rpg;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw

mwpKfk;
tzf;fk; ! thuPq/ ,r;rpg;gj;jpny nfl;ly; - ngr;Rj; jpwd;fis tpsf;Fnwhk;/
khztupilna ,j;jpwd;fs; tsu. epiwthd fUj;Jfisa[k; rpe;jpf;fr; rpy
Mnyhridfisa[k; tH';fpa[s;nshk; / xt;bthU jiyg;g[k; jdpj;jdpg; gapw;rpidf;
bfhz;Ls;sJ/ bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;gpidbahl;oa Fwpg;g[fisf; ftdkhfg; goj;J.
gapw;rpiar; bra;Jghq;f;ft[k;/ c';fshy; Koa[k; / btw;wp c';fs; iffspy;/

myF 1/5

1.4 gapw;wpay;

rhuk;; :
xU bkhHpiaf; fw;Wf; bfhs;tjw;F khztu;fs; nfl;ly; . ngr;R. thrpg;g[. vGj;J
Mfpa mog;gil bkhHpj;jpwd;fisg; bgw;wpUf;f ntz;Lk;/
,';F . nfl;ly;-ngr;R vDk; jpwd;fisg;gw;wp MuhatpUf;fpd;nwhk;/
,tw;wpd; tiuaiw. nehf;fk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gdnghd;wtw;wpd; tpsf;f';fs; ,lk;
bgWfpd;wd/

,j;jpwd;fisg;

gs;spapny

xU';fpizf;fg;gl;l

jkpH;bkhHpg;

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;tHp Mrpupau;fs; fw;gpg;gu;/ ghlj;jpl;l tpsf;ft[iuapy; fw;wy;

fw;gpj;jy;

eltof;fis

vt;thW

bghUs;

bgau;g;gJ

vd;gjid

,';Fg;

goj;Jg;

gad;bgwyhk;/ ,t;thW nfl;ly;-ngr;Rj; jpwd;fisg; bgWk; khztu;fs; jh';fs;

vjpu;nehf;Fk; nfl;ly;-ngr;Rf; FiwghLfisa[k;
tHpKiwfisa[k;
bjspt[ bgW';fs;/

,r;rpg;gj;jpny

vspikahf

mtw;iwf; fisa[k;
tH';fpapUf;fpnwhk;/

goj;Jj;

fw;wy;ngW:
,e;jg; gapw;rpapd; ,Wjpf;Fs; eP';fs; :
1/

nf/gp/v*;/Mh;/ jkpH;bkhHpg; ghlj;jpl;lk;. ghlj;jpl;l

tpsf;ft[iu Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa mwpitg; bgWtPh;/

2/

jkpH;bkhHp fw;gpj;jypy; nfl;ly;. ngr;Rj; jpwd;fisj;

jpwk;glf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Vw;w mwptpida[k; jpwida[k;
iftug; bgWtPq/

3/

khztqfs; vjpqnehf;Fk; nfl;ly;-ngr;Rf; FiwghLfis milahsk;

fz;L jPqt[ fhZk; tHpfis mwptPq/

jiyg;g[ 5

nfl;ly;-ngr;R

5/0

nfl;ly; :::

5/1

tiuaiw ( Triple-A-Listening Andrew S. Kim 7/30/2003 )

xypf;fg;gLk; xypfisf; nfl;Lg; g[upe;Jbfhs;sy; /nfl;ly; vDk;

jpwd; |d;W mog;gil xG';Ffspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;/ mit vz;zk; (
Attitude ). ftdk; ( Attention ). befpH;r;rp
( Adjustment )
vz;zk; -

vtw;iwa[k; jpwe;j kdk; bfhz;L ghqf;f

ntz;Lk;/
xU tpupt[iu my;yJ tpupt[iuahsq gilg;g[
rypg;g[j;jl;Lk; vd Kd;dnk fzpg;gJ jtwhFk;/
xt;thik vz;zj;ij Kjypny mfw;WtJ gad;
jUk;/

ftdk;

xU tpupt[iuiaf; nfl;Fk;bghGJ. brhw;fs;

