligence (Mayer & Salovey, 1993; Slowey & Mayer, 1990; Sslovey, Hse, &e Mayer, 193). tis the purpose of this chapter first to describe a measure of indi vidual diferences in the ability to relleey upon and manage ones emo. tions. Our measure indess the degre of atention that individu devote to thei felings the clarity of thelr experience ofthese feelings, nd their beliefs about terminating negative moad sates oF prolonging positive ‘ones. Many of the competencies described within the emotional intel gence framework as well as investigations ofthe value of emotional dis closure in writing oF in psychotherapy take as starting point the indi doa’ wilingness to attend to felings and to experienc these feings clearly. Thus, although we hve ltl interest in claiming thatthe measute Aiscussed here is some kind of emotional intelligence test (or that ind viduals should even be differentiated aceyrdng to some kind of emotional 1Q), we do believe it has utility in helping asco idenify core individual dlferences that may characterize emotionally intelligent individuals ex able of dscsing their feelings to themseives and other people (ur interest in attention to, clarity, and regulation of feelings yrow cout of erie work on the elective processes that accompany most mood states. Mayer and Guechke (1988; see algo Mayer, Salovey, Gomberg- Kaufman, & Bluiney, 1991; Mayer & Stevens, 1994) demonstrated that there isan ongoing process associated with moods whereby individuals continually eeflect upon ther felings, monitoring cvalating, and regu- Istng them, They termed this process the metamcad experience nl de- veloped the Meta-Mood Experience Scale that measures an indivi ‘thoughts about an ongoing mood state This measure, because it empha sizes moment-by-momnent changes in elections about ongoing moods, ienow termed the State Meta-Mood Scale (SMMS). Is factors inchade be. lies about the controlbilty ofthe mood, its clarity, acceptability, typ «ality and changeabiy “The SMMS focused primarily on thoughts about an ongoing mood experience. The scale did not address more stable attitudes about moods {in general nor enduring strategies with which individual deal with mood experiences. In this chapter, we ist present stay ofthe factor structute and relabily ofa scale that meatutes the mote enduring qualities ofthe reflective experience of mood, The measures called the Trait Met Mood Seale (TMOMS) because it was designed to assess relatively stable individ 1ual differences in people's tendency o attend to their moods and emo: ions, dlicriminate clearly among them, and regulate them. Studies presented subsequently provide data regarding both the con- ‘current and predictive validity ofthe TMMS. its correlations with related personality constructs are examined, nd associations between ruminative ‘thought and attending to feeling, experiencing them eleatly and beliefs bout regulating them are stdied in a laboratory experiment in which subjects watched a distressing film and then provided ongoing reports of ‘their thoughts and felings, DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRAIT META-MOOD SCALE ‘We started our investigation ofthe trait met-mood construct by asking ‘nearly 200 individuals to respon to 48 items drawn from a large item set ‘ermpoyed by Mayer, Mamberg, and Volanth (1988) tat divide into 5 item 40 ad Deion of 2 Ox prop Age Heme In order to confirm the factor structure of the TMMS, a second sam ple of subjects was recruited fom 152 students enrolled in an dnd. graduate psychology course. Of these studens, 148 consented to parti pate in a four phise longitudinal study of psychological stess and Ieath-illnessbehavior (Goldman, Kraemer & Slovey, submitted fr pb Ticaton). These students were administered the 48tem TMMS as pat of| 2 battery of measures that was collected during the second week of ee larcases. ‘To test the theoretical sractre of the TMMS, we perfrmied 2 can firmatory facto analysis (CEA) using LISREL 11 (Joreskog & Socbom, 198), The ehi- square significance test of global it suggested that our three factor model fts the data generated by this second sample (7 (48) = 4956, ns). The goodness-of-fit index (GFT) provided bythe LISREL pro