10.1 Seismic - OMRF SMRF

Section 12
Design and Detailing for EQ Loads
SeismiC Design
IS 800 :2007
Durgesh C Rai
Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur 208016
CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11
CE 627: Advanced Steel Design
Special load combinations
As per IS:1893(1)-2002
Limit State Design

1.2 DL + 0.5 LL 2.5 EL
0.9 DL 2.5 EL
Special load combinations
These are load combinations involving amplified

earthquake loads for capacity design of members
in addition to those given in Chapter 5

NEW
Different from those given in the load

combinations in Section 5
Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF, SMRF)

Concentric Brace Frames (OCBF, SCBF)
Eccentric Brace Frames (EBF)
Loads and load combinations

combinations
EQ loads calculation

Response reduction factors
Connections, Joints and Fasteners
Column design
Storey drift
Lateral load resisting systems
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL 2.5 EL

0.9 DL 2.5 EL

combinations

combinations
Earthquake resistant design
Earthquake Behaviour
Reduction Factor R
Displacement demand depends on shaking intensity
H,
Lateral Load H
Elastic Force
reduced by R
Elastic
Actual
Design Force
Strong Shaking
Maximum
Elastic Force
Deformability
Moderate Shaking
Minor Shaking
Response reduction factor

combinations
Design Seismic Force
Impact of displacement-based loading

Overstrength
Response reduction factor R

H,
S.No. Lateral Load Resisting System

1
Design
Force
Ductility
Overstrength 2.5
IS:1893 IS:800
Braced Frames Systems

Ordinary Concentric Braced Frames (OCBF)
Special Concentric Braced Frames (SCBF)
4.5
Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
Ordinary Moment Frames (OMRF)
Special Moment Frames (SMRF)
Moment Resisting Frame System
Values of R for OCBF and OMRF are relatively higher

compared to their RC counterparts
Making steel buildings more popular
Connections, Joints & Splices

combinations
All bolts used in frames resisting EQ loads
All welds used in frames resisting EQ loads
Standard holes
Fully tensioned
High strength friction-grip bolts
CJP groove welds

Except in column splices
Partial JP groove welds
10
Columns
Column splice
Partial JP groove welds
200% of required strength
Minimum required strength of each flange splice
shall be 0.6 times fyAf
P (tensile or compressive, with M=0) shall be

determined by special load combinations
11
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL 2.5 EL

0.9 DL 2.5 EL
1.2 times nominal strength of connecting beam/brace

Resistance of foundation to uplift
not to be used along with welds

on same faying surface
Columns
Columns
If axial load demand P

> 0.4 times compressive strength Pc
P shall not be more than maximum load transferred to

the column considering
Bolted joints
12
Storey drift
As per IS:1893(1)-2002
13
14
CBF Configurations
CBF Configurations
Configurations
Some basic types of CBFs
Choice of configuration
15
Chevron bracing
Chevron bracing imposes large flexural demand on floor
beams when compression brace buckles
X-bracing
V-bracing
Inverted
(Chevron)
V-bracing
K-bracing
9 Many configuration to choose from

9 Most efficient system for resisting lateral loads
9 Provide complete truss action
Diagonal
bracing
Concentric
Brace Frames
Tension
brace
Compression
brace
16
CBF Configurations
Configurations
CBF Configurations
Configurations
CBF with unequal braces in two directions can also behave

like Chevron bracing
Poor practice to have unequal braces in same plane
K-bracing not suitable

for resisting EQ loads
17
18
Basic Behaviour of XX-Braces
CBF Configurations
Configurations
Role of individual braces in EQ behaviour
19
Tension
brace
Compression
brace
K-bracing, when buckled,

cause column to deform
horizontally leading to
buckling and collapse
K-bracing
20

Braces

Braces
Braced frame behaviour
Single brace
21
22

Braces

Braces
Single brace
Double brace
23
kL/r=80
More energy dissipation
kL/r=30
24

Braces

Braces
Effects of Brace Buckling
Analytical models predict reasonably well
25
26
Design of CBFs

Braces
Effects of Brace Buckling
Design Objectives
Non-symmetrical deformation
Hysteretic behaviour of CBFs characterized by

severely pinched hysteresis loops
Induce large torsional response in the building

during cyclic EQ shaking
However, reasonable stable deformation can be

achieved to protect against brittle failures
27
u
-Pcr
-Py
Py
Post-buckling
Strength
Rapid loss of strength and tension brace overload

Excessive rotation of brace ends and local connection
failure
Local or torsional buckling at/near mid span
Out-of-plane deformation (bowing)
Energy dissipation is deficient
28
Design of XX-Braced Frame Systems
Design of CBFs
Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame (OCBF)
Approach
Shall not be used in

Seismic Zones IV and V
Seismic Zone III, if I>1.0
Strong-column weak-beam weaker-brace approach

Use compact brace sections to avoid local instability
Cl. 12.7.1.0
Provisions for X-bracing only
29
30

