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Kashig Project - Village Kashig: A Socio-Economic Survey
Kashig Project - Village Kashig: A Socio-Economic Survey
Kashig Project - Village Kashig: A Socio-Economic Survey
CERTIFICATE
GUIDE - Head,
Mrs. Sarmila Choudhuri , Department of Geography
Department of Geography University of Pune,
Dr.D.Y.Patil Arts,Commerce & Ganeshkhind,
Science College, Pimpri, Pune 411007.
Pune 411018.
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Village Kashig: A socio –economic survey
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Village Kashig: A socio –economic survey
COPYRIGHT© :
The Head ,
The Department of Geography,
University of Pune,(Ganeshkhind),
Pune 411007.
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Village Kashig: A socio –economic survey
Acknowledgement
GHENAND PANDURANG
GODSE UMESH
RAMESH
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INDEX
3 Settlement Morphology 27
4 Cultural characteristics 39
5 Demographic Characteristics 45
6 Agriculture 49
7 Occupational Structure 55
8 Social Amenities 61
9 Conclusion 67
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LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No. Table No. Title Page No.
1 3.1 Wall Material 32
2 3.2 House Type 33
3 3.3 Roof Material 34
4 3.4 Use of Material 35
5 5.1 Age and Sex Ratio 47
6 5.2 Age Structure 48
7 6.1 Procedure for the cultivation of rice 51
8 6.2 Area /size land Holding 52
9 6.3 Expenditure and profit analysis for rice 54
10 7.1 Occupational Structure(2002) 57
11 7.2 Occupational Structure(1991) 59
12 8.1 Status Of Education 63
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Introduction
In plain words one defines Geography as “the study of earth”. But ,what
Could that mean? In the ‘study of earth’, a Geographer has to look into the
“Physical” as well as “Human” aspects of the earth. “Physical” because unless that is
done so one can not really understand the place of study and “Human” more so
because after all the study is meant for human beings.
The uniqueness of Geography is that it combines a large number of subjects in
its area of command. Hence ,it is possible to define every aspect of the description of a
place. Also, Geography puts a greater emphasis on the influence of human beings over
their surroundings and vice-versa. So , human beings become the center of study in
many cases of study.
Geography always has tried to find out the true nature of a region. So ,many a
time one finds that the ‘Regional Geography’ is accorded a very high degree of
importance in the study of Geography. One has to understand that in Geography , we
emphasize on the description of a place or region , . So , many a time , it is often said
that a Geographer is better able to describe a region than any one else.
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Village Kashig: A socio –economic survey
number 33). Surveying is another important part in the study of Geography because it
includes the actual part of field study.
To quote L.S.BHAT & ASLAM MAHMOOD (FIELDWORK &
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY),``….fieldwork provides
us an opportunity to observe, to plot on a map and to acquaint the people about the
distribution of various phenomena and to understand the causal relationship among
them.”
So , we have to do a vast deal of fieldwork when we deal with Geography.
The present survey programme has successfully completed both the objectives
as mentioned above . The exposure to the idea of fieldwork was indeed fruitful as it
made us realize what it calls for to be a Geographer. Also, we mingled with the
people of the rural area of Pune district and regret to say the life we saw in the
village is hardly related to life we lead in the city.
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Climate
Kashig lies on the leeward side of the Western Ghats and falls in the hot tropical belt.
It has hot summers with monsoons in the late summer months. The winters are dry and
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cool. According to Koppen classification , the area falls under “Aw” type of climate
,i.e.,hot with dry winters.
The area receives around 70 to 80 cms of rainfall annually in sharp contrast to
600 cm. annual rainfall received by locations in the western ghats such as
mahabaleshwar.
Drainage pattern
The Kashig village is located near Pavna dam and the village slope area is
medium in the Kashig gathon. Lower order streams have steep slope. The Kashig
village unirrigated area is 26.19% . The kashig village has 67.36% area under forest
cover.However, the surrounding hills display a barren look devoid of a rich vegetative
cover.
Soil
The soil in the area is mostly brown(photo numbers 7,8,9). The part where the
land is very near the lake, the soil shows darker shades, but it generally varies from
shades of light(photo number 7 ) to dark brown(photo number9) . Detailed soil survey
was not carried out. So, the exact predictions of chemical composition of local soil is
not possible. But, in general ,it can be said that the humus content of the soil is very
low.
