Chuong 1 Co So PP SPHH

PHNG
PHP
S NG
DNG
TRNG
I HC
BCH
KHOA
TP. HCM
Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn
Khoa Ky Thuat Xay Dng - BM KTTNN
NI DUNG MN HC
Ging vin: PGS. TS. NGUYN THNG

E-mail: nthong56@yahoo.fr or nguyenthong@hcmut.edu.vn
Web: http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~nguyenthong/index
1
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Tl. (08) 38 691 592 - 098 99 66 719
CHNG 1: C s pp. Sai phn hu hn.

CHNG 2: Bi ton khuch tn.
CHNG 3: Bi ton i lu - khuch tn.
CHNG 4: Bi ton thm.
CHNG 5: Dng khng n nh trong knh h.
CHNG 6: n hi tm tt & pp. Phn t hu hn.
CHNG 7: Phn t l xo & thanh dn.
CHNG 8: Phn t thanh chu un.
CHNG 9: Gii thiu s lc v phn t phng (bin
dng phng, ng sut phng, tm v chu
2
PGS. TS. Nguynun).
Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Phng php s trong c hc kt cu. PGS. PTS.
Nguyn Mnh Yn. NXB KHKT 1999
2. Water Resources systems analysis. Mohamad
Karamouz and all. 2003
3. Phng php PTHH. H Anh Tun-Trn Bnh. NXB
KHKT 1978
4. Phng php PTHH thc hnh trong c hc.
Nguyn Vn Phi-V vn Khim. NXB GD 2001.
5. Phng php PTHH. Chu Quc Thng. NXB KHKT
1997
6. The Finite Element Method in Engineering. S. S.
RAO 1989.
3
7. TS.
Bi
gingThng
PP S NG DNG. TS. L nh Hng.
PGS.
Nguyn
KIEM TRA
- Trong trng hp co kiem tra gia ky
thi gian la 45 ph.
- Thi t lun cuoi mon hoc 90ph.
Chu y:
Mang theo may tnh lam bai tap trong
lp.
Cho php tham kho ti liu c nhn.
4
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
MC CH MN HC
Gii thiu cc phng php s xc
nh gn ng li gii ca cc bi
ton vi phn o hm ring (tuyn
tnh hoc phi tuyn) m ta KHNG th
tm c li gii gii tch chnh xc.
Trong s cc phng php s c:
Phng php Sai phn hu hn
(SPHH) & Phn t hu hn (PTHH), &
Th tch hu hn (TTHH).
5
.
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
C S
PHNG PHP
SAI PHN HU HN
(SPHH)
6
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Hin tng vt l biu din

ton hc bng phng trnh
o hm ring li gii
cho php nghin cu hin
tng.
PHNG TRNH O HM RING

o hm ring (HR)
f (x,y,z,t): hm xc nh trong mt min
khng gian R3
x, y, z: ba bin khng gian c lp ;
t:
bin thi gian c lp.
* K hiu HR cp 1 ca f: f
or f x
i vi x :
x
Tng t vi y & z
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
* HR cap 2 cua f :
2f/ x2 = (/ x)(f/ x) = fxx , 2f/ y2 =
(/ y)(f/ y) = fyy
2
f/ t2 = (/ t)(f/ t) = ftt , 2f/ xy
= (/ x)(f/ y) = fxy
HR cap 2 lien tuc fxy = fyx , fxz
= fzx , fyz = fzy , ....
NH NGHA PT O HM RING
Dng tng qut:
F(x, y, z, t, U, Ut, Ux, Uy, Uz, Uxy, Uxz,
Uyz, ) = 0
Bin ph thuc U (n s phi tm)
* Cp ca PTHR l cp cao nht
ca cc HR c trong PT
9
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
10
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
NH NGHA PT O HM RING
* PTHR l tuyn tnh nu:
Tt c cc HR c mt trong PT u
dng tuyn tnh
Khng c h s lin kt vi cc HR
cha bin ph thuc.
Nu khng PTHR l phi tuyn.
PHN LOI PT HR
Theo ngha vt l
Theo ton hc
11
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
12
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Phn bit bi ton theo ngha vt l

