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Bab 08 Proses Termal
Bab 08 Proses Termal
8/24/2011
PROSES TERMAL
L t
Lecture
Note
N t
Principles of Food Engineering (ITP 330)
Prof. Dr
Dr.. Purwiyatno Hariyadi,
Hariyadi, MSc
Dept of Food Science & Technology
Faculty of Agricultural Technology
Bogor Agricultural University
BOGOR
PROSES TERMAL
Pustaka :
Toledo, RT. 1991. P.315 - 390
Texas A&M Home page
(http//aginfo.tamu.edu/classes/index/html)
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
PROSES TERMAL
Instructional Objectives
Understand basic principles of thermal processing
kinetics of microbial decay (D, Z, LR)
determination of F0
calculation of processing time
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
PROSES TERMAL
- memasak makanan/cooking
makanan/cooking
- pengawetan makanan : 1810 : Nicholas Appert
8/24/2011
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
PROSES TERMAL
...................>
...................>
pengawetan makanan
populer
p
p
Kenapa???
membunuh mikroba
inaktivasi enzim
menyebabkan perubahan warna,
t k t fl
tekstur,
flavor
menyebabkan perubahan daya cerna
makanan
awet
8/24/2011
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
-p
pemasakan/cooking
pemasakan/
cooking
g
- penghangatan kembali/
kembali/rewarming
rewarming
- pelelehan/thawing
pelelehan/thawing
- blansir/
blansir/blanching
blanching
- pasteurisasi
- sterilisasi
8/24/2011
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
........>
STERILITAS KOMERSIAL
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
KINETIKA
1. Pertumbuhan mikroorganisme
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
Growth
Temp C
Growth pH
Growth aw
Salmonella spp.
6.5 - 47
4.5 - ?
>0.95(a)
10 - 50
4.7 - 9
>0.93
5-?
(b)
NR(c)
3.3 - 15
15--30
(b)
>0.965
4-?
(b)
NR(c)
Staphylococcus
p y
aureus
7 - 45
4.2 - 9.3
>0.86
Campylobacter jejuni
25 - 42
5.5 - 8
NR
Clostridium botulinum
A&B
nonproteolytic B
E
F
Yersinia enterocolitica
1 - 44
4.4 - 9
NR
Y. pseudotuberculosis
5 - 43
(b)
NR
Listeria monocytogenes
2 - 45
4.8 - 9.6
>0.95(d)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Growth
Temp C
Growth pH
Growth aw
Vibrio cholerae O1
8 - 42
6 - 9.6
>0.95
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
12.8 - 40
5 - 9.6
> .94
Clostridium perfringens
6 - 52
5.5 - 8
> .93
Bacillus cereus
10 - 49
4.9 - 9.3
> .95
Escherichia coli
2.5 - 45
4.6 - 9.5
> .935
Streptococcus pyogenes
> 10 - < 45
NR
(a)
For a genus as large as Salmonella, the aw lower limit for species growth may
vary, e.g., S. newport=0.941,
newport=0.941, S. typhimurium=0.945.
typhimurium=0.945.
(b)
The value, though unreported, is probably close to other species of the genus.
(c)
NR denotes that no reported value could be found, but for most vegetative cells,
an aw of >0.95 would be expected.
(d)
Minimum aw unknown.
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
tomat
aprikot
sauerkraut
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
KINETIKA
2. Pemusnahan m.o oleh panas
..........> pada T konstan
..........> penurunan jumlah mikroba hidup mengikuti reaksi ordo I
dN
= kN
dt
dimana,
N= jumlah mikroba hidup
k = konstanta laju reaksi (konstanta laju pemusnahan m.o.)
dN
= kdt
N
dN
= k dt
N
N
ln = kt
N
N
N0
Ln N
Kemiringan
=-k
Ln N = ln No - kt
t
KINETIKA
Ingat !
Ln X = 2.303 log X
N
ln = kt
N
N
2.303 log = kt
N
log N = log N 0
k
t
2.303
t
D
atau
N t
log =
N0 D
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
KINETIKA
Kurva Kematian Termal pada Suhu Konstant, T1
T1
10,000
1,000
100
D-value
10
D-value
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
Approximate heat
resistance
D250
4.0 - 5.0
3.0 - 4.0
2.0 - 3.0
0.10 - 0.20
0.10 - 1.5
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Approximate heat
resistance
0.01 - 0.07
D212
0.10 - 0.50
0.10 - 0.50
D150
0.50 - 1.00
Substrate
TDT
Procedure
D250
P.A. 3679
P.A. 3679
P.A. 3679
P.A. 3679
F.S. 5010
F.S. 5010
F.S. 1518
F.S. 617
F.S. 617
CreamCream-style corn
Whole
Whole--kernel corn (1)
Whole
Whole--kernel corn (2)
Phophate buffer
CreamCream-style corn
WholeWhole-kernel corn
Phosphate buffer
Whole milk
Evaporated milk
Can
Can
Can
Tube
Can
Can
Tube
Can
Tube
2.47
1.52
1.82
1.31
1.14
1.35
3.01
0.84
1.05
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Untuk t = 2 menit :
120 detik
15 det ik
log N = 6 8 = - 2
N = 10 = 0.01
Peluang kebusukan!!