FWfpa fhy vz;z miyfspy; EiHa[k;/ gpd;g[ mit

Vly;fshf ( ideas ) cUbtLf;Fk;/ |isapy;; gjpahj
brhw;fs; FWfpafhy vz;z
miyapypUe;J tpLgLk;/ epiyahfg;gjpa[k;
Vly;fSf;F ,iltplhJ nfl;Fk; jpwd;
mtrpakhFk; /

befpH;r;rp - tpupt[iu gilg;gtqfs; j';fs; ,yf;iff;

Fwpg;gJ ,ay;g[/ MdhYk;. tpupt[iuapD}nl bry;Yk;
ghij khwpdhy; FHg;gk; milnthk;/ ,';Ff; ftdpj;Jf;
nfl;gjd;tHp xU befpH;r;rp Vw;gLk;/ Vkhw;wk;
Fiwa[k;/

5/2

nfl;ly; jpwdpd; gad;fs;

kw;w
bkhHpj;jpwd;fSf;F

gpwq TWk;

Kd;ndho

fUj;Jfis
tps';fpf;bfhs;sy;

ngRnthq fUj;J.

vija[k; ftdkhf
Ma[k;
kdg;ghd;ik
tsUk;

nfl;lypd;

Kiw. bray;

gad;fs;

Kjyhdtw;iw
mwpa ,aYk;

RafUj;ij
btspapLk;
Mw;wy; bgWjy;

ntWgl;l xypfSk;
mit czqj;Jk; bghUs;
g[upa[k;

5/3

nfl;liy nkk;gLj;Jk; tHpfs;

gilg;nghupd; ghqitapy; epiyj;jy; o gilg;nghq fz;fis epj;jk; ghqj;Jf;bfhz;oUe;jhy;.

ftdk; rpijahJ

cs;slf;fj;ijf; ftdkhff; nfl;ly; ; gilf;Fk; gh';fpid my;y

o gilg;nghupd; cs;slf;fj;ij ed;F nfl;f ntz;Lnk jtpu. mtq gilf;Fk;
tpjj;jpy; ka';ff; TlhJ

czqr;rp tag;glhky; nfl;ly; o cz;ikahfr; brhy;yg;gLk; jfty;fs; czqr;rptrg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy;

vy;yhnk bjspthff; nfl;Fk;;; g[upa[k;

FWf;fPLfisj; jtpqf;ft[k; o kdij miya tplhky;. mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; ahq kPJk; ftdk; nghfhky;

,Ug;gJ ey;yJ/ miwapd; btg;g epiyiar; rup bra;J bfhs;st[k;

nfl;ly;. xU mwpt[g;g{qtkhd ntiy vdf; fUJf
o mwpt[rhq; tpupt[iu ,UtHp gupkhwg;gLk; gzp/ Mf. cw;Wf;

ftdpj;jy; kpFe;j gaidj; jUk; vd;gij czqf

jdf;Fs;ns ,iltplhky; tpdh bjhLj;jy; o epj;jKk; nfl;Lf;bfhz;oUj;jy; ek;ik tpHpg;gpy; itj;jpUf;Fk;/

gilg;nghupd; gilg;gpidbahl;o. ehk; ekf;Fs;ns nfs;tpfisf;

nfl;Lf;bfhs;nthk;

5/0
1/

gapw;rp
nfl;ly; jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?
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2/

nfl;lypd; gad;fSs; |d;wid tpsf;Ff/

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ii
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iii
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3/

nfl;ly; jpwdpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typa[Wj;Jtjw;fhd fhuz';fSs; Ie;jid

tpsf;Ff/
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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ngr;R
tiuaiw

m';fhj;jyhy; gpwg;gJ Xir/ ,e;j Xirf;Fg; bghUs; ,y;iy/ bghUs;

cs;s Xirf;F xyp vd;W bgaq/ ,t;tif xypfis btspapLtjidna ngr;R
vd;fpnwhk;/ kdpjd; jd; fUj;ijg;
ngr;RtHp btspapLfpwhd;/ ,e;jf; fUj;J gpwUf;F tps';Fk;