gram was.94 (adjusted GFI war 9) indicating that the three-factor suc ‘ure ofthe TMMS accounted fo a lnrge proportion ofthe total covaria- tion. The root mean square esidyal wat, also suggesting that her was relatively small discrepancy beween the predicted and the stual covariance matrix. Examination ofthe final factor loadings demonstrated the conceptul distinctivenes of the Attention, larity, and Repair sub- scales of the TMMS, CONVERGENT AND DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY Given the sabily ofthe three-fictor structure of the TMMS, iti im: portant to determine (a) the extent to which these subscales ae related © ‘other measures of mood and mood management and (b) whether these subscales predict the actual regulation and control of mood. A number of measures related tothe meta-experience of mood have been described in the literature, A specific sot of evaluation is measured by the Ambiva- lence Over Emotional Expesiveness Questionnaire (AEQ; King & Em ‘mons, 1990, 1991, for example, whch taps, among other thoughts, dis satisfaction with one's emotional expression, Participants who ar high on the scale may want 10, but filo expres a feding and subsequent re {rt it.The AEQ is related to self-reported and peer-rated emotional ex presiveness and to daily negative moods, Catanzao and Mearns (1990) Ihave developed an instrument called Expectanciesfor Negative Mood Reg ‘lation (NMR), This construct concerns beliefs about the changeabity of negative moods, High scorers are les likely to be depresed than those individuals lacking in such expectancies (Kitsch, Mearns, & Catanzaro, 1990, Silay, the Life Orientation Test (LOT) was developed to mea: sre the tendency 10 have optimistic expectancies about future events (Scheer & Carve, 1985) Finally, the Se Consciousness Scale (SCS) mea sures the tendency to attend to aspects of ongoing consciousness includ ing mood (Venigtein, Scheer, Bus, 1978) Bach ofthese sales i able and provides valid index of what it purports to measure. In gene however, they ae nt based ona singular theoretical perspective. The re: sult hasbeen more ofa bottom-up approach tthe ise of emotion eal- ‘ation and regulation. We have argued elsewhere thatthe meta-mood ex peience and emotional inteligence concepts can be employed to organize such constructs (Mayer & Salvey, 1993; Mayer & Gash, 1988; Salovey, i) Haze, & Mayer, 199: Salovey & Mayer, 1990). We would expect tht the "TMMS sale may eptue inthe domain of felings the variance accounted for by this large collection of measures Correlations Among Measures ‘We asked 86 undergradustesta complete the TMMS, all ofthe measures escribed above, as wells a mesure of depression (the Centr for Epi emiologcal Studies Depresion Scale (CES-D]; Ralof, 1977). Te cor relations among the TMMS subscales and the other measures included in this seudy ate presented in Table 3. Ia this sample, the Repair scale was sorrelated positively with both Attention and Clarity, although the mag nitude ofthese correlations was not larg. We should also meation that in this ample, the internal consistency of the Repair scale was abit lower than in previous studies. More important, the thee TMMS subscales ‘were associated with other measures in the htratute with which we would ‘expect them to be correlated (convergent ality) but not with others {Gscriminant validity), For example, Attention 1 Feelings was associated with private and public self consciousness, People who attend wo thie el ings also, to some exent, attend to other aspects of thei conscious expe rence, Clarity was negatively associated with ambivaleace over emotional ‘expression and with depression. Individuals who experience ther feelings clearly tend not to be depressed and are les likly to experience ambiva- lence over the amount and quality ofthe emotions they display to others. ‘These asocations of other measures with Attention and Clarity were moderate, suggesting that these cwo TMMS subscales do account for emotion-rlated variance not measured by se consciousnes, ambiva lence, oF depression. Finally, Repair was negatively associated werh de- pression and positively associated with optimism an belie about rea tive mood