log N = log 10 6
-2
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
KINETIKA
............>
Contoh 2
log N = log N0 -
t
D
t = 1.5 log
10
t = 1.5 (8.477) = 12.72 menit
N
t = - D log
N
0
-3
Untuk spora B :
8 x 10
t = 0.8 log
10
t = 0.8 (9.903) = 7.92 menit
6
-3
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
10
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
KINETIKA
Kurva Kematian Termal pada Suhu Konstant, T1
T1
D1
D1
T2>T1
KINETIKA
............>D
= f(T)
Secara empiris:
log
D
121 .1 - T
=
D0
Z
121.1 - T
D = D 0 10
Nilai Z = 18oF = ? oC
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
11
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
KINETIKA
............>D
= f(T)
5-10
30
30--40
20
20--25
40
40--70
1-5
1-5
150
150--200
15
15--50
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
KINETIKA
D dan Z
............>
2 parameter kinetika
.................>
Misal
Mikroba A mempunyai DA,250F = 0.5 menit
Mikroba
oba A mempunyai
e pu ya DB,250F
e t
B 250F = 1 menit
Apa artinya?
10000
ZA = 10oC; ZB = 20oC
80.1
90.1
101.1
111.1
121.1
131.1
141.1
151.1
161.1
DB (Menit)
5000
500
50
5
0.5
0.05
0.005
0.0005
0.00005
1000
100
10
1
0.1
DA=DB
DA<DB
100
Nilai D
N
(m
menit)
DA>DB
10
1
01
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.01
0.00001
0
50
100
150
200
Suhu (oC)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
12
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
dN
2.303
=
N ........................................................ Pers. 1
dt
D
Persamaan ini dapat dipecahkan sebagai berikut:
dN
2 .303
=
dt
N
D
Integrasi persamaan tersebut dari t = 0 (N = N0) sampai t = t (N = N)
adalah sbb:
t 2 .303
t dt
dN
........................................ Pers. 2
=
dt = 2.303
0
0 D
D
N0 N
N
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
ln
N =
- 2.303
N0
t
0
dt
D
atau
log
t dt
N
.................................................................. Pers. 3
=
0
N0
D
Ingat kembali
Jadi
log
121.1 - T
D = D 0 10
D=f(T)
t
N
=
0
N0
dt
D 0 .10
121 .1 T
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
13
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
log
N0
N
dt
t
0
D 0 .10
121 .1 T
N
=
N0
S = log
dt
t
0
Analog : S =
D 0 .10
121 .1 121.1
FT
DT
S=
D0
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
S=
N0
1
=
=5
N
0 .00001
D0 =
F0 1 .2
=
= 0 .24 menit.
S
5
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
14
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Can sizes
Approximate
calculated
sterilizing value, F0
Asparagus
Green beans, brine packed
All
No. 2
No. 10
All
No. 2
No. 10
No. 2
No. 10
No.
No 2
No. 10
301x411
No. 2
No. 2
No. 10
Various
Various
2-4
3.5
3.5
6-8
9
15
5-6
2.3
12
6
2.92.9-3.6
6
7
11
5
6
Chicken, boned
Corn, whole kernel, brine packed
Cream style corn
Dog Food
Mackerel in brine
Meat loaf
Peas, brine packed
Sausage, Vienna, in brine
Chili con carne
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
15
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Makanan
dlm
kaleng
TSHP,initial=35oC
z Pentingnya tahanan
pindah panas internal dan
eksternal
Uap panas
TR=120oC
D/k
1/ h
NBi =
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
16
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
< 0.1
q = V Cp dT/dt = h A (TR - T)
dT
TR-T
t
T
hAdt
ln(TR-T)
CpV
=
Ti
TR - T
=e
hAdt
CpV
0
hA t
CpV
TR - Ti
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
..>
m=1/NBi
kt
2
C pD
t
D2
D = characteristic dimension
Dsphere = radius
Dinf cylinder = radius
Dinf slab = half thickness
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
17
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
1/Nbi = m
NFo
18
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Diagram Gurnie-Lurie:
1. menentukan suhu setelah
pemanasan/pendnginan
cari nilai NFo=t/2
cari nilai Nbi dan m=1/Nbi
tentukan posisi dimana suhu
ingin diketahui, n = x/
cari ratio suhu
Persamaan penetrasi panas :
T-Tm
Ti-T
Tm
TP-TR
Ti-T
TR
TR-TP
TR-Ti
2)
= exp
p -(t/L
(
= exp -(/L2)t
Log(TR-TP)=Log(TR-Ti)-
t
L2(2,303)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
PENETRASI PANAS
Pemanasan kaleng dalam retort
Prosedur venting
Come up time
TR = f(t)
19
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
PENETRASI PANAS
Tp diukur pada titik terdingin pada kaleng :
- posisi SHP/CP
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
PENETRASI PANAS
Tp diukur pada titik terdingin pada kaleng :
- posisi SHP/CP
nesting
8/24/2011
20
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
PENETRASI PANAS
venting
Pendinginan
CUT
1992
Thermal Process Calculation.
