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Mobile Communication
Mobile Communication
PSTN
CELLULAR SYSTEM
RADIO FREQUENCY
ALLOCATION TO MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
CELLS
ANTEN
NA
TOWER
CELLS
CELLS
CELLS ARE SMALL SECTIONS OF AN AREA
WITH ANTENNA, TRANSMITTER AND
RECEIVER
CELLS ARE DEFINED BY ITS
PHYSICAL SIZE
SIZE OF POPULATION
TYPES OF CELLS
MACRO CELL
LARGE CELL WITH DIAMETER >= 10 KM
TRANSMITTER POWER 1 TO 6 W
MICRO CELL
SMALL CELL WITH DIAMETER OF UPTO 1 KM
TRANSMITTER POWER 01 TO 1 W
PICO CELL
VERY VERY SMALL CELL
USED FOR INDOOR TRANSMISSION IN BUILDINGS OR TUNNELS
SELECTIVE CELL
COVERAGE LESS THAN 360 DEGREES
USED TO FILL GAPS IN THE COVERAGE
UMBRELLA CELL
USED IN MICRO CELL BUT WITH DIFFERENT CHANNEL FOR TRANSMISSION
USAGE EXAMPLE : AT PLACES WHERE HEAVILY USED ROAD CROSSES THE MICRO
CELL AREA
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
1940 : MTS ( MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM )
EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR
NETWORK
EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR
NETWORK
NMT
AMPS
ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM ( 850 MHz )
DAMPS
DIGITAL AMPS
CDMA
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS SYSTEM
GSM
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION ( TDMA 900
MHz EUROPE)
DCS
DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM ( TDMA GSM 1800 EUROPE )
PCS
PERSONAL CELLULAR SYSTEM ( TDMA GSM 1900 US )
UMTS
UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOM SYSTEM
IMT
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SYSTEMS
CELLULAR TELEPHONY
SERVICES
CELLULAR TELEPHONY HAS EVOLVED FROM BEING
JUST A VOICE SERVICE TO PROVIDING A RICH
COLLECTION OF VOICE, DATA AND MULTIMEDIA
SERVICES
KEY CELLULAR SERVICES :
COMPARISON OF CELLULAR
SYSTEMS
PARAMETER
AMPS
TACS
NMT450
NMT900
FREQUENCY
BAND
(MHz)
800
900
450
900
CHANNEL
SPACING
(KHz)
30
25
25
12.5
SPEECH
MODULATIO
N
FM
FM
FM
FM
SIGNALLIN
G
FSK
FSK
FSK
FSK
SIGNALLIN
G
BIT RATE
10 KBPS
8 KBPS
1200 BPS
1200 BPS
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR
NETWORK
BASE TRANCEIVER STATION ( BTS )
BASE STATION CONTROLLER ( BSC )
MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC )
OR MOBILE TELEPHONE SWITCHING
OFFICE (MTSO)
LOCATION REGISTERS ( HLR & VLR )
AUTHENTICATION CENTRE ( AuC )
LINKS TO PSTN
FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER
RADIO TRANCEIVER
RADIO FREQUENCY COMBINER
CONTROL LINKS
COMMUNICATION LINKS TO BSC
POWER SUPPLY WITH BACKUP
BTS
BTS LOCATION IN THE CELL, HEIGHT
OF ANTENNA AND ORIENTATION ARE
ALL IMPORTANT FACTORS TO ENSURE
REQUIRED COVERAGE IN THE CELL
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF BTS ARE :
CENTRE EXCITED CELL
CORNER EXCITED CELL
EDGE EXCITED CELL
OMNI
DIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA
SECTORED
DIRECTION
AL
ANTENNA
AUTHENTICATION CENTRE
(AuC)
USERS IDENTITY IS CHECKED TO
PROVIDE AUTHENTICATION AND
ENCRYPTION PARAMETERS
AuC MAINTAINS A REGISTRATION
DATABASE OF USERS ALLOWED TO
USE THE NETWORK
AuC FUNCTION IS NECESSARY FOR
SECURITY AS WELL AS BILLING
OPERATION
EQUIPMENT IDENTITY
REGISTER (EIR)
EIR IS A DATABASE HOLDING DETAILS OF MOBILE
PHONE EQUIPMENT IN THE FORM OF IMEI NUMBER