tifapy; mike;jhy;. mg;ngr;rpidj; bjspthd ngr;R vdyhk;/

nehf;fk; / Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

brhw;fisr;
rupahf cr;rupf;f
kupahijahfg;

xypfis milahsk;

ngrp kfpH

fhz fhz

R|fkhd cwit

vGj;Jfisr;

tsqj;Jf;bfhs;s

nehf;fk;
nehf;fk;/ /
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

rupahf xypf;f

jd;dk;gpf;ifia

vz;z';fis /
fUj;Jfisj; bjuptpf;f

tsqj;Jf;bfhs;s
brhy;tsj;ijg;
bgUf;fpf;bfhs;s

ngr;rpd; tiffs;/ Kiwfs;

eog;g[
ciu
rpW brhw;bghHpt[

bkhHpahw;wiy
tsqj;Jf;bfhs;s

 fij brhy;Yjy;
tqzid bra;jy;
brhw;nghq
gl;o kd;wk;
ghLjy;
tpisahl;Lfs;
neqfhzy;
kw;Wk; gy

ngr;rpd; gad;fs;

1/

jpUe;jpa ngr;R. jpUe;jpa gog;gpw;Fk;. jpUe;jpa vGj;jpw;Fk;

tHptFf;Fk;/

2/

bkhHpia capUs;sjhf;fp khzhf;fu;fsplj;Jg; gw;iwa[k; ghrj;ija[k;

cz;lhf;Fk;

3/

kHiyr; brhw;fs;. bfhr;irr; brhw;fs;. ,Hp tHf;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwj;

jpUj;jpaikf;f cjt[k;/

4/

brhy;iy tpG';fy;. jpUe;jh cr;rupg;g[. bjsptp[y;yhg; ngr;R

midj;ija[k; jpUj;j Koa[k;/

5/

Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; epiwe;j bra;jpfis mwpe;J bfhs;s Koa[k;/

6/

bkhHpapd; jdpr; rpwg;g[fis mwpe;J Ritf;f cjt[k;/

7/

fUj;Jfis xG';FgLj;jt[k; gad;jU brhw;fis Mst[k; Jiz bra;a[k;/

8/

mr;rKk; Tr;rKk; eP';fp. khzhf;fu;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if bgw cjt[k;/

9/

re;ju;g;gr; NH;epiyfspYk; . murpay;. tzpfk; nghd;w gy

JiwfspYk; btw;wpa[ld; tps';f tHp tFf;Fk;/

10/

brhy;td;ikiaa[k; bry;thf;ifa[k; tsu;f;Fk;/

11/

fUj;Jfis cl;bfhs;st[k; btspaplt[k; gilg;ghw;wiy tsu;f;ft[k;

tha;bkhHpg; gapw;rpna rhyr; rpwe;j cWJizahFk;/
jpUe;jpa ngr;rpd; ,ay;g[fs;

bjspthd xypg;g[ - y.s.H. d.e.z.u.w nghd;w ka';bfhypr;

brhw;fis xypf;Fk; bghGJ ed;F ftdj;Jld; ,Ue;jply; ntz;Lk;/
Fuypd; Vw;wj; jhH;t[ - czqr;rp epiyfSf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fk;
Vw;wthW Fuypy; vLj;jy;. gLj;jy;. eypjy; Kjypa Vw;wj;jhH;t[fis
mikj;Jg; ngRjy; ftqr;rpiaj; jUk;/
tpiut[ - nfl;nghq gpd;gw;Wk; mstpy; ngr;rpd; ntfk; mika
ntz;Lk/; kpf;f tpiuthdhy; brhw;rpijt[ Vw;gLk;/
czu;r;rp - fUj;jpd; bjspt[ fUjp czqr;rp btspg;gl ngr ntz;Lk;;
irifiaa[k; gad;gLj;jntz;Lk;/
mikjp - mr;rkpd;wp. Tr;rkpd;wp. glglg;gpd;wp ngRk;bghGJ
jd;dk;gpf;if tUk;/
eila[k; bkhHpa[k; - rpWrpW brhw;bwhlqfspy; vspa
eilKiwapy; ngr ntz;Lk;/ bfhr;irbkhHp. ntw;WbkhHpj;
jhf;fkpd;wp ngRjy; ntz;Lk;/
Fiwapy;yhjpUj;jy; -Fd;wf;Twy;. kpifglf; Twy;. TwpaJTwy;.
khWglf;Twy;. ntz;lhj brhw;fisr; nrqj;jy;. nfl;nghqf;F tps';fhj
brhw;fis ciuj;jy;/
fUj;Jf;nfhit - xU bghUisg; gw;wpa fUj;Jfisf; nfhitg;gLj;jp
Kd;gpd; khwhky; ngRjy; ntz;Lk;/
ntz;lhj xypfs; - M . C . mjhd; . ,jhd; .
mj;jpdp . ,d;dpf;F . te;Jl;L vdj; njitaw;w xypfisj; jtpqf;f
ntz;Lk;/

