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Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08) : y FX F y X
Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08) : y FX F y X
Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08) : y FX F y X
NET
Inverse Function
If
f ( x ), if f ( x ) 0
f ( x)
y = f ( x ) , then f 1 ( y ) = x
Remember:
Object = the value of x
Image = the value of y or f(x)
f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x
f ( x), if f ( x ) < 0
02 Quadratic Equations
General Form
Quadratic Formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
+ =
b
a
c
a
b 2 4ac
b 2 4ac
b 2 4ac
b 2 4ac
x 2 ( + ) x + = 0
or
x ( SoR ) x + ( PoR ) = 0
SoR = Sum of Roots
PoR = Product of Roots
2
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>0
=0
<0
0
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03 Quadratic Functions
Completing the square:
General Form
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
f ( x) = a ( x + p)2 + q
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
the value of x, x = p
min./max. value = q
min./max. point = ( p, q)
equation of axis of symmetry, x = p
Alternative method:
a > 0 minimum (smiling face)
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
Quadratic Inequalities
a > 0 and f ( x) > 0
the value of x, x =
(ii)
min./max. value = f (
(iii)
x < a or x > b
b
)
2a
b
2a
Nature of Roots
a > 0 and f ( x) < 0
b
2a
(i)
b
a< x<b
04 Simultaneous Equations
To find the intersection point solves simultaneous equation.
Remember: substitute linear equation into non- linear equation.
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05 Indices and Logarithm
Fundamental if Indices
Laws of Indices
Zero Index,
a0 = 1
a m a n = a m+n
Negative Index,
a 1 =
1
a
a m a n = a mn
( a m ) n = a m n
a
b
( ) 1 =
b
a
Fractional Index
1
an
= a
m
an
= a
( ab) n = a n b n
a n an
( ) = n
b
b
Fundamental of Logarithm
Law of Logarithm
log a y = x a x = y
log a a = 1
log a
log a a x = x
log a mn = n log a m
log a 1 = 0
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
m
= log a m log a n
n
log a b =
log c b
log c a
log a b =
1
logb a
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
06 Coordinate Geometry
Distance and Gradient
(x1 x2 )2 + (x1 x2 )2
Gradient of line AC, m =
y2 y1
x2 x1
Or
y int ercept
Gradient of a line, m =
x int ercept
Parallel Lines
Perpendicular Lines
m1 = m2 .
m1 m2 = 1
m1 = gradient of line 1
m2 = gradient of line 2
Midpoint
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
Midpoint, M =
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
m+n
m+n
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Area of triangle:
Area of Triangle
1
2
A=
1
( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )
2
Gradient form
Intercept form
y = mx + c
x y
+ =1
a b
m = gradient
c = y-intercept
a = x-intercept
b = y-intercept
m=
b
a
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
(i)
(ii)
same length AB = BC = CD = AD
parallel lines mAB = mCD or mAD = mBC
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Remember:
y-intercept x = 0
cut y-axis x = 0
x-intercept y = 0
cut x-axis y = 0
**point lies on the line satisfy the equation substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the
equation.
Equation of Locus
( use the formula of
distance)
The equation of the locus of a
moving point P ( x, y ) which
is always at a constant
distance (r) from a fixed point
A ( x1 , y1 ) is
PA = r
PA m
=
PB n
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 = r 2
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 m 2
=
( x x2 ) + ( y y 2 ) 2 n 2
All at One-School.net
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ONE-SCHOOL.NET
07 Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency
Ungrouped Data
Mean
x=
x
N
x=
x = mean
x = sum of x
x = value of the data
N = total number of the
data
Median
fx
f
TN + TN
2
TN + T N
+1
m=
When N is an even
number.
fx
f
x = mean
f = frequency
x = class mark
m = TN +1
m=
x=
x = mean
x = sum of x
f = frequency
x = value of the data
m = TN +1
Grouped Data
With Class Interval
+1
1N F
C
m = L + 2
fm
m = median
L = Lower boundary of median class
N = Number of data
F = Total frequency before median class
fm = Total frequency in median class
c = Size class
= (Upper boundary lower boundary)
Measure of Dispersion
Ungrouped Data
variance
x2
=
2
= variance
Standard
Deviation
(x x )
=
N
x 2
x2
N
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
Grouped Data
Without Class Interval
With Class Interval
fx 2
=
f
2
= variance
=
=
(x x )
N
x 2
x2
N
fx 2
=
f
2
= variance
f (x x)
=
f
fx 2
x2
f
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean.
The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.
Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion
Data are changed uniformly with
+k
k
k
k
+k
k
k
k
Measures of
Mean, median, mode
Central Tendency
Range , Interquartile Range
Measures of
Standard Deviation
dispersion
Variance
k
k
k2
No changes
No changes
No changes
08 Circular Measures
Terminology
xo = ( x
180
radians
)radians
180
180
) degrees
x radians = ( x
degrees
180D
Remember:
180D = rad
???
360 = 2 rad
D
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
O
???