Bi ton cn bng (gi tr bin)
min kn tha mn cc iu kin
bin cho sn:
V d:
Bi ton thm n nh
Bi ton phn b ng sut tnh
trong kt cu.
Phn bit bi ton theo ngha vt l

Bi ton lan truyn min h tha
mn cc iu kin bin cho sn v
iu kin ban u:
V d:
Bi ton khuch tn, i lu cht
trong mi trng cht lng.
13
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn

tnh bc 2 dng tng qut:
a
14
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
2u
2u
2u
u
u
c
d e f .u g( x, y)
2
2
x
xy
y
x
y
u(x,y) hm n s cn tm
x,y cc bin c lp ch khng gian
a, b,c,d,e,f : cc hm s tuyn tnh ca
x,y
g(x,y) hm xc nh
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
Phn loi v mt ton hc

4ac > 0 bi ton dng
hyperbol
b2 4ac < 0 bi ton dng
ellip
b2 4ac = 0 bi ton dng
parabol
b2
15
16
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
DNG TON HC ELLIP
DNG TON HC HYPERBOL
M t vn k thut: Cn bng
M t vn k thut: Lan truyn
2u 2u
0 P / t Laplace
2x 2y
2u 2u
P / t Poisson
2x 2y
PGS. Dr.
PGS.
TS.Nguyn
NguynThng
Thng
17
2
2u
2 u
a
t 2
x 2
u
u
t
x
P / t Song
P / t Doi luu
18
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
DNG TON HC PARABOL
HIN TNG VT L BI TON LAN

TRUYN NNG CHT f TRONG MI
TRNG DNG CHY U
PT i lu (khng khuch tn) :
ft + ufx = 0
f(x,t): nng cht, u(x, t): thnh phn
lu tc theo phng x.
PTHR tuyn tnh cp 1, loi hyperbolic.
M t vn k thut: Khuch tn
u
2u
2
t
x
P / t Fourier
19
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
20
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
HIN TNG VT L BI TON

KHUCH TN CHT f TRONG MI
TRNG (TNH)
PT khuch tn (khng i lu)
ft = fxx
HIN TNG VT L BI TON

LAN TRUYN & KHUCH TN (NG
THI) CA NNG CHT f TRONG
MI TRNG DNG CHY
PT i lu - khuch tn:
ft + ufx = fxx
PTHR tuyn tnh cp 2
: h s khuch tn (> 0).

a = , b = c = 0 = b2 4ac = 0
PTHR tuyn tnh cp 2, loi

parabolic.
21
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
22
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
HIN TNG VT L BI TON LAN

TRUYN SNG
HIN TNG VT L BI TON

THM
ftt = c2 fxx
c: tc truyn sng.
a = c2, b = 0, c = -1
b2 4ac = 4c2 > 0
PTHR tuyn tnh cp 2, loi hyperbolic.
PT Laplace
fxx + fyy = 0
PT Poisson
fxx + fyy = G(x, y)
G(x,y): s hng ngun
a = 1, b = 0, c = 1
b2 4ac = - 4 < 0
PTHR tuyn tnh cp 2, loi elliptic.
23
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
24
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
MIN KN &
MIN H
MIN KN
Min li
gii
iu kin
bin
U(x,y) =???
Bin
O
25
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
BI TON GI TR BIN
X
26
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
MIN H
IU KIN BIN
iu
kin
bin
Phng lan truyn
Min li
gii
U(x,y,t) =???
iu
kin ban
u
Bin
O
X, Y
BI TON GI TR BAN U
27
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
Khi gii cc phng trnh a hm

ring biu din mt hin tng vt l
bt k u cn phi c IU KIN
BIN.
IU KIN BIN l gi tr (hoc
gradient) ca bin nghin cu
c xc nh ti cc v tr bin
(khng cn l n s ca bi ton).
28
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
IU KIN BIN
H=z+p/ Bit
H=?
29
THAM CO AP DI CONG TRNH
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
CC LOI IU KIN BIN