regulation. These later two correlations ae the highest among, thote generated inthis study, and the discriminant validity ofbeits about the reparabiity of moods from optimism and other similar constrcts will need to be demonstrated in future work. Bsi enon iy tap » v0 te Se Cone ow Optini (LoT> re gin Mond Rpltion MR) mone ~ eee eee eee Pinpl Components Ayn See Sees iy OM) eo Segie(1405) sD Nie scones ee) Aniaace Oe eto Expo “so 88 deren -5 Opimien Lo) 2m pin Mond Regton (MS am ‘The Creation of Higher Order Factors ‘The creation of the TMMS was i gare based on our belief that meta- mood experieaces could be understood a5 fling in theee primary do- mais: tending to moods experiencing them leary, and tying to reg tlt them. f this is 0, the collection of measures that have proliferated 16 inthis general ares should cluster along these thre themes at well We ‘conducted a principal components analysis in which scores onthe three "TMS subcles and on the other measores collected inthis study served as “item” Three factors had eigenvalues greater than one aa acwunted for 63% ofthe total variance. “The facto loadings following varimax rotation are pesened in Table 23. The thtee TMMS subscales defined the thee different factors. The fist ‘actor was defined by the TMMS-Repair subscale and included st well ‘Optimism (LOT, Negative Mood Regulation (NMI), and Depression (CES-D), which loaded negatively. The second factor loaded TMS ‘Atention highly and abo included the two Self-Consciousness Seles (SCS). And the third factor was defined by TMMS-Clarty on one end and Ambivalence About Emotional Expression (AEQ) on the other. Ths, this nays suggests thatthe TMMS taps inta thre fundamental domains of ‘meta-mood experience that are also represented in a more picemeal way by other measures of affective style snd process. The TMMS subscales, Attention, Clarity, and Repair, sem efficiently to represent several existing measures concerned with the processing of afet. The measures included inthis study could be organized empirically around the themes fate ofelings, experiencing them clay and ‘eying to regulate them, Of the many relationships uncovered in this study, one is particularly intresting tous and that concerns the placement of Clarity and Ambivalence about Emotional Expesion on opposite ends of the same dimension, Similar data have been reported by Emmons (1992), who calls this fctor emotional complexity “This study assessed the convergent validity f the TMMS with only 4 few ofthe measures that ct be found in the mets-mood iterate nf ture work, we would like to examine relationships between the TMMS. subscales and other measures. Some ideal candidates include Levee of Emotional Awareness (Lane, Quinlan, Scart, Waller, & Zeitlin, 19505 ‘Lane & Schwartz, 1987), the Mood Awareness Seale (Glan & Swinkels, 1992, 1993), Constructive Thinking especially the CT subscales of rmo- tional coping, naive optimiem, negative thinking, and eupertitiousness (Epscin, 1990; Epstein & Meier, 1985; Kata & Epstein, 1991)—and alex rriyi, the inability to use words to describe feelings (Apfel & Sifncos, 1979; Krystal, Giller, 8 Cicchetti, 1986; Seo, 1972, 1973; Taylor, 1984; ‘Thayer Singer, 1977) The relations among attention, clarity, and a mea- sure of emotional disclosure would be intresting to explore as wll TRAIT META-MOOD AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NEGATIVE RUMINATIVE THOUGHT AFTER A STRESSFUL EVENT “Teimpontane of meta-mood ls and proces pethep becomes os, spprent under conditions of ses: Im another sty, vena the typoths that adapting succes oa stefleperience would de pends in pron the capacity attend to, dicriminate among and tint eng The tion between negative mood ad ines, vol tary nd persistent cognitions flowing ses ie cynts as een demonstrated rather consistent (Horo 1975: Parkinson & Racha, 1951, 1961s Rachman, 1980 Site Boo. & Sones, 1983; Tait & Ser 1987 However this coupling of rumintetought and negative fect, isnot a consequence speci to major if events Iti pene remponse ou wide rage of testa evens that oc ins arg potion ofthe non ‘lineal poplin and has been succes documented nthe bor tor (Horowit, 197% Racha, 1980) As Borhoee dss in the pe- «nt volume (chapter 4), 3s posible that rmination on nit model ‘ronying) prevents more come minal engagement wth he res {al material worry and raion, prado, may be avoidance rte sar tte lerithymic ale doverbdin Paeschaper (hap ter 10 this vole) Many iveigator have explained the redction in mint hough nd accompanying negative aft sae with every rom srs experience in copitve proeting ems (eg, Ano Singer, { Greenberg. 