Systems

Systems
Special Concentric Braced Frame (SCBF)
OCBF
Provisions for X-bracing only
Brace section can be Plastic, Compact or Semi-compact
Specialist literature for other V/Inverted-V braces

K-bracing not permitted
Not Slender
In built-up braces, spacing of stitches shall be such that
31
1.2 times Mp of brace section about buckling axis

Tensile force of 1.2fyAg
Maximum force that can be transferred to the brace by
the system
Force in brace due to special load combinations
kL/r shall not be more than 160 for hangars

Not given for others
P shall not be more than Pc
kl/r of individual element

> 0.4 times kl/r of whole member
Bolted stitches shall not be used in middle Lclear /4
Connection shall be designed to withstand
Specialist literature for other V/Inverted-V braces

K-bracing not permitted
kL/r shall not be more than 120
P shall not be more than 0.8Pc
Braces shall be provided in either direction along any line of
braces
Tension braces shall carry 30-70% of load in tension
Braces shall be provided in either direction along any line of braces

Tension braces shall carry 30-70% of load in tension
Brace section shall be Plastic
32

Systems

Systems
SCBF
Effective slenderness
In built-up braces, spacing of stitches shall be such that
K value as observed from experiments for various

connections
Similar to OCBF
1.2 times Mp of brace section about buckling axis

Tensile force of 1.1fyAg
Maximum force that can be transferred to the brace by
the system
Force in brace due to special load combinations
33
Tension only X-bracing
Single gusset
plate
0.4
0.5
Others
0.5
1.0
Design of CBFs
Chevron-braces
Canadian Code
Behaviour and force levels
Economical for low lateral load and long braces
Lower tendency to distribute

inelasticity
Special care for industrial building
Low reduction factor due to ductility
and energy dissipation capacity, e.g.
Limited energy dissipation capacity

Resist 100% of same load in tension and connect to beamcolumn connection
Not exceed 4-storey
Columns spliced for

9 Full moment resistance of cross-section
2Z p f y
9 Shear force =
hs
Must meet ductile brace requirement
Fully continuous column and constant cross-section

Out-of-plane
34

Systems
35
In-plane
Connection shall be designed to withstand
36
Eurocode 8 : q-factor for Chevron

braces are 2.5 for High Ductility and
2.0 for Medium Ductility when for Xand diagonal bracings q-factors are 4.5
and 4, repectively.
AISC: Increases design forces for
Chevron by 150%.
Chevron
bracing
Design of CBFs
Design of CBFs
Some design guidelines
Chevron-braces
Chevron-braces
Beam intersected by Chevron braces shall be

continuous between columns
Beam shall be capable of supporting all tributary
gravity load combinations assuming that bracing
does not exist
Beam shall be designed to support the following

gravity loads and unbalanced brace force
combinations
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL + Pb
0.9 DL - Pb
Py
37
38
Design of CBFs
-Py
Unbalanced Force (Bending moment and axial force) induced

by forces of :
Chevron-braces
Top and bottom flanges of the beam at the point of
intersection shall be designed to support 2% of
beam flexural strength fybftf
1.2fyAg from brace in tension
Unbalanced
vertical force
1.2fyAg
0.24fyAg
and 0.24fyAs from brace in compression
-Pcr
Design of CBFs
39
Post-buckling
Strength = 0.24 Py
40
10
Design of CBFs
Design of CBFs
Brace Connections
Brace Connections
Connection should be adequate against out-of-plane

failure of gusset plate and brittle fracture
Connection should be designed for lesser of
Tensile strength of the bracing

Maximum force that can be transferred to the brace
by the system
41
42
Design of CBFs
Design of CBFs
Brace Connections
Brace Connections
Gusset Plate is most critical component of connection
Brace too close to beam/column members
Enough strength required when brace buckles in

plane of frame
Provide for formation of hinge line, if brace buckles
out-of-plane
43
44
Axis about which

the brace rotates
out of plane
11
Diagonal Bracings
Bracings
Design of CBFs
Brace Connections
Test at IIT Kanpur :: Cyclic Inelastic Buckling of angle section
Brace should extend from the gusset plate from where

it can bend out of plane about the gusset plate
Brace
Pcyclic
y
v
Brace
u
x
35
x
5
u
Beam
Column
Column
45
Beam
Gusset Plate
35
y
Material: Nominal yield strength, fy = 250 MPa

Actual yield strength, fy = 375 MPa
Section: ISA 35 35 5 mm, Class C; = 0.49
Area, A = 327 mm2; Minimum radius of gyration, rvv = 6.77 mm
Unsupported length of the member, L = 1220 mm
46
Brace Buckling
Buckling
Brace Buckling
Buckling
Load-Displacement and Hysteresis plot

100
+Pull
80
Load (kN)
60
40
20
0
-20
47
-60
-40
-20
20
Displacement (mm)
40
60
-Push
-40
48
12
OCBF and SCBF

SCBF
OCBF and SCBF

SCBF
OCBF vs SCBF
Ordinary concentrically braced frame

Design of Bracing Member
Bracing slopes in both directions
Tensile braces carry 30-70% of load
Built-up braces: local slenderness <
0.4 overall slenderness
Special concentrically braced frame
Designed for large base shear