Bin Dirichlet: Gi tr trn bin
ca hm n phi tm U l bit
ti cc v tr trn bin:
u f (x, y, z, t )
30
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Min li gii
U cn tm
U(bien)=
Know
U(x,y) =???
Bin
CC LOI IU KIN BIN

Bin Neuman: Gi tr o hm
theo phng (thng gc vi
bin) ca hm n U bit.
u
f ( x, y, z, t )
n
31
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
32
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Min li gii
U cn tm
IU KIN BIN
loi Neuman
H
0
n
U(x,y) =???
Bin
O
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
u
f ( x, y, z, t )
n
H(x,y)=?
X
33
34
THAM CO AP DI CONG TRNH
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
CC LOI IU KIN BIN
Ch :
Bin C thng gm nhiu phn v
trn mi phn phi c mt v ch
mt loi KB.
Tuy nhin KB ny c th thay i
trong qu trnh gii bi ton
(trng hp bi ton m phng
theo thi gian).
Bin Cauchy: L t hp 2 loi

bin trn.
u
( x, y, z)u ( x, y, z) f ( x, y, z, t )
n
, , f bit
35
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
36
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
KB ch cn khi xt bi ton lan truyn

(PT parabolic hay hyperbolic vi bin thi
gian t).
PTHR cp 1:
IU KIN
BAN U
t = 0, f (x,y,z,0) = g(x,y,z)
PTHR cp 2:
t = 0, f (x,y,z,0) = g(x,y,z)
37
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
(x,y,z)
(x,y,z)
(x,y,z)
v ft (x,y,z,0) = h(x,y,z)
g(x,y,z) , h(x,y,z): hm s bit.
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
38
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
TM TT
Gii bi ton HR cn c:
iu kin bin
iu kin ban u (khi bi
ton c bin thi gian
trong n s phi tm)
SAI PHN HU HN
(SPHH)
40
39
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
SPHH l phng php s ng dng

gii cc phng trnh o hm
ring vi cc bc c bn sau:
Ri rc ho min tnh ton 1D
hoc 2D ( li ch nht), hoc 3D
(khi ch nht)
Ch xt tnh ton bin nghin cu
ti cc im nt li.
S gi tr Y (v cc) trn min lin tc X gim xung

ch cn mt s v tr hu hn trn X
y=f(x)
y1
y2
1D
41
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
y3
Yn-1 yn
Yn+1
V tr xc nh gi tr bin
42
nghin cu (hu hn v tr)
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
1D
Y, j
2D
(xi)
(i-2) (i-1) i
yi
(i+1) (i+2)
(i,j+1)
i =0 N nt mng li: v tr xc
nh gi tr bin cn tm
xi : bc li khong cch 2 nt
k tip (c th khc nhau t v tr
ny sang v tr khc).
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
(i-1,j)
(i,j)
(i+1,j)
(i,j-1)
xi
43
X, i
44
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Z, k
(i,j,k+1)
3D
zi
(i,j+1,k)
Y, j
(i-1,j,k)
(i+1,j,k)
yi
(i,j-1,k)
(i,j,k-1)
xi
(i,j,k)
X, i
Ti cc nt li Cc o hm
ring (hoc o hm) c xp x
bng cc sai phn phng trnh
i s.
p dng cho tt c cc nt
li nhn c h phng
trnh tuyn tnh ca cc n s i
lng nghin cu ti nt li.
45
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
46
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
H phng trnh ny
KT
HP
vi
cc
phng trnh biu th
cc IU KIN BIN s
h gm c N phng
trnh c lp tuyn tnh
xc nh N n s.
47
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
Bi ton cn bng: h
phng trnh c gii 1 ln
Bi ton m phng hin
tng theo thi gian: h
phng trnh c gii mt
ln & kt qu tng ng ti 1
thi im & sau tip tc
tin ln theo thi gian.
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
48
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
CH
Bi ton PHI TUYN (cc h s h
phng trnh ph thuc gi tr bin
nghin cu !) CN PHI GII LP
Li gii l mt xp x tt ca li gii
chnh xc (v nguyn tc KHNG
BIT) CN XEM XT: xt sai s
ct b, tnh nht qun, tnh n nh.
V d xt bi ton 2D
Thit lp li ch nht v thay th
U(x,y) bi U(ix,jy).
nh v cc nt theo i, j Phng
trnh sai phn c vit theo i, j v
cc im ln cn ca n.
Gi thit xem Ui,j nh l U(x0,y0):
49
50
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Quy c:
Ui+1,j = U(x0+x,y0) &
Ui-1,j = U(x0-x,y0)
Ui,j+1 = U(x0,y0 +y ) &
Ui,j-1 = U(x0,y0- y )
CH
Thng thng ngi ta hay
chn x= y
Thng ta hay dng ch s
di ch KHNG GIAN & ch
s TRN ch bin THI GIAN.
51
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
t
i, j
Ch thi gian
Ch khng gian
52
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
SAI PHN TIN FORWARD