166; Horo 1975), verse intative inking i be led o subside because the inva nts the ste informa- son nt exiting copii cheno atcommodtes schemas scord- ing tbo 170 Immediately flowing testes event he me be information may be too discrepant from exsting represetations and to! overwhelming tobe integrated adequacy The individual is motivated to reduce such discrepancies inorder to regain a coherent set of represent tions about the sel and the enviroment and regain a sense of mary. “This procs may require repented experiencing of the negative mater inthe form of ruminatie thought unt such processing is complete. This chain of evens is quit similar othe distress, icone, lef model de scribed by Sis in this volume, Research onthe treatment of far and anxiety with expossre-based therapies suggests that other features ofthe stress reaction reute pro ceasing ina similar manner (sce Fos & Kozak, 1986; Racha, 1980). AF fect, behavior, and cognition are pat of an interrelated response strucare to the stesfl event. Though each component is partly independent {om the others inthe way that ii processed, they ar al elated to one another as part ofan aleve memory structure forthe negative event Inthe words, the stress response consists of multiple features that fl low diferert processing patterns but are mutually interdependent (see Barlow 1988, for review of this erste). nal the eosin rig appreciation a adjustment toa stesor i faiitated by simultaneous activation o Br cponent fhe flee menor arc tt uni the stress reaction. Fear, for example, i represented a (2) information shout the eared even () verbal (reported emotion, copiton, ‘physiological, and behavioral responses, and (c interpretive information bout the timulus and the response (Foa & Korak 186). Modification ‘ofa fear response requires tht the fear structure be activated and then ‘Incompatible elements be incorporated witin it oterwise the likely re action is persistent native mood, ruminative thought, feat images (Bachman, 1980). Tr fine with this view, we sugges tat sucess processing fin sive thoughts may depend on ails rated to the activation, experince, lind modifiation of fesings, We examined the ration of individual dit ferences inattention clarity. and regulation of eclings to sstained neg ative afet and the intensity, insiteney, control, and negativity of 19remit thought that flowed »dstresing simul Sob were fit exposed wo ditresng vide footage ae wich meatier of eno and quality of though wee tuned. No diferencesin active response ‘or ai of thoughts wee expe among siete imme er the dsteing ims, However ssa ofthe TMMS were expected to pred eanery of potv med and improvement in he quality of thovghtacou th time period that allowed Special we hypothesed that indians who reported reste cary dictating mood and sho onder eptve mood tbe repairable wold) hae over eas neta thoughts m general () report more pore thoughts oe time, (6 pay dine fn intenes and uncool of neatire shouts, and) report more poste mood at he concuion ofthe ee rerimentlseson,Atention was nt epeted toe a predictor bene inatricton for the thought sampling pete exp eqired sb ject to oy tention to thei thoughts ad ings ‘We thd 7 stent antes 0 come to the aerator where we tod ther hat they woul be partkisting in two stain on invcrng vrchinglvson nda second one onthe ra of consumes Fi thew pation completed «Batery of murs that inde (3) he pce Peony Inventory (EP: Eyench, 1973), (0) te Center for demlogilStais Depression Sle (CES-D Rad 1977) the Tit Mets Mood Sle MMS) () he fet Gri (Ral, Wei Mende ‘oh, 1989), and (6 the Weinberger Ajstment Inventory (Wl Wen eras 1988, 190) ‘Nest when ll of thesbjcts na group completed the battery clip was presented. The video clip was 12 mi sognent of docmen- tary on drunk diving The fm contsned opi