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TechnicalInterviewPrep

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TechnicalInterview
Introduction

1.WhatisElectronic?

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Thestudyanduseofelectricaldevicesthatoperatebycontrollingtheflowofelectronsorother
electricallychargedparticles.

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2.Whatiscommunication?

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Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which passes through a
medium then the output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication says as transferring of
messagefromoneplacetoanotherplacecalledcommunication.

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3.Differenttypesofcommunications?Explain.
Analoganddigitalcommunication.
Asatechnology,analogistheprocessoftakinganaudioorvideosignal(thehumanvoice)and
translatingitintoelectronicpulses.Digitalontheotherhandisbreakingthesignalintoabinary
formatwheretheaudioorvideodataisrepresentedbyaseriesof"1"sand"0"s.
Digitalsignalsareimmunetonoise,qualityoftransmissionandreceptionisgood,components
used in digital communication can be produced with high precision and power consumption is
alsoverylesswhencomparedwithanalogsignals.
4.Whatissampling?
Theprocessofobtainingasetofsamplesfromacontinuousfunctionoftimex(t)isreferredto
assampling.
5.Statesamplingtheorem.
Itstatesthat,whiletakingthesamplesofacontinuoussignal,ithastobetakencarethatthe
samplingrateisequaltoorgreaterthantwicethecutofffrequencyandtheminimumsampling
rateisknownastheNyquistrate.

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6.Whatiscutofffrequency?

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Thefrequencyatwhichtheresponseis3dBwithrespecttothemaximumresponse.

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Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a filter without
beingattenuated.

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7.Whatispassband?
ATMAd

8.Whatisstopband?
A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits, in which a circuit, such as a
filterortelephonecircuit,doesnotletsignalsthrough,ortheattenuationisabovetherequired
stopbandattenuationlevel.
9.ExplainRF?
Radiofrequency(RF)isafrequencyorrateofoscillationwithintherangeofabout3Hzto300
GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to
produceanddetectradiowaves.Sincemostofthisrangeisbeyondthevibrationratethatmost
mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits or
electromagneticradiation.
10.Whatismodulation?Andwhereitisutilized?
Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a periodic wave with an external
signals.
Radiocommunicationsuperimposesthisinformationbearingsignalontoacarriersignal.
These high frequency carrier signals can be transmitted over the air easily and are capable of
travellinglongdistances.
The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the carrier signal are varied in
accordancewiththeinformationbearingsignal.
Modulationisutilizedtosendaninformationbearingsignaloverlongdistances.
11.Whatisdemodulation?
Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an analog signal to get the original
baseband signal back. Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system receives a
modulatedsignalwithspecificcharacteristicsanditneedstoturnittobaseband.
12.Namethemodulationtechniques.
ForAnalogmodulationAM,SSB,FM,PMandSM
DigitalmodulationOOK,FSK,ASK,Psk,QAM,MSK,CPM,PPM,TCM,OFDM
13.ExplainAMandFM.
AMAmplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier signal is
variedinaccordancewiththeinformationbearingsignal.
FMFrequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal is
variedinaccordancewiththeinformationbearingsignal.
14.WheredoweuseAMandFM?
AMisusedforvideosignalsforexampleTV.Rangesfrom535to1705kHz.
FMisusedforaudiosignalsforexampleRadio.Rangesfrom88to108MHz.
15.Whatisabasestation?

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Basestationisaradioreceiver/transmitterthatservesasthehubofthelocalwirelessnetwork,
andmayalsobethegatewaybetweenawirednetworkandthewirelessnetwork.
16.Howmanysatellitesarerequiredtocovertheearth?
3satellitesarerequiredtocovertheentireearth,whichisplacedat120degreetoeachother.
Thelifespanofthesatelliteisabout15years.
17.Whatisarepeater?
A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level
and/orhigherpower,orontotheothersideofanobstruction,sothatthesignalcancoverlonger
distanceswithoutdegradation.

