Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Limit, Fits, Tolerance
Limit, Fits, Tolerance
INTRODUCTION
The components must be manufactured
to the specified size. However, it is
practically impossible to achieve this
exactness due to many reasons such as
human error, high cost and lack of
sophisticated measuring instruments.
Therefore, in practice the variation which
can be tolerated in the size of a
component is always given.
TOLERANCE
The amount of variation permitted in the
size of a part is called tolerance.
The difference between the upper and
lower limit on a dimension of a part is
called the tolerance.
SIZE OF TOLERANCE
Actual size : The size of a part as
may be found by measurement is
called actual size.
Basic size: The basic size is the size
with reference to which the limit of
size is fixed (design size).
The basic size is same for both
members of a fit.
ALLOWANCE
The difference
between the
dimension of two
mating parts is called
allowance.
The difference
between the smallest
Allowance=
smallest
hole-largest
hole and largest
shaft.
shaft
= 50.00 49.96
= 0.04
Types of fits
Depending upon the actual limits of
the hole or shaft, the fit may be
divided into three main classes as
follows :
1. Clearance fit
2. Interference fit
3. Transition fit
Clearance Fits
A clearance fit always has a gap
between the two mating parts.
In a clearance fit , there is always a
positive difference between the largest
possible shaft and the smallest possible
hole. In this the shaft is smaller than
hole.
Clearance Fits
Clearance Fits may be :
1. Slide fit
2. Easy slide fit
3. Running fit
4. Slab running fit.
Running fit
In a running fit, one part can be
assembled into the other so as to
rotate or slide freely.
Eg: shaft freely rotating in a bearing.
Push fit
In push fit, one part can be assemble
in to other with light hand pressure
and there being no sufficient
clearance to allow shaft to rotate.
Driving fit
In a driving fit, one part can be
assembled into other with a hand
hammer or by medium pressure.
Eg: pulley fitted on a shaft with a key.
Interference fits
Interference fits always overlap and are
used mainly for press fits where the two
parts are pushed together, and require no
other fasteners.
In a interference fit there is always a
negative allowance between the largest
hole and the smallest shaft.
In this the shaft is larger than the hole.
Transitional Fits
For any basic size there are 25 different holes. These are
obtained by providing a series of holes which are progressively
oversize and a series of holes which are progressively
undersize. The difference from basic size of the various holes
given by the fundamental deviation, and it is these differences
in size which give the fit required. The 25 holes are disgnated
by the capital letters : A B, C, D, E, F, G, H, JS, J, K, M, N, P, R, S,
T, U, V, X, Y, Z, ZA, ZB, ZC.
Each of the 25 holes has a choice of 18 tolerances which are
designated : IT 01, IT 0, IT 1, IT 2 up to and including IT 16. The
tolerance grade decides the accuracy of manufacture. The seven
finest grades (IT 01 to IT 05) cover sizes up to 500 mm and the
eleven coarsest grades up to 3150 mm. The tolerance in each
grade depends on the size of shaft/hole.
Similarly for shafts, for any given size there are 25 different
shafts designated by small letters from a to zc. Also each shaft
has 18 grades of tolerance grades which are designated as for
the holes.