footage of serous tomotile scent andthe emergency rom nd ool sequences that flowed itm la decribed the ntare oft traumatic experience ‘Thistheme was chose for it relevance o individ ofthis ge goup Aer the fim subject were asked to complete another mood measure “Thi ostensibly marked the conclason ofthe "it experinent” 1 this ponte experimenter rede the posed purpos of «th -Teond experiment” and the atonal ofthe sow sampling pro- 0 ‘cedure. The instructions aked subject to: () focus on whatever thoughts, feclings, and images they were experiencing atthe time of a prearranged ‘signal, (b) jot down afew sleet words to describe the thought on a page ina thought sampling recor, and (c) answer the questions hac appeared ‘on the botiom of each page with regard fo the recorded thought. Four Liker-seale items were included atthe bottom of each page that asked subjects to rate the postveness, inten, insstency, and controllability of their recorded thoughts, Subjects wer then given a practice thought sam pling page and paticipated ina tial run. The actal thought listing ee son began afer subjects had a chance to ask questions and felt comfort- able with the procedure, The thought sampling procedure fllowed 2 ‘designated protocol Subjects were signaled with toneto report a thought ‘every 60-1205. This procedure was repeated 12 times, After the ato the thought samples was cited, subjects were requested to complet another mood measure ‘TMMS and Associations With Other Mood-Relevant Measures ‘The intercorrelatons among the TMMS subscales and ther correlations With the CES-D and WAI subscales are presented in Table 4 In sis study? there were no significant cotratons among the three subscales ofthe “TMMS, andthe interna consistency ofall thee scales was satifictory When me examined the relation of the TMMS with other messes of ‘emotionality and negative afeciviy, there was an interesting patter of correlations with depression. Deprestion was asocated with low Claity {in discriminating elings, high Attention to emotions, and belief that one ‘cannot Repair negative moods. Low Clarity was also associated with neu- roticism. In other words, greater mood lability i associated with ck of clarity about mood. Also worth noting isthe coherent pater of relations betwen the TMMS subscales and the WAL Clarity and Repair were neg atively relat to WAA distress. Clarity in discriminating emotions, as well asthe bale that one can regulate emotional experience were asociated With lower vulnerability 10 distress reactions. Moreover, represive- defensiveness associated with low tention 19 moods, as it shouldbe 1eqreson Anas for Raination Stuy - a — . 7 epee oe peta “3 oo 7 _ fesse ees = os Tae ma li Ga AP CPS BT ae “ment, there were no antecedent mood measures. As a result, the TMMS : “Tater mre ced nthe ana det lowing he CES and Changes in Mood ‘thts Thesamerenion cig war employe fr onde “These was no doubt that watching the drunk driving film had a power impact on mood. Our participants reported relatively high levels of pos itive mood before the film (Time 1). However, mood reports just fer the film dropped sigaiicanaly(Time2). Finally there was a signifant recov ‘ry of postive mood by the very end ofthe experiment (aftr the thought sampling tak; Time 3) ‘A ierarchicalreresion analysis was used to determine the elects of [Atention, Cavity, and Repair om mood at each ofthe thee time points ‘Analysis proceeded inthe fllowing manner: Scores on the CES-D, EPI ‘neurosis subscale and WAL were entered fist to account for any variance cexplined by depress, neuroticism, of soio-emotional adjustment, Baseline measures of mood were entered next. This strategy allowed for predictions of change in mood by removing fom ital vatiance shared ‘hth ier measrement or mood athe exaing of he exper te ‘sured at Time 2 and Time 3, with the exception tat prior mood ratings ‘were entered in the regression equation before the TMMS subscales were ‘epped into the model For each equation, the subscales of the TMMS teee allowed to enter based onthe magnitude of thie contribution inc counting for the remaining variance. Tn the analysis that included the CRS. and the WAL, none ofthe "TMMS subscales predicted initial mood (Time 1) or the dctne in mood icc following the video (Time 2)-Moreover, mood at Time I was not a significant predictor of mood at Time 2, Thus, i appears thatthe fil had a negative effect on mood that was not mediated by baseline mood (the mood in which subjects walked into the laboratory). Mood recovery (positive mood at Time 3), however was predicted by Clarity over and above that accounted fr by time, In other words, those individuals who reported that they were “usually very clear about [thei feings” were we.