Handbook of Food Eng.
Tipikal
p
data penetrasi
p
panas : hubungan antara
suhu produk (SHP) dan
waktu pemanasan
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
21
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
log
g
N0
=
N
Dolog
dt
D 0 .10
121 .1 T
dt
t
0
10
121 . 1 T
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
1. Metoda Umum
F0 = Do log
F0 = Do log
No
=
N
N0
=
N
10
t
10
121 . 1 T
(LR)dt
LR = LV =
Apa itu LR??
Pada T=121.1oC
Pada T>121.1oC
Pada T<121.1oC
dt
121.1 - T(t)
z
= 10
T(t) - 121.1
z
.>
LR=1
LR>1
.> LR<1
.>
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
22
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
LR = LV =
10
121.1 - T(t)
z
= 10
T(t) - 121.1
z
T(oC)
T(oF)
LR(z=10
LR(
10oC)
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
121,1
125
129
194
203
212
221
230
239
248
250
257
264
0,000776247
0,002454709
0,007762471
0,024547089
0,077624712
0 245470892
0,245470892
0,776247117
1,000000000
2,454708916
6,165950019
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
121,1
121,1
121,1
121,1
121,1
121,1
121,1
121 1
121,1
121,1
121,1
121,1
121,1
121,1
120
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
S
Suhu
100
LR(z=10oC)
80
60
40
20
0
0
9 10 11 12
Waktu
1,2
1,0
08
0,8
LR
t, min T(oC)
140
1 unit sterilisasi
12 unit sterilisasi
F0=12
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0
9 10 11 12
Waktu
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
23
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
0,0100
0,0080
LR(z=10oC)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0 007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
0,007762471
LR
t, min T(oC)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0,0060
0,0040
0,0020
0,0000
0
1 2
4 5
7 8
9 10 11 12
Waktu
Total sterilitas
= 0.007762x12 unit
= 0.10091 unit
hanya
0.00776 x pengaruh letal pada 121.1oC
Total letalitas = F0 =??
F0 = Do log
N0
=
N
t
0
(LR)dt
F0 = LR.t
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
Pada prakteknya :
- efek letal panas, umumnya mulai dianggap nyata setelah T>90oC
Teixeira (1992) : no appreciable lethality at T < 210oF(99oC)
- suhu produk selama pemanasan tidak konstant .> T=f(t)
- Pemanasan produk dilakukan dalam retort .> umum!