IMEI ( INTERNATIONAL MOBILE EQUIPMENT
IDENTITY ) NUMBER CAN BE ACCESSED AS
FOLLOWS :
BY ENTERING *#06# ON MOBILE
ALSO PRINTED INSIDE THE PHONE
CONNECTING TO NETWORK
WHEN A MOBILE PHONE IS SWITCHED ON, IT NEEDS TO
COMMUNICATE WITH THE CELLULAR NETWORK TO REGISTER
THE MOBILE PHONE USES A PAGING OR CONTROL
CHANNEL TO MAKE THE CONTACT WITH THE BASE STATION
AND SENDS ATTACH REQUEST
THE AUTHENTICATION CENTRE VERIFIES THE USERS
IDENTITY
ONCE VALIDATED, THE HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR) AND
THE VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR) ARE UPDATED
PERIODICALLY, EVEN IF THE MOBILE PHONE IS IDLE, THE
MOBILE PHONE COMMUNICATES WITH THE BASE STATION TO
UPDATE ITS STATUS AND LOCATION
WHEN MOBILE PHONE IS SWITCHED OFF, IT SENDS A
DETACH REQUEST TO THE BASE STATION
THE NETWORK THEN UPDATES THE LAST KNOWN LOCATION
OF THE MOBILE IN THE DATABASE
CLUSTER
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS
THE CELLULAR NETWORK AREA IS DIVIDED
INTO NUMBER OF CELLS
THESE CELLS ARE GROUPED INTO NUMBER
OF CLUSTERS
FOR HEXAGONAL CELLS, POSSIBLE CLUSTER
SIZES ARE GIVEN BY THE FORMULA :
c = i^2 + I x j + j^2
Where c is cluster size and i and j are nonnegative numbers
CLUSTER (CONTD.)
THE INTEGERS i & j DETERMINE THE
RELATIVE LOCATIONS OF CO-CHANNEL CELLS
CO-CHANNEL CELLS CAN USE THE SAME
FREQUENCIES
IN THE DIAGRAM, CELLS WITH THE SAME
LABEL ARE CO-CHANNEL CELLS
TO LOCATE A CO-CHANNEL CELL, MOVE i
CELLS, TURN 60 DEGREES COUNTER
CLOCKWISE, MOVE j CELLS IN THAT
DIRECTION
LOCATING A CO-CHANNEL
CELL
NO. OF CHANNELS IN A
CLUSTER
NO. OF CHANNELS IN A CLUSTER IS
GIVEN BY THE FORMULA :
F=GxN
WHERE,
F : NO. OF FULL DUPLEX CHANNELS
AVAILABLE IN A CLUSTER
G : NO. OF CHANNELS IN A CELL
N : NO. OF CELLS IN A CLUSTER
CHANNEL CAPACITY
THUS, THE CHANNEL CAPACITY OF
CELLULAR NETWORK IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE NO. OF
CLUSTERS IN THAT NETWORK
N IS CALLED THE CLUSTER SIZE
AND IS TYPICALLY 3, 7, OR 12 CELLS
PER CLUSTER
FREQUENCY REUSE
FREQUENCY REUSE IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH
THE SAME SET OF FREQUENCIES ( CHANNELS )
CAN BE ALLOCATED TO MORE THAN ONE CELL
FREQUENCY REUSE HAS BECOME ESSENTIAL DUE TO
LIMITED FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AVAILABLE FOR
CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
TREMENDOUS GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF MOBILE
USERS
REUSE DISTANCE
REUSE DISTANCE D
3N = (
XR
3N
WHERE, R : CELL SIDE, AND
)
N:
ADJACENT CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE
INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY TRANSMISSION
OF ADJACENT FREQUENCIES
GENERALLY THE FREQUENCY CHANNELS USED
ARE SEPARATED BY 200 KHz SO AS NOT TO
INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER
HOWEVER, IMPERFECT FILTERS IN
RECEIVERS ALLOW NEARBY FREQUENCIES TO
ENTER THE RECEIVER AND INTERFERE WITH
THE SIGNAL BEING RECEIVED FROM THE BASE
STATION
PROPER FILTERS CAN REDUCE THE PROBLEM
CO-CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE
CELLS FROM DIFFERENT CLUSTERS
USING THE SAME FREQUENCIES ARE
CALLED CO-CHANNELS CELLS
A CERTAIN MINIMUM DISTANCE MUST
SEPARATE THESE CO-CHANNEL CELLS IN
ORDER TO AVOID THE INTERFERENCE
FOR HEXAGONAL CELLS THE REUSE