‘more likely to rebound from induced negative mood. The results ofthese regression analyses ae presented in Table 5. In order to look atthe associations berween the TMMS sales and ‘mood without worrying about overlap between the TMMS and the other dispositional measures collected, we also calculated sis of repression ‘equations in which we epressed mood at each ofthe three points during ‘heexperiment on just the theee TMMS subscales. tthe beginning of the ‘experimental session, posve mood was significantly associate with high Repair (B= 3, p-<.01) and low Anersion (B = ~-28, p<05). Fol- lowing the film about drunken diving, subjects who sored high on Re- air were the least distressed (B= 26, p <.05), even if mood a the be- ‘inning ofthe experiment was included inthe model (B = 30 p<_.05), Thought Quality oui carters of raminative thought were examine in this std inten nsisteny,contallay, andpostivenes tough that lowed» dstesingstimols. Primiarybivarite ans of thee ‘hoop uty Sesion evel « tong eltionship between nen- shy and inten of thooght Dae the high cotton, (72) = 74, ‘p= 0001 and concept eltdnee of thee tw vrs they were embined into an index ofthe ntrsvenes of the thought Thos, pos ‘heen ntatenen ad contellabity wee ued athe primary me sures of thot quality. Repented ests ana of covariance (ANCOVA) wa ed to tet ‘yotises pertaining othe bly of the TMM subset predic provement inthe dimensions of thought quay ver ine. Bese de Presson is asited with prt epte copii pater ef. Me- {ky ramon, Seligman, Semel, & Petron, 182), we fe ecsry tocontol frie cova) ntarae of depron on thought pater For purposes of nays abject ere divided athe pope onthe scores on ach of the subcesof the TMMS. Toe sje those score oma prc ssa it the per qa were con. {Hered fo pss high bility with respect ht soba, Those who sort hielower qt wer considered poses iw ality Sore ' fo theremin bjs wre aed inthe average range Thi tied nce pouing ets igh trp, and Low for ech Fe “ans mle: Aten, hy and Repu Te te mens of Thong gay (pete nesenes and onli) we {SEcD eu points nme Tos tes epented cases ANOVAS “Sv one between jes tor rou) an four hin sabes tor Tine he te tought uty xing) wee perlormes orang arabe of depen, Teo signean fl tat ever serie crop ineraction for Cy, A867) = 192.7 = 25.10 THiine hs mertton, we clad ao the the mesons of ‘foot quiy by ing the me of sandra scores ach te Fone The coped ope were sled ch at igher named ‘ed mre neve eva, mca thoupts—ore mina therhougt The Tine fou ert fr Clty inde tat he facto tine on rinse thought we dferent est oe OUP Because we ne piel ners in he present ie Freon tne ee plated fo ruminating fore ofthe hee oop Thigh clay eouphads signin neavesop (>= 5, sey tings ican deinen rate tout 5 om 2 cha nna doe forint Ln Carty up (=~ 6 wey thee trece between High ad ow ayes sia Cerne one aed) The dope coeicent for Aeae City (So nor yas diferent om te spe conn reer the Tuo gh cay guns Tt appends who epor ane rear sat he lings experiences ian deinen Panne hag oe ime hen compared with nies who porting unl sou tr mood Ths ee suppor ou hypo eset ty dering tgs rip tee om Sonne tpt llorng ete or esl raya ind diferente ersten ng sinc non nd rate toute fet pl ical ln vaninnton we ete ht indvidol who pone some ofthe sl peed the TMS wold ees pron 1 conned neti mod ME mintne hohe wee ao deans the importance of us\ (Claritin buffering the impact ofa stresfl event on subsequent mood {and quality of thought Recovery of postive mood following a ses ‘tent was predicted by Clarity, over and above that accounted for by time ‘oF ealir mood sates. Those individuals who reported experiencing feel ‘ngs clearly were more likely to rebound from