(KHNG GIAN)
53
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
nh ngha v o hm ring ca
U(x,y) ti v tr (x0,y0):
U( x 0 x, y 0 ) U( x 0 , y 0 )
U
lim
x
x 0
Hy vng rng [U(x0+x,y0)U(x0,y0)]/ x s l mt xp x hp
l ca U
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng x
54
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Trin khai chui Taylor ca

U(x0+x,y0) chung quanh (x0,y0):
U ( x 0 x , y 0 ) U ( x 0 , y 0 )
2U
x 2
x 2
x0
2!
...
n 1U
x n 1
U
x
x
x0
x n 1
x0
( n 1)!
n U x
with x 0 x 0 x
x n n!
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
n
S sai phn tin (khng gian):

(Forward)
U( x 0 x, y 0 ) U( x 0 , y 0 )
U
x x 0 , y0
x
2 U x
....
x 2 x 2!
55
56
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Vit di dng ch s:
U i 1, j U i , j
U
x i , j
x
sai s ct b
Ui 1, j Ui, j / x
Ta gi
biu thc SAI PHN ca U / x i , j
CH
Sai s ct b c hiu l:
[Sai s ct b] = [o hm ring]
[Biu thc SPHH]
Ngi ta hay s dng k hiu 0
cho sai s ct b :
57
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
U i 1, j U i , j
U
0(x )
58
x i , j
x
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
GA THIT & TNH CHT

Khi x nh: 0(x ) K x
SAI PHN LI BACKWARD
Vi K l s thc dng
Khng bit gi tr chnh xc ca
0(x) & ch xt c n thay i
th no khi x 0.
2
Tha nhn:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
0 x 0x
(KHNG GIAN)
60
59
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
10
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Trin khai chui Taylor ca U(x0x,y0) chung quanh (x0,y0):
U( x 0 x, y 0 ) U( x 0 , y 0 )
U
x
x x 0
U x
U
n
... 1
...
2
n 1
x x 2!
x x
n 1
S sai phn li (khng gian):

U( x 0 , y 0 ) U( x 0 x, y 0 )
U
0(x )
x x 0 , y0
x
Di dng ch s:
U i , j U i 1, j
U
0(x )
x i , j
x
61
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
62
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
TM TT
UI-1,J
UI,J
UI+1,J
V tr khai
trin Taylor
U i 1, j U i 1, j
U
0(x ) 2
x i , j
2x
X,i
(x0- x) x0
(x0+x)
S sai phn
Backward theo
khng gian
BI TP 1
Chng minh:
S sai phn
Forward theo
khng gian
(S sai phn trung tm)
63
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
64
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
TM TT
BI TP 2
Hy dng ngha th gii thch
v xp x sai phn ca o hm bc
C
B
1 ti C: U
Sai phn tin: U

x
i, j
Sai phn li: U

x
i, j
U i 1, j U i , j
x
U i , j U i 1, j
x
0(x )
0(x )
Sai phn trung tm:
U i 1, j U i 1, j
U
0(x ) 2
x i , j
2x
65
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
A
x
x
(x0-x) x0 (x0+x)
X
66
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
11
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
BI TP 3
Trong khng gian 2D, tm xp x
ca o hm ring bc 2:
BI TP 4
Trong khng gian 2D, tm xp x
ca o hm ring bc 2:
2 U( x 0 , y 0 )
?
x.y
i, j
2 U( x 0 , y0 )