18.WhatisanAmplifier?
An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the power, voltage or
currentofanappliedsignal.
19.Examplefornegativefeedbackandpositivefeedback?
ExampleforvefeedbackisAmplifiersAndfor+vefeedbackisOscillators
20.WhatisOscillator?
An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current input. The two
main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic oscillators have smooth
curvedwaveforms,whilerelaxationoscillatorshavewaveformswithsharpchanges.
21.WhatisanIntegratedCircuit?
Anintegratedcircuit(IC),alsocalledamicrochip,isanelectroniccircuitetchedontoasilicon
chip.Theirmainadvantagesarelowcost,lowpower,highperformance,andverysmallsize.
22.Whatiscrosstalk?
Crosstalkisaformofinterferencecausedbysignalsinnearbyconductors.Themostcommon
example is hearing an unwanted conversation on the telephone. Crosstalk can also occur in
radios,televisions,networkingequipment,andevenelectricguitars.
23.Whatisresistor?
Aresistorisatwoterminalelectroniccomponentthatopposesanelectriccurrentbyproducing
a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with
Ohm'slaw:
V=IR.
25.Whatisinductor?
An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of
inductance.Aninductorcantakemanyforms.
26.Whatisconductor?
A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Copper is a
goodconductorofelectricity.
27.Whatisasemiconductor?
A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in between that of a
conductor and that of an insulator(An Insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric
current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing
currentthroughitself)itcanvaryoverthatwiderangeeitherpermanentlyordynamically.
28.Whatisdiode?
In electronics, a diode is a twoterminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between
whichthesignalofinterestmayflow,andmostareusedfortheirunidirectionalcurrentproperty.
29.Whatistransistor?
In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch
electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of computers, and all other
modern electronic devices. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in
integratedcircuits
30.Whatisopamp?
An operational amplifier, often called an opamp , is a DCcoupled highgain electronic voltage
amplifierwithdifferentialinputs[1]and,usually,asingleoutput.Typicallytheoutputoftheop
amp is controlled either by negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its
outputvoltagegain,orbypositivefeedback,whichfacilitatesregenerativegainandoscillation.
31.Whatisafeedback?
Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed
(fedback)totheinput.Thisisoftenusedtocontrolthedynamicbehaviourofthesystem.
32.Advantagesofnegativefeedbackoverpositivefeedback.
Much attention has been given by researchers to negative feedback processes, because
negative feedback processes lead systems towards equilibrium states. Positive feedback
reinforcesagiventendencyofasystemandcanleadasystemawayfromequilibriumstates,
possiblycausingquiteunexpectedresults.
33.WhatisBarkhausencriteria?
Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be satisfied for
oscillations.
Oscillationswillnotbesustainedif,attheoscillatorfrequency,themagnitudeoftheproductof
the
transfergainoftheamplifierandthemagnitudeofthefeedbackfactorofthefeedbacknetwork
(themagnitudeoftheloopgain)arelessthanunity.
The condition of unity loop gain A = 1 is called the Barkhausen criterion. This condition
impliesthat
A=1andthatthephaseofAiszero.
34.WhatisCDMA,TDMA,FDMA?
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various radio
communication technologies. CDMA employs spreadspectrum technology and a special
coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be
multiplexedoverthesamephysicalchannel.Bycontrast,timedivisionmultipleaccess(TDMA)

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divides access by time, while frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA) divides it by
frequency.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to
communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time
division),speakatdifferentpitches(frequencydivision),orspeakindifferentdirections(spatial
division).InCDMA,theywouldspeakdifferentlanguages.Peoplespeakingthesamelanguage
canunderstandeachother,butnototherpeople.Similarly,inradioCDMA,eachgroupofusers
isgivenasharedcode.Manycodesoccupythesamechannel,butonlyusersassociatedwith
aparticularcodecanunderstandeachother.
35.explaindifferenttypesoffeedback
Typesoffeedback:
Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in amplifiers, stabilizes and linearizes
operation).Negativefeedbackfeedspartofasystem'soutput,inverted,intothesystem'sinput
generallywiththeresultthatfluctuationsareattenuated.
Positivefeedback:Thistendstoincreaseoutput.Positivefeedback,sometimesreferredtoas
"cumulative causation", is a feedback loop system in which the system responds to
perturbation(Aperturbationmeansasystem,isanalterationoffunction,inducedbyexternalor
internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the perturbation. In contrast, a system that
respondstotheperturbationintheoppositedirectioniscalledanegativefeedbacksystem.
Bipolarfeedback:whichcaneitherincreaseordecreaseoutput.
36.Whatarethemaindivisionsofpowersystem?
Thegeneratingsystem,transmissionsystem,anddistributionsystem
37.WhatisInstrumentationAmplifier(IA)andwhatarealltheadvantages?
Aninstrumentationamplifierisadifferentialopampcircuitprovidinghighinputimpedanceswith
easeofgainadjustmentbyvaryingasingleresistor.
38.Whatismeantbyimpedancediagram.
The equivalent circuit of all the components of the power system are drawn and they are
interconnectediscalledimpedancediagram.
39.Whatistheneedforloadflowstudy.
The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best operation existing
system and for planning the future expansion of the system. It is also essential for designing
thepowersystem.
40.Whatistheneedforbasevalues?
Thecomponentsofpowersystemmayoperateatdifferentvoltageandpowerlevels.Itwillbe
convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current ratings of the
components of the power system is expressed with referance to a common value called base
value.
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