- suhu produk diukur pada SHP/CP
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/
Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta
Fateta/IPB
/IPB
24
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
140
Misal :
t, min T(oC)
LR(z=10oC)
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
0,000776247
0,024547089
0,776247117
,
0,977237221
0,007762471
0,000007762
0,000000776
F0 = Do log
N0
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
12
16
20
24
16
20
24
waktu
1,2
1,0
(LR)dt
0,8
LR
90
105
120
121
100
70
60
Suhu (C)
120
0,6
0,4
0,2
Luas trapesium =
0,0
0
12
Waktu
0.776 + 0.977
(12 8) = 3.506
A=
2
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
Contoh
Lihat
excel
50
60
70
80
90
100
103
107
112
116
120
121
121
121
105
90
75
65
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
25
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
26
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
1000
2. Metoda Formula
Persamaan perubahan
suhu selama proses
pemanasan :
T - TR
Ti - TR
T-Tm
Ti-Tm
=e
hA
CpV
TP-TR
Ti-TR
TR-Tp
t
= e-kt
= exp -(t/L2)
100
10
TR-TP
TR-Ti
= exp -(k)t
Log(TR-TP)=Log(TR-Ti)-
k
t
(2,303)
1
t
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
Diagram Gurnie-Lurie:
1. menentukan suhu setelah
pemanasan/pendnginan
cari nilai NFo=t/2
cari nilai Nbi dan m=1/Nbi
tentukan posisi dimana suhu
ingin diketahui, n = x/
cari ratio suhu
Persamaan penetrasi panas :
T-Tm
Ti-Tm
TP-TR
Ti-TR
TR-TP
TR-Ti
= exp -(t/L2)
= exp -(/L2)t
Log(TR-TP)=Log(TR-Ti)-
t
L2(2,303)
27
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Contoh :
suhu
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
TR-T
25
25,6
28,1
32,8
39,6
48,7
58 1
58,1
67,7
75,9
82,9
88,8
93,8
97,8
101,2
103,6
105,4
107,1
108 2
108,2
109,2
109,9
110,6
111,1
111,4
111,7
112
112,2
90
89,4
86,9
82,2
75,4
66,3
56 9
56,9
47,3
39,1
32,1
26,2
21,2
17,2
13,8
11,4
9,6
7,9
68
6,8
5,8
5,1
4,4
3,9
3,6
3,3
1000
T R -T
(T R = 1 1 5 C )
waktu
100
10
1
0
50
100
150
waktu
3
2,8
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
Putar 180o
1000
150
100
100
50
0
1
10
10
TR-T
(TR=115C)
TR-T
C)
(TR=115C
waktu
1
0
50
100
150
100
waktu
1000
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
28
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
29
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Pt
fh
jI
come up time
yaitu waktu dari mulai uap dinyalakan sampai retort
mencapai suhu proses.
waktu proses dalam menit jika suhu retort langsung
mencapai TR > CUT = 0
waktu proses yang dihitung oleh operator retort
(operator processing time),
time),
yaitu sama dengan B dikurangi 0.42 CUT (waktu
proses dihitung sejak termometer menunjukkan suhu
retort yang dikehendaki sampai mulai proses
pendinginan)
waktu dalam menit y
yang
g dibutuhkan kurva pemanasan
p
untuk melewati satu siklus
faktor lag waktu sebelum kurva pemanasan menjadi
lurus, atau j = jI/I
suhu awal semu diambil pada titik potong kurva
pemanasan dengan waktu 0 menit yang sebenarnya
(waktu 0 menit ini besarnya sama dengan 0.58 x CUT)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
suhu retort y
yang
g di set dan dipertahankan
p
pada
p
saat
proses termal
Ti :
F0 :
jumlah menit yang dibutuhkan untuk memusnahkan
sejumlah bakteri pada suhu 250oF
Fi :
jjumlah menit pada
p
suhu TR y
yang
g ekivaleng
g dengan
g 1 menit pada
p
suhu 250oF
> F = 10(250
(250--TR)/z
i
U :
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
30
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
CONTOH
Formula Ball :
B = fh (log jI - log g)
B = waktu proses (menit)
jika suhu retort langsung
mencapai TR (waktu
proses jika CUT = 0)
I =?
= TR-Ti
= 250-150=100oF
jI = ?
= 135oF
fh = ?
= 51 menit
g=?
= lihat kurva!!!
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
31
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Penentuan nilai g?
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
Penentuan nilai g?
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
32
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Penentuan nilai g?
jc
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
Penentuan jc
Lakukan plot penetrasi panas
selama pendinginan
kertas grafik tetap normal
(tidak dibalik)
nilai di paling bawah = 1o
diatas suhu air pendingin
jc = (Tpic-Tw)/(Tic-Tw)
nilai jc > j = jh
jika kurva pendinginan tidak
dipunyai :
dapat digunakan j
(safety approach)
approach)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
33
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
EXAMPLE
Suppose that for processing a particular product, the
following heat penetration data are given:
TR = 250oF
TI = 170oF
j = jh = 2
jc = 1.4
fh = 25 min
What process time (B) will be required to achieve a
specified sterilizing value F0 = 5.6 assuming that Z =
14oF?
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
SOLUTION:
TR = 250oF = reference temperature
.>
Fi = 1
U = Fo = 5.6
Referring to the Ball formula, we have
B = fh (log jhI - log g)
I = (TR - TI) = (250 - 170) = 80
jhI = 2.00 x 80 = 160
log jhI = 2.778
Fi d log
Find
l g from
f
the
th fh/U versus llog g graph
h ffor Z = 14
14.
fh = 25 =
4.46
U 5.6
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
34
TPG330-Proses Panas
8/24/2011
Penentuan nilai g?
jc =1.4?
Lihat antara
jc= 1.2 dan jc=1.6,
untuk fh/U =4.46
.>
log g = 0.625;
4.46
B=?
= fh(log jI - log g)
= 25(2.778 - 0.625)
= 25(2.153) = 54 min
0.625
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
Selesai ..
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refrigerasi
8/24/2011
35