DISTANCE IS GIVEN BY :
REUSE DISTANCE D
3N = (
XR
3N
WHERE, R : CELL SIDE, AND
CLUSTER SIZE
)
N:
CELL SPLITTING
CELL SPLITTING IS THE PROCES OF
SUBDIVIDING THE CELLS INTO SMALLER
CELLS EACH WITH ITS OWN BASE STATION
AND SET OF CHANNEL FREQUENCIES
SPLITTING OF CELLS ALLOWS AN INCREASE IN THE
DEGREE OF FREQUENCY REUSE THUS INCREASING
THE CHANNEL CAPACITY OF CELLULAR NETWORK
IF THE RADIUS OF A CELL IS MADE HALF, FOUR
TIMES AS MANY SMALLER CELLS COULD BE
CREATED TO PROVIDE SERVICE TO THE SAME
COVERAGE AREA
MAJOR DRAWBACK OF CELL SPLITTING IS MORE
HANDOFFs PER CALL AND MORE PROCESSING
LOAD PER SUBSCRIBER
SECTORING
THE CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE CAN BE
REDUCED BY REPLACING A SINGLE OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA AT THE BASE STATION BY
SEVARAL DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS, EACH
RADIATING WITHIN A SPECIFIED SECTOR
THIS TECHNIQUE OF IMPROVING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE BY USING DIRECTIONAL
ANTENNAS IS CALLED SECTORING
A CELL IS NORMALLY PARTITIONED INTO THREE
1200 SECTORS OR SIX 600 SECTORS
ROAMING
ROAMING REFERS TO EXTENSION OF
CONNECTIVITY SERVICE IN A LOCATION THAT IS
DIFFERENT FROM THE HOME LOCATION WHERE
THE MOBILE SUBSCRIBER WAS REGISTERED
ROAMING ENSURES THAT THE SUBSCRIBER CAN
CONTINUE WITH THE CALL WHEN MOVING
AWAY FROM HIS HOME LOCATION WITHOUT
LOSING THE CONNECTION
ROAMING IS POSSIBLE ONLY IF THERE IS AN
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE TWO NETWORKS
PROVIDING SERVICES TO DIFFERENT AREAS
ROAMING PROCESS
WHEN A MOBILE DEVICE IS TURNED ON IN A NEW LOCATION,
THE VISITED NETWORK NOTICES THAT THE MOBILE
SUBSCRIBER IS NOT REGISTERED WITH IT AND ATTEMPTS TO
IDENTIFY THE HOME NETWORK OF THE SUBSCRIBER
IF ROAMING AGREEMENT EXISTS BETWEEN THE TWO
NETWORKS, THE VISITED NETWORK CONTACTS THE HOME
NETWORK AND REQUESTS SERVICE INFORMATION USING THE
IMSI NUMBER
IF SUCCESSFUL, THE VISITED NETWORK MAINTAINS A
TEMPORARY RECORD IN ITS DATABASE FOR THE SUBSCRIBER
LIKEWISE, THE HOME NETWORK UPDATES ITS DATABASE WITH
THE CURRENT LOCATION OF THE SUBSCRIBER SO THAT IT CAN
ROUTE THE CALLS CORRECTLY TO THE MOBILE DEVICE
HANDOFF / HANDOVER
CONTINUITY OF SERVICE IS MAINTAINED BY
SUPPORTING HANDOFF / HANDOVER PROCESS
WHEN A MOBILE SUBSCRIBER MOVES FROM ONE
CELL TO ANOTHER
IT IS A PROCESS OF CHANGING THE CHANNEL
RESOURCES (FREQUENCIES, TIME SLOT, CODE,
ETC) ASSOCIATED WITH THE CURRENT
CONNECTION WHILE A CALL IS GOING ON
IT IS INITIATED BY CROSSING A CELL BOUNDARY OR
BY DETERIORATION IN THE QUALITY OF SIGNAL IN
THE CURRENT CHANNEL
TYPES OF HANDOFFs
TWO TYPES OF HANDOFFs ARE USED
:
HARD HANDOFF
SOFT HANDOFF
HARD HANDOFF
IT IS A BREAK BEFORE MAKE
PROCESS
CURRENT RESOURCES ARE RELEASED
BEFORE NEW RESOURCES ARE USED
PRIMARILY USED IN TDMA / FDMA
NETWORKS
THE BREAK IS SHORT ENOUGH TO BE
NOTICED BY THE USER
SOFT HANDOFF
IT IS A MAKE BEFORE BREAK PROCESS
CONNECTION WITH THE TARGET BASE
STATION IS MADE BEFORE THE CONNECTION
WITH THE EXISTING BASE STATION IS
BROKEN
COMMONLY USED IN CDMA NETWORKS
THE SOFT HANDOFF GIVES MORE RELIABLE
CONTINUITY WITH LESS CHANCES OF CALL
TERMINATION THAN THAT IN HARD
HANDOFF
FURTHER CLASSIFICATION OF
HANDOFFs
NETWORK CONTROLLED HANDOFF
NETWORK MAKES THE HANDOFF DECISION