U
?&
K( x, y)
?
2
x
x
x
i, j
68
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Cc nghin cu trn ch tp trung

xem xt o hm ring theo khng
gian ca bin nghin cu U(x,y,z,t).
Trong phng trnh o hm ring
cn gp cc s hn:
XP X THEO
THI GIAN
U 2 U
;
t t 2
cn xp x trong p/p SPHH.
69
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
70
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Tng t nh khai trin Taylor

p dng vi bin khng gian,
vi bin thi gian ta cng c sai
phn tin, sai phn li cho xp
x :
U
t
SAI PHN THEO THI GIAN

Sai phn tin: U t U it,j1 U it, j
t
Sai phn li:
0(t )
t
U it, j U it,j1
U
0(t )
t i , j
t
Xem gii thch bng th sau

71
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
i, j
72
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
12
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
GII THCH BNG TH (2D)

Unknown
Sai phn tin:
GII THCH BNG TH (2D)

Unknown
Sai phn li:
time
Ut+1(i,j)
Known
Ut(i,j+1)
tt+1
tt
time
tt
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
Known
Ut(i,j+1)
Ut(i-1,j)
Ut(i-1,j)
Y
Ut(i,j)
tt-1
Ut(i,j)
Ut(i+1,j)
Ut(i,j-1)
73
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
Ut(i,j-1)
Ut(i+1,j)
Ut-1(i,j)
74
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
SAI PHN S HIN
SAI PHN S HIN

& SAI PHN S N
S sai phn hin (Explicit)

c gi khi ta dng s SAI
PHN TIN (forward difference)
khi xp x theo thi gian.
Cc s hng sai phn trong
cc s hng o hm (ring)
theo khng gian u ly thi
im c.
75
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
76
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
V d: Xt phng trnh truyn nhit

1D:
T( x, t )
2 T( x, t )
t
x 2
Tjt 1 Tjt
t
Tjt1 2Tjt Tjt1
Hay:
t 1
j
Dng sai phn tin i vi o hm

theo thi gian & sai phn trung tm
cho s hng o hm theo khng gian
Phng trnh sai phn vit cho
im (j):
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
T t
t
j
x 2
Tjt1 2Tjt Tjt1
x 2
t 1
Gi tr Tj
c xc nh trc tip t
cc gi tr ca n & gi tr ca cc nt ln cn
trong qu kh bit (thi im t).
77
78
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
13
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Bi tp 1
Hy xc nh sai s ct b cho
phng trnh truyn nhit 1D ni
trn.
Ch : Theo nh ngha:
[Sai s ct b] = [P/t o hm ring]
[P/t sai phn]
79
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
Bi tp 2
Hy vit phng trnh sai phn HIN
cho phng trnh nc ngm bo
ho v c p 2D trong mi trng
khng ng cht v khng ng
hng: h( x, y, t )
h
h
S
(Kx
(Ky
S h s ph thuc tnh cht nc & t

(g/t
hngThng
s), K x ; K y f (x, y) h s thm.
PGS.
TS. Nguyn
80
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
SAI PHN S N
V d: Ly li phng trnh truyn

nhit 1D ni trn v vit phng
trnh sai phn n:
Dng sai phn li i vi s
hn T(x, t )
t
Dng sai phn trung tm cho
S sai phn n (Implicit) c

gi khi ta dng s SAI PHN
TIN (forward difference) khi xp x
theo thi gian.
Cc s hng sai phn trong cc
s hng o hm (ring) theo
khng gian u ly thi im
MI.
T 2 ( x, t )
x 2
81
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
82
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Tjt 1 Tjt
t
NHN XT
Tjt11 2Tjt 1 Tjt11
x 2
tTjt11 x Tjt 1 tTjt11