0.7 rad
1.2 rad
k
k
k2
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Length and Area
r = radius
A = area
s = arc length
= angle
l = length of chord
Arc Length:
s = r
Length of chord:
l = 2r sin
Area of Sector:
A=
Area of Triangle:
1 2
r
2
A=
1 2
r sin
2
Area of Segment:
A=
09 Differentiation
Differentiation of a Function I
y = xn
dy
= nx n1
dx
dy
y
= lim ( )
dx x 0 x
Example
y = x3
Differentiation of Algebraic Function
Differentiation of a Constant
y=a
dy
=0
dx
dy
= 3x 2
dx
a is a constant
Differentiation of a Function II
y = ax
dy
= ax11 = ax 0 = a
dx
Example
y=2
dy
=0
dx
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
Example
y = 3x
dy
=3
dx
1 2
r ( sin )
2
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Chain Rule
y = ax n
y = un
dy
= anx n1
dx
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
Example
y = 2 x3
Example
y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
dy
= 2(3) x 2 = 6 x 2
dx
u = 2 x 2 + 3,
y = u5 ,
therefore
therefore
du
= 4x
dx
dy
= 5u 4
du
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
= 5u 4 4 x
1
xn
Rewrite
y=
= 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4
y = xn
Or differentiate directly
y = (ax + b) n
dy
n
= nx n1 = n+1
dx
x
dy
= n.a.(ax + b) n 1
dx
Example
1
y=
x
y = x 1
dy
1
= 1x 2 = 2
dx
x
y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
dy
= 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4
dx
Law of Differentiation
Sum and Difference Rule
y =uv
u and v are functions in x
dy du dv
=
dx dx dx
Example
y = 2 x3 + 5 x 2
dy
= 2(3) x 2 + 5(2) x = 6 x 2 + 10 x
dx
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10
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Product Rule
Quotient Rule
y = uv
u and v are functions in x
dy
du
dv
= v +u
dx
dx
dx
y=
u
v
dy
=
dx
Example
y = (2 x + 3)(3 x 3 2 x 2 x)
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
Example
x2
y=
2x +1
u = x2
v = 2x +1
du
dv
= 2x
=2
dx
dx
du
dv
u
v
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx
v
dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2)
=
dx
(2 x + 1) 2
u = 2x + 3
v = 3x3 2 x 2 x
du
dv
=2
= 9 x2 4 x 1
dx
dx
dy
du
dv
=v
+u
dx
dx
dx
3
2
=(3 x 2 x x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1)
Or differentiate directly
y = (2 x + 3)(3x3 2 x 2 x)
dy
= (3x3 2 x 2 x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1)
dx
4 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x
=
=
(2 x + 1) 2
(2 x + 1) 2
Or differentiate directly
x2
y=
2x +1
dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2)
=
dx
(2 x + 1) 2
4 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x
=
=
(2 x + 1) 2
(2 x + 1) 2
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11
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Gradients of tangents, Equation of tangent and Normal
Gradient of tangent at A(x1, y1):
dy
= gradient of tangent
dx
Equation of tangent: y y1 = m( x x1 )
Gradient of normal at A(x1, y1):
mnormal =
1
dy
1
mtangent
= gradient of normal
dx
Equation of normal : y y1 = m( x x1 )
Turning point
At maximum point,
dy
=0
dx
d y
<0
dx 2
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
dy
=0
dx
At minimum point ,
dy
=0
dx
12
d2y
>0
dx 2
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Rates of Change
Chain rule
dA dA dr
=
dt dr dt
dx
=5
dt
Decreases/leaks/reduces NEGATIVES values!!!
y dy
dy
y x
x dx
dx
Approximation:
ynew = yoriginal + y
= yoriginal +
dy
x
dx
x = small changes in x
y = small changes in y
If x becomes smaller x = NEGATIVE
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13
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10 Solution of Triangle
Sine Rule:
Cosine Rule:
a
A
b
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cosA
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cosB
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cosC
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
Area of triangle:
cos A =
C
b
b2 + c2 a 2
2bc
A=
A
180 (A+B)
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
14
A
b
1
a b sin C
2
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
If C, the length AC and length AB remain unchanged,
the point B can also be at point B where ABC = acute
and A B C = obtuse.
If ABC = , thus ABC = 180 .
Case of AMBIGUITY
A
180 -
C
B
B
Case 1: When a < b sin A
CB is too short to reach the side opposite to C.
Outcome:
No solution
Case 3: When a > b sin A but a < b.
CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points
Outcome:
1 solution
Case 4: When a > b sin A and a > b.
CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points
Outcome:
2 solution
Outcome:
1 solution
Useful information:
c
b
a
In a right angled triangle, you may use the following to solve the
problems.
(i) Phythagoras Theorem: c = a 2 + b2
(ii)
Trigonometry ratio:
sin = bc , cos = ac , tan =
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15
b
a
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
11 Index Number
Price Index
Composite index
I =
P1
100
P0
I=
I = Composite Index
W = Weightage
I = Price index
I A, B I B ,C = I A,C 100
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Wi I i
Wi
16