Solubility

Dr. Vikas Saroch

 OBJECTIVES
• Try to understand the meaning
• Different types
• Procedure
• Importance of solubility in Ayurveda

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 History
• IUPAC (Commission on Solubility Data) adopted, at
its formation in 1979
• Goal of preparing compilations of all experimental
determinations of solubility reported in the world's
chemical literature
• Evaluating data critically

• Made some standard

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 Description of the Instrument

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 SOLUBILITY
• An ability of a substance to dissolve.
• In the process of dissolving, the substance
which is being dissolved is called a solute. 
• Substance in which the solute is dissolved is
called a solvent. 
• A mixture of solute and solvent is called a
solution.
• Degree to which a substance dissolves in a
solvent to make a solution (usually expressed
as grams of solute per liter of solvent).
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• When we insert sugar into water it will
dissolve
Here :
• Sugar is the solute
• Water is the solvent

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 Solution
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
 Isotonic : Two solutions that have the same
concentration of a solute
 Hypertonic : One of two solutions that has a higher
concentration of a solute
 Hypotonic solutions : One of two solutions that has a
lower concentration of a solute
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Solubility As Chemists Understand
• Understood as a maximum amount of solute
that dissolves in a solvent so
called equilibrium.
• In chemistry an equilibrium is a state where
reactants and products reach a balance - no
more solute can be dissolved in the solvent in
the set conditions (temperature, pressure).
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• Take one liter of water and start dissolving salt in it (chemical
formula of salt is nacl)
• Temperature of water is 25oc

• Pressure is 1 ATM (atmosphere - standard pressure in the open

air on earth)
• Should be able to dissolve exactly 357.00 grams and not a gram
more.
• Rest of the salt will stay on the bottom as residue and will not
dissolve.
•  Solubility of salt in water is therefore 357.00g/L.
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•  When this amount of salt is dissolved the
solution reaches its equilibrium.
• Every chemical substance which dissolves in
water has a fixed solubility.
• If it does not dissolve - its solubility is zero.
• Many of these solublities have been measured
and special charts are produced displaying
solubility of many substances at once.
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 Miscible And Immiscible Substances
• Some substances, like water and alcohol, can be
mixed together and create a homogenous phase in
any proportion.
• A solubility measure cannot be applied to such two
substances. Such substances are called miscible.
• On the other hand if two substances cannot be
mixed together (like water and oil), they are called
immiscible.
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 Why do things dissolve?

• Intermolecular forces

• Molecules of the solute are inserted into a solvent and

surrounded by its molecules.
• Molecular bonds between molecules of solute (ie. Sugar)
have to be broken and molecular bonds of the solvent
also have to be disrupted. Both of these require energy.

e.g.
• Sugar and water

• Salt and water

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 Solubility Rules
• To determine solubility of organic compounds
usually the rule Like dissolves like is applied.

• Means that a solute will dissolve best in a

solvent that has the same or similar polarity.

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 Factors Affecting Solubility
 Temperature : Solubility increases with
temperature
 Polarity : "Like Dissolves Like“
• In most cases solutes dissolve in solvents that
have a similar polarity.
• Non polar solutes do not dissolve in polar
solvents
 Pressure : Pressure does not affect solubility.
 Molecular size : Larger particles are generally
less soluble. 
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 Stirring :
• Stirring does not have an affect on solubility of
a substance
• Stirring increases the speed of dissolving.

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 Applications

• Ore processing

• Pharma industry

• Separating mixtures (a mixture of salt sodium

chloride and silica)

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 Organic Qualitative Analysis
Solubility Tests

• Performed on every unknown

• Extremely useful in determining the nature of

the major functional groups present in the
unknown compound.
• Very simple

• A small amount of sample

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 Common Solvents
• Water
• Ether
• 5% NaOH
• 5% NaHCO3
• 5% HCl
• 96% H2SO4

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 Solubility of Bhasma
Dilute Acetic Acid

Dilute HCL

Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide

Ammonium Hydroxide
Carbonated Water

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 Procedure
• A pinch of bhasma was taken in a dry test
tube
• 1ml of solvent added
• Shaken for 1min
• Observed for solubility , non-solubility and
sparingly solubility
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 Rajata Bhasma
• Distilled water • Chloroform*
• Methanol • Normal Saline*
• Petroleum Ether • Triphala Kwath*
• Acetone • Ethyl Alcohol
• Benzene • Xylene
• Toluene • Carbon Tetra Chloride

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 Limitations , Precautionary Measures

• Selection of proper solvent and solute

• Proper media

• Cant be applied specially in bhasma

• More suitable for plant extractive

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 Conclusion
• Solubility an important analytical procedure.

• Gauge absorption of substances in body.

• Selection of ideal solvent.
• Can be taken as a measure for standardization
of raw herbal drugs.

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 Thank u………

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