gj;jHF bghUe;Jjy; - gtze;jp Kdptq Fwpg;gpLfpd;w gj;J

mHFfshd RUf;fkhfr; brhy;Yjy;. bghUs; kaf;fkpd;wp
brhy;Yjy;. ,d;gk; jUkstpy; brhy;Yjy;. J}ajkpHpy; ngRjy;. vJif
nkhid ,iag[. fUj;jhHj;Jld; ngRjy;. fhuz fhupak; bghUe;jg;
ngRjy;.
bgupnahq bkhHpia kjpj;Jg; ngRjy;. J}aj; jkpH; brhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpg; ngRjy; kw;Wk; ,d;gk; mikj;Jg;ngRjy; MFk;/
ctik nkw;nfhs;fs; - Vw;w ctikfspd; thapyhff; fUj;Jfis mHfhff;
TWjy;/
eog;g[ - czqr;rpf;nfw;w eog;g[ld; ngr ntz;Lk;/
ew;gz;g[fs; - gpwq kdk; g[z;glh tifapy; mikjpaha; mHFw
ngr ntz;Lk;/
nfl;nghu; gpzpf;Fk; ghd;ik -gadw;w brhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;jhky; rpwe;j brhw;fisf; bfhz;L ngr ntz;Lk;/
2/0

gapw;rp

1/

ngr;Rj;jpwidg; gw;wp ,U mwp"qfs; TWk; fUj;Jfspy; cs;s

xw;Wik ntw;Wikfisf; TWf/

mwp"qfs;

xw;Wikfs;

ntw;Wikfs;

2/

gpd;tUk; NHiyf; ftdp/

tFg;gpy; Mrpupaq nfl;l nfs;tpf;F utp gjpy; Twpdhd;/

Mdhy; utp Twpa gjpy; mt;tFg;gpy; ahUf;Fk; rupahfg;
g[[upatpy;iy/

nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rpf;fy; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuz';fs; |d;widj;

bjspthf tpsf;Ff/
i
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ii
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iii
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_________________________________________________
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3/

khztqfis eog;gpy; <LgLj;Jtjd;tHp vt;tifapy; mtqfspd; nfl;ly; ngr;Rj; jpwid tsqf;fyhk;?

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4/

rpwe;j ngr;rpd; jd;ikfisr; mwpnthl;ltiutpy; fhl;lt[k;/

3/0

Muk;gg; gs;spfSf;fhd xU';fpizf;fg;gl;l

jkpH;;bkhHpg;ghljpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nfl;ly; - ngr;Rj;
jpwd;fs;
(giHa ghlj;jpl;lk; - 1995 / 1998 )

Muk;gg; gs;spfSf;fhd xU';fpizf;fg;gl;l

jkpH;;bkhHpg;ghljpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
nfl;ly; - ngr;Rj; jpwd;fs;

Mz;L
1

1/1 xypfis milahs';fhZjy;

1/2 vGj;Jf;fisr; rupahf xypj;jy;
1/3 brhw;fisr; rupahf cr;rupj;jy;

1/4 brtpkLj;jtw;iwg; g[upe;J ngRjy;