2
x 2 Tjt 2t * Tjt 1
t 1
t 1
t 1
Cc gi tr Tj , Tj1 , Tj1
Hnh thnh 1 PHNG TRNH
PGS.TUYN
TS. Nguyn Thng
TNH
83
S khc bit gia s hin & s n:

S hin Mi n s ti nt (theo thi
gian) c xc nh trc tip t gi tr
ca bn thn v cc nt chung quanh
thi im C (thi im t).
S n Cc n s nt to thnh mt
h phng trnh tuyn tnh & n ch s
c xc nh khi gii h phng trnh
ny (phi hp vi iu kin bin).
84
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
14
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Bi tp 3
Hy vit phng trnh sai phn
theo s N (i,j,t+1) cho
phng trnh nc ngm bo ho
(thm khng n nh-thm thay
i theo thi gian) v c p 2D
trong mi trng khng ng
cht v khng ng hng:
85
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
Trng hp 1: Mng li tnh K trng

vi mng li tnh h (Ki,j)
Trng hp 2: Mng li tnh K so le
vi mng li tnh h (v d Ki+1/2,j)
S
h ( x, y, t )
h
h
Kx, y Kx, y
t
x
x y
y
S h s ph thuc tnh cht nc & t

(g/t hng s), K h s thm.
86
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
CH
Hng dn:
a1.h
t 1
i, j
a 2 .h
t 1
i 1, j
a 3 .h
t 1
i 1, j
a 4 .h it,j11 a 5 .h it,j11 b
Xc nh biu thc tnh ai v b theo
K & h .t
87
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
Ch tm c li gii phng trnh

sai phn hu hn ([P/t o hm ring][Sai s ct b]) vi hy vng l sai s
lm trn l b & b qua.
Chp nhn li gii sai phn vi iu
kin sai phn pha tha tnh NHT
QUN & tnh N NH (theo nh l
Lax hi t).
88
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
TNH NHT QUN (Consistency)

nh ngha: S khc bit gia biu
thc sai phn hu hn v
phng trnh o hm ring s
BIN MT khi ta thu nh li
MT CCH BT K.
Lim li 0 [P/t a hm ring]-[P/t sai
phn hu hn] = Lim li 0 [Sai s ct
b] 0
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
TNH CHT
Sai s lm trn dng 0(t),
0(x), c tnh NHT QUN
Sai s ct b dng 0(t/x),
khng c tnh NHT QUN
v t/x bt nh khi t 0 &
x 0, tr khi li thu nh
theo cch m t/x 0.
89
90
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
15
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
TNH N NH
Ta ni s sai phn n nh (dng khi
bi ton gii lp hoc bi ton gii theo
thi gian):
Sai s v bt k l do no KHNG
C PHP tng lin tc qua cc
bc gii t thi im ny sang thi
im k.
TNH N NH
Chng minh tnh n nh i hi khi lng
tnh ton ln & phc tp.
Quan h gia tnh NHT QUN, HI T & N
NH nh l tng ng ca Lax:
Vi mt bi ton gi tr ban u c thit lp
tha ng & mt xp x sai phn hu hn
ca n tha /k nht qun, tnh n nh l
iu kin cn & li gii hi t.
91
92
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Khi s sai phn hi t Li

gii ca phng trnh sai phn
TIN V li gii phng trnh
o hm ring khi kch thc
li thu nh
Thng thng khi s l
nht qun & n nh li gii
ni chung l hi t theo thi
gian.
TNH HI T
LI GII THEO
THI GIAN
93
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
94
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Sai s lm trn s:
chnh xc my tnh l hu
hn cc gi tr s s b
lm trn.
CC LOI
SAI S
95
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
96
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
16
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Sai s ri rc ho: Do vic thay th