induced negative mood; they also tended to show a decline in ruminative thought across ime fl. lowing a distressing event, Although Clarity was associated with theafectve quality of eumina tions Astention to feelings was no. The differential predictive validity of hese constructs deserves further comment. Clarity isthe tendency to be able to distinguish among felngs. Individuals who experienced fecings dearly wece more likly to fel positive at the experiments end and to show a detin in troubling ruminations after stresfl events Pethaps ‘motional arity is a required precondition for effective mood manage ment. Individuals who experience affect cleat~—ho know what they {ect—may be able to terminate averive ruminatve process quickly sim Ply because ther feengs are cleat. They know how they eek they do not need to engage in prolonged rumination in order to figue it out Rather, they can turn their attentional resources toward coping and minimizing the impact of the siesfal event. 'm part, the lack of an effect for Attention may be due tothe method ‘ology of this study. Subjects were asked explicitly to attend to their thoughts and, pchaps, implicily to their feelings as well As sich, nd ‘vidual diferences inthe tendency to attend to felings may not have been provided an opportunity to emerge. Moreover, merely atending to fel. ings may not change their experience Feelings may arse with minimal higher order cognitive procesing (ef Zsjonc, 1980) regardless of whether ‘tention is focused explicidy on them. Wf anything, attending to fcings ‘may intensity them (Scheie Carver 1977; Scheie, Carver, & Gibbons, 1981, regards of valence. There was some evidence, however, that neg ‘ive moods atthe sat ofthe experience were associated with Ateation, Pethaps apart fom stressful experiences, we ae more likely to attend to ‘our felings when they are negative Finally although Repair was unrelated to mood improvement or the sttensation of intrusive thoughts when other measures were inched in 6 the regression models, when the TMMS scales were examined aloné, Re par was associated with the intensity of negative felings immediately af. ter viewing the distressing fm. Individuals who seem to be good a re pairing negative moods reported lower levels of negative affect in this WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? “This chapter described the developmeat of the Trait Meti-Mood Scale (TMMS) and the extraction and confirmation ofits thee factors: Aten- tion to Feelings. Clarity in Diserimination of Feelings, and Mood Repair Scales based on these factors appeat tobe tliabie as wel as sulfcentty Aitferentiated fom rated constructs such a6 neuroticism and represion, Moreover, the Catity sale in particular demonstrated validity in pre icing the unpleasant quality of ruminations afer 4 stressful experience. ‘More important, perhaps, than the reliability and validity of the ‘TMMS is ite utility. Is the trait meta-mood construct helpful in under: standing individual diferences in people's reactions to changes in their feeling state? We belive that the TMMS ita reasonable operational tion of aspects of emotional intelligence (Mayer & Salovey, 1998 Maye, DiPaolo, Salovey, 1990; Salovey et al, 1993 Salovey & Mayer, 190). In livid fer i theie understanding of and ability to articulate thei af fective states (and those of others aswell) And they vay in thee ability to regulate such felings and use them adaptively to motivate behavior Attention to Clarity, and Repair of fecings sem fundamental tothe elf regulatory domain of emotional intligence. ‘We believe tha in this chapter, we ave introduced a construct and a measure that willbe of us to investigators interested in motional dis closure. Certainly however, future research neds tbe focused on the di- “riminant validity ofthe TAIMS vie--vs the constructs noted (but not ‘measured earlier inthis chapter. Moreover, we need to explore whether the TAMS can predict emotional adjustment in other domains. In recent ork with the TMMS, Emmons (1992) has reported that among a sam le of individuals who reported ther moods dil for thre weeks, osi- tive and negative moods were associated with Attention, Clarity and wRepair and, moreover