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A number of afforestation programmes were under taken. The forest land area is
67.36%.We observed existence of a few birds like sparrows, etc.
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INDEX
SETTLEMENT
WELL
SHOP S
FLOOR MILL .
WATER SUPPLY
TEMPLE
TULJABHAVANI TEMPLE TM
TOILET T
DUTTA TEMPLE DM
PRIMARY SCHOOL PS
BHAIRAVNATH TEMPLE BM
HIGH SCHOOL HS
SAMAJ MANDIR SM
MHASOBA MANDIR MM
KHANDOBA MANDIR KM
TANK TANK
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Settlement morphology
The term “settlement morphology” includes in its ambit the arrangement of dwellings in
a settlement ,their nature and total numbers.
In Kashig , there are 72 houses and total population is 798. The 6 settlements in
Kashig are divided into main Gaothan and wadis scattered about it in different
directions. The Gaothan is situated mainly on level land and rocky surface. The
satellite settlements are Shindewadi, Shelkewadi, Bhimnagar, Tidkewadi and
Temgharwadi. As the population of main Gaothan goes on increasing, the farther off
lands are brought under plough. Thus ,a need to settle near the land arises to reduce
the commuting distance. This gives rise to different Wadis and Vastis.
Housing
The houses in nearly all settlements are made up of mud(photo numbers 11,12)
and have metal sheets as roof(photo number 13)These are generally built from locally
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available building material. Occasionally ,we find brick houses(photo numbers 14, 32)
,but roof remains almost similar,i.e.,sloping which helps in proper drainage of rain
water. Some houses have thatched roofing. Nearly all the houses have mud-flooring
spread with cow dung.
Majority of the houses have a typical plan. On entrance ,through a narrow
door, first, we see a cattle shed. Next ,on a raised plinth is the sitting place. Behind
that, lay the closed rooms which may be divided into kitchen, bedrooms, etc according
to use.
OTHER 3 4.17
TOTAL 72 100.00
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TYPES OF HOUSES
4%
13%
MUD
BRI CK
CEMENT
83%
(Fig. No.1)
Materials used for construction of the house tell us about economic status of
family. In the village , 83.33% house are made up of brick ,4.16% of cement , 12.5% of
other material . Since more percentage of houses are made up of brick and cement ,
this shows that village Kashig is relatively social – economically developed.
OWN 65
RENTED 7
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TYPES OF ROOFS
6% 4%
METAL SHEETS
THATCHED
TI LED
90%
( Fig No.2)
Most of the houses in village Kashig have roofs made up of metal sheets , i.e ,
90.27%.The 4.17 % of the houses have roofs made up of Thatch, and 5.56% of tiles.
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USES OF FUEL
60
49.16 48.33
50
40
30
20
10
1.66 0.83
0
Wood Biogases kerosene Others
(FiG. No. 3)
Kashig is a rural village. In Kashig, 49.16% houses are using firewood as a fuel. There
are 48.33% houses using the biogas as a fuel, 1.66% house Kerosene, 0.83 houses other
fuels.In fact, we noticed mounds of ready to use sun baked cow/cattle dung cakes in the
corners of a few agricultural fields.
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CULTUARAL CHARACTERASICS
Language
Marathi language in its rural dialect is the mother tongue of all surveyed
families.However, we noticed that some of the village youth are fluent in English
language, too!In fact, we noticed such a youth as have command over spoken English
preside over a meeting of the villagers.
Culture:
GENERAL:
As other small villages of Maharashtra, Kashig too shows customs and cultures
peculiar to the village. The village Gaothan has two temples. In Shindewadi, Shelkewadi
& Tidkewadi ,there is a temple of Lord Shiva each. Generally, the forms of Lord Shiva
are worshiped as the Gram-Daivata. There was not a single temple to be found in the
Bhimnagar which is a new name for Harijan Vasti. This is because the people have been
baptized into the Neo-Buddhist fold and they do not worship Hindu deities. There are
various Mandals such as Bhajani Mandals, Tarun Mandals (youth groups), Mahila
Mandals (Women’s group), and lazim Mandals, folk dance groups. In the main village ,
there is a temple dedicated to Lord Khandoba recently renovated by the efforts of the
villagers(photo numbers 15,16).It contains inter alia deities like Lord Ganapat(photo
numbers 17, 18)i.The place is pleasantly clean and tranquil.
Some