1/5 brtpkLj;jtw;wpYs;s mU";brhw;fSf;Fg;
bghUs; TWjy;
1/6 bghUj;jkhd brhy;. brhw;bwhlu;
Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngRjy;
1/7 thf;fpak; mikj;Jf; TWjy;

1/8 Vw;w bjhdpa[ld; ngRjy;

1/9 gz;g[ld; fUj;Jfis kWj;Jg; ngRjy;

1/10 jiyg;igbahl;of; fye;JiuahLjy;
1/11 ngl;o fhZjy;
1/12 tpdh vGj;J. tpdhr; brhy; Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfs;tpfs; nfl;ly;
1/13 tpsf;fk; bgwt[k; tptuk; nrfupf;ft[k;
nfs;tpfs; nfl;ly;
1/14 nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpy; mspj;jy;

1/15 Cfpj;Jf; TWjy;

1/16 bghUSzu;e;J TWjy;
1/17 tpupthf;fpf; TWjy;
1/18 tpsf;fkhft[k; bjspthft[k; TWjy;
1/19 Muha;e;J TWjy;
1/20 bjhFj;Jf; TWjy;
1/21 jd; fUj;ijf; TWjy;
1/22 fl;lisfisa[k; ntz;Lnfhs;fisa[k;
epiwntw;Wjy;

1/23 fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jYk; ntz;Lnfhs;

tpLj;jYk;/
1/24 jpdr;bra;jp TWjy;

1/25 mwptpg;igg; g[upe;Jbfhs;Sjy;.

mwptpg;g[r;
brajy;
1/26 mEgtj;ijf; TWjy;
1/27 fij TWjy;

1/28 trd';fisg; ngrp eoj;jy;

1/29 ciuahw;Wjy;
1/30 brhw;nghupy; ngRjy;
1/31 re;jg; ghliyg; ghLjy;
1/32 bra;a[s;. ftpij Mfpatw;iw kddk;
bra;jy;

Muk;gg; gs;spfSf;fhd xU';fpizf;fg;gl;l

jkpH;;bkhHpg;ghljpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nfl;ly; - ngr;Rj;
jpwd;fs;
( g[jpa ghlj;jpl;lk; - 2002/2003 )
Muk;gg; gs;spfSf;fhd xU';fpizf;fg;gl;l
jkpH;;bkhHpg;ghljpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
nfl;ly; - ngr;Rj; jpwd;fs;

Mz;L
1

;1/1 gy;ntW R{Hy;fspy; gpwq Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sk;

tz;zk; gz;g[ld; ngRtu;
1/2 ntz;Lnfhs; tpLg;gq. ntz;Lnfhis
epiwntw;Wtq. mwptpg;g[ bra;tq
1/3 njitfis epiwntw;wpf; bfhs;s
ciuahliy nkw;bfhs;tq
1/5 bghUs;. ,lk; Mfpatw;wpd; Jiza[ld;
tptupj;Jf; TWtq

1/7 braw;gh';Ffisf; nfhitahff; TWtq

1/6 ghqj;j. Efqe;j epfH;t[fisf; TWtu;

1/8 brtpkLj;jtw;iw tptupj;Jf; TWtq/

1/9 brtpkLj;j gFjpapYs;s Kf;fpaf; fUj;Jfis
milahs';fz;L TWtq
1/10 jd;fUj;ij Kiwahft[k; bjspthft[k; TWtq

1/11 fUj;J xUikg;ghL fhz ciuahLtq

1/12 jiyg;igbahl;of; fuj;Jfisf; TWtq

1/13 tpdh vGj;J. tpdhr;brhy; Mfpatw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfs;tpfs; nfl;gq

1/15 tpsf;fk; bgwt[k; tptuk; nrfupf;ft[k;

nfs;tpfs; nfl;gq

1/16 bjupe;j fijiaa[k; jd; fw;gidf;

fijiaa[k; TWtq

1/14 nfs;tpfSf;nfw;gg; gjpyspg;gq

1/17 re;jg;ghly;. ftpij. bra;a[s; Mfpatw;iw

xg;g[tpj;J kfpH;tq/