Repair was astacated withthe tendency ta over- ‘timate levels of postive affect at the end ofthe study. In another er of staies (Goldman eal, submited fr publication), we have gathered data suggesting hat Attention and Reps influence the reporting of physica) ‘symptoms and illness inthe face of sree conditions uch a midterm nd final examinations, Sach findings may prove uf in understanding the role of emotions intelligence in psychosomatic disorders Research ct forts inthe health domin and in other flds (close elationships may be “good place to look aswel) should clarify the paycholgical importance of telatvely stable thoughts about on’ feng lik REFERENCES Ab Sing a & Gene (9 Sin ee of an 4) Sunes: entender ‘ers pal ed MoS 29 984 ‘1, 8 Sn (9 Aecymc Cone tl mene Pr ony ant Pn Selon.) ey nd nT Nad re Te Nn ten ‘and panic. New York: Guilford Press. ee Cm, Mens (99) Meigen gcc neg ‘Seon pat it a lpm dnp po fn ‘Ate 4603, fhe (98 The mail New Yor Cae Uiy Pe Enmore RA 8 in) Sp meted een mad Perce Teh Had Cnt on Mod pn Highland Beach, FL. : Eo 5. 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(08th prs of simi dari poco ‘Dayan yn 22 She thon 4 See (8), Soin br meng a ire vin sun Se : ‘case Cs Tbs paling ma Spl anny Tn 98 NiCr em od ene mt nai ge zi a Sge 7 Pepe dines noon pe Py hp on Pte 1-7 ie 90 ii fm i inn i ‘pone pou oe Wank har ey Un uni rs ey a iB 10 Te come wl ofc en Sod) sin an tn. 39 8) Co eyo Gap Pee or) Pah oh REET ie et ts er ac R980) Fcing sd ling Pete yates ne can Pehla 38 {81-175 1stAPPENDIX: TRAIT META-MOOD SCALE Pease read each statement and decide whether or not you agree with i Place a number in the blank line next to each statement sing the fll, ing sale: 3 = rong agree 4 somewhat agree 23 naihe agree or disagree 2» somewhat dapree 1 = strongly dgree — 1 ay oa fel ee sing 2 tural ed ean ee ‘ [Repair] os aes PS ieteeene gus A renee oF er oe ed ug Ine — 3 leapt te nade vn i vaettten tena ect 71ers wrt pi se nn ‘mcd enn 2 Sametime wht my eng a Cry in lind mpage matey wate opera i thee tor ry then a ia tam ry contd shut fo el ay Ts 1Sicabea ey anode ont fens nt wth wha a ishing 1 rene dcaton oe [atone Se StS teem atm arm oie ELS SoS 152 ' 16. Although Iam sometimes 524, havea mostly optimistic out ook Repais} ___17, When am upset I elie that the "god things in fe" ae i lusions. (Repair (R)] 18. I believe in ating from che fet. [Attention 29. Lean never tel ow T feel. (Carty (R)] 20. when Tam happy I realize how foolish most of my worries 21. I believe its healthy to fee mater emotion you fee. 22. The best way for me to handle my felings i to experience ‘them to the falls. (Attention) 23. When I become upset I rem ite [Repai] 24 My belief and opinions always seem to change depending on how Ife. (Clarity (R)] 25. Lusually have lots of energy when Tn happy. 26. Lam often aware of my feelings on a mater. (Cariy] 27, whes nr depressed, I cant help but think of bad thoughts. 28 1am usually confused about how Ife. [Carty (R)] 28. One should never be guided by emotions. (Attention (R)] 30. IF in 0 good a mood, I remind myself of reality 1 Bring myself down 31 I never give into my emotions. (Attention (R)] 32. Although 1am sometimes happy. I have mastly pessimistic ‘outlook, [Repair (R)] 33, [ee at ease about my emotions. (Clarity 4 Irs importante block out sme feelings in order to preserve your sanity _—35 I pay alot of attention to how Ife. [Atetion) 36. when I'm in a good mood ir optimistic about the Fatt, a7. rean't make sense out of my feclings. [Cait (8)] 38.1 don't pay much attention to my feng. (Attention (Ry myself ofall the pleasures in 38. Whenever 'm in a bad mood, I'm pessimistic about the future, 0. Hever worry about being in too good « mood, 1331, Loften think about my flings. [Attention] 22 Lam usualy very clear about my feelings. [Carty] 48. No matter how badly fe} ty Yo think about plestant things. [Repait) __H. Feelings area weakness humans have. [Attention (R)] ss. Lwsualy know my felings about « matter, (Clarity) 46. tris usually a waste of ime to think about your emotions. [atention (8)) 17. When 1am happy {sometimes remind myzelf of everything that could go wrong. #8. almost always know exactly how Lam feeling. (Caity]