Low ductility demands
Low response modification factor
Lower required base shear

Ensure high ductility
Greater magnitude of response
modification factor is used
Should withstand inelastic deformation

to a joint rotation of at least 0.02
Should withstand inelastic

deformation to a joint rotation of 0.04
Should not be used in seismic zone IV

and V and for building with importance
factor > 1
May be used in any seismic zone for

any type of building

Slenderness of bracing members <120
P (required) < 0.8 P (design)
Bracing cross section not slender ( b/t
<15.7)

Slenderness of bracing member <160
P (required) < 1.0 P (actual)
Bracing cross section plastic ( b/t <
9.4)
49
Ordinary concentrically braced frame
Special concentrically braced frame

Bracing slopes in both directions
Tensile braces carry 30-70% of load
Built-up braces: local slenderness <
0.4 overall slenderness
Design for Connection Member

Design for Connection Member
Connection should be designed for
Here the minimum tensile force in
minimum of the tensile force in the
the bracing is 1.1 fyAg
bracing 1.2 fyAg , force under
For the rest IS code doesnt give any
additional load combination and
special provisions for SCBF
maximum possible force
The connection should be designed to
withstand a moment 1.2 times the full
plastic moment of the braced section
50
Moment Frame Systems

Systems
Braced Frame Systems

Systems
SCBF
OMRF
Columns
Beam-to-Column Joints and Connections
Section shall be Plastic

Splices in columns shall be designed to develop
at least
Rigid connections shall be designed to withstand

smaller of
1.2Mp of connected beam
Maximum moment that can be delivered by the system
Nominal Shear Strength of smaller connected member and

50% of nominal flexural strength of smaller connected section
Splices shall be located in the middle-third of clear column height
51
52
Semi-Rigid connections shall be designed to

withstand smaller of
This moment shall be developed within a rotation of

0.01 radians
13

Systems

Systems
OMRF
OMRF
Rigid or semi-rigid connections shall be designed to

withstand a shear resulting from
In rigid fully-welded connections

Provide continuity plate
tcptbf
Welded to column flange and web
1.2DL+0.5LL
Plus that resulting from
Continuity
Plate
Stiffness of connections shall be included in analysis
53
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL 2.5 EL

0.9 DL 2.5 EL

Systems
Special Moment Frame (SMRF)
SMRF
Beam-to-Column Joints and Connections
In strong-axis beam-to-column connection
Shall be rigid connections

Shall be designed to withstand smaller of
Panel Zone shall be checked for shear buckling at

the shear force obtained as above
Doubler plates may be used if required
Individual thickness t of column web or doubler plate
shall be more than (dp+bp)/90
Where a reduced beam section is used, connection

shall be designed for at least 0.8Mp of unreduced section
Shall be designed to withstand a shear resulting from
1.2DL+0.5LL
+ that resulting from 1.2Mp applied at each end in opposite direction
but, need not exceed that obtained from
9 1.2 DL + 0.5 LL 2.5 EL
9 0.9 DL 2.5 EL

Column
54

Systems
55
Beam
56
Doubler
Plate
Column
14

Systems
SMRF
Beam-Column Limitation
Beam and column sections shall be either plastic or
compact
At plastic hinge locations, they shall be plastic
57
M pc 1.2
M pb
Beam
Strong-Column Weak-Beam
Philosophy
Column
Beam and column sections shall satisfy the relation
58
15

10.1 Seismic - OMRF SMRF

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Section 12

Design and Detailing for EQ Loads

Department of Civil Engineering

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE 627: Advanced Steel Design

Special load combinations

Limit State Design

Special load combinations

These are load combinations involving amplified

in addition to those given in Chapter 5

Different from those given in the load

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF, SMRF)

Loads and load combinations

Loads and load combinations

Loads and load combinations

1.2 DL + 0.5 LL 2.5 EL

Loads and load combinations

Loads and load combinations

Earthquake resistant design

Displacement demand depends on shaking intensity

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Response reduction factor

Loads and load combinations

Design Seismic Force

Impact of displacement-based loading

Response reduction factor R

S.No. Lateral Load Resisting System

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Braced Frames Systems

Special Concentric Braced Frames (SCBF)

Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)

Ordinary Moment Frames (OMRF)

Special Moment Frames (SMRF)

Moment Resisting Frame System

Values of R for OCBF and OMRF are relatively higher

Connections, Joints & Splices

Loads and load combinations

All bolts used in frames resisting EQ loads

All welds used in frames resisting EQ loads

CJP groove welds

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Partial JP groove welds

P (tensile or compressive, with M=0) shall be

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

1.2 DL + 0.5 LL 2.5 EL

1.2 times nominal strength of connecting beam/brace

not to be used along with welds

If axial load demand P

P shall not be more than maximum load transferred to

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Some basic types of CBFs

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

9 Many configuration to choose from

CBF with unequal braces in two directions can also behave

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11