min nghin cu l mt min lin tc
thnh mt min ri rc (ch ch ti
mt s hu hn im nt) gy nn sai
s v c nh ngha BNG: [Li gii
chnh xc (khng c sai s lm trn s)
ca p/t o hm ring] - [Li gii chnh
xc (khng c sai s lm trn s) ca
p/t sai phn hu hn]
TNG HP
[Li gii chnh xc ca pt. o
hm ring]
- [Li gii my tnh ca pt. sai
phn hu hn]
=
[Sai s ri rc ha]+[Sai s lm
trn s]
97
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
98
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
BI TP
P DNG PHNG PHP
SAI PHN XC NH NI
LC MT S KT CU
N GIN
Ghi ch:
2 U U it1 2U it U it1
x 2
x 2
(i 1)
U it
i
(i 1)
x
99
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
100
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Bi tp 1: Xc nh momen un &
vng ca mt dm n gin.
L thuyt: Xt mt dm n gin
chu ti trng phn b sau:
Phng trnh vi phn xc nh

momen nh sau:
2
q0
A
L
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
101
d M
q
dx 2
Phng trnh vi phn xc nh

vng trng hp tit din khng
i:
2
d y M
2
dx
EJ
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
102
17
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Trong :
M momen un (+ nu th di b
cng)
q cng ti phn b (+ t
di ln)
y vng (+ hng ln trn)
E module n hi dm khi ko
hoc nn
J momen qun tnh tit din
Yu cu: Dng pp. SPHH chia

chiu di dm thnh 4 on
bng nhau v xc nh
Momen & vng ca dm
ti cc v tr ny.
103
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
104
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Hng dn: Gii M trc vi M0=M4=0

Vit pt. sai phn vi s trung tm cho
pt. o hm ring ca M, pt (1).
p dng pt. ny ln lt cho cc im 1,
2, 3 c 3 pt. biu din quan h Mi
1
0
h=L/4
2
h
q0
p s:
Momen M1 = 0.0391q0L2
M2 = 0.0625q0L2
M3 = 0.0547q0L2
vng y1 = -0.00463q0L4/EJ
y2 = -0.00682q0L4/EJ
y3 = -0.00513q0L4/EJ
106
105
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
Bi tp 2: Xt mt dm c tit din
khng i trn nn n hi. Phng
trnh vi phn chuyn v y c dng:
a. Gi m l s on chia dm, vit phng

trnh sai phn ti nt i.
b. Bit rng momen M & lc ct Q trong
dm c quan h vi chuyn v y nh sau:
d4y
EJ 4 ky q
dx
EJ
k h s nn, q ti trng phn b, E

module n hi, J momen qun tnh
d2y
dM
d3 y
M
&
Q
EJ
dx 2
dx
dx 3
Gi thit 2 u dm l t do (M=0, Q=0). Vit

phng trnh sai phn 2 u dm.
107
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
108
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
18
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
HD: L chiu di dm, h=L/m

h
yi 2 4 yi 1 6 4 yi 4 yi 1 yi 2
qi
m
EJ
h
EJ
y1 2y0 y1 0 & y2 2y 1 2y1 y 2 0
L4
Ch : Vi m on (m+1) n
s ti nt phi c (m+1)
phng trnh (ltt).
Sau khi gii c yi s xc
nh c M & Q theo phng
trnh vi phn tng ng.
ym1 2ym ym1 & ym2 4ym 4ym1 ym2

109
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
PHNG PHP S NG DNG
PHNG PHP S NG DNG

p dng Xem s sau. Cho m=4, =L(h/EJ)1/4= 4:
q0h 4
q h4
q h4
; y1 0.245 0 ; y 2 0.493 0 ;
EJ
EJ
EJ
q0h 4
q0h 4
y 3 0.751
; y4
EJ
EJ
y
q0
-2
-1
0
1
3
2
4
y 0 0.007
h
L
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
110
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
h=L/4
HET CHNG
x
112
111
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
19

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PHNG

Khoa Ky Thuat Xay Dng - BM KTTNN

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Ging vin: PGS. TS. NGUYN THNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Tl. (08) 38 691 592 - 098 99 66 719

CHNG 1: C s pp. Sai phn hu hn.

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

TI LIU THAM KHO

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Hin tng vt l biu din

PHNG TRNH O HM RING

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Phn bit bi ton theo ngha vt l

Phn bit bi ton theo ngha vt l

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn

Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

Phn loi v mt ton hc

PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

PHNG PHP S NG DNG

Chng 1: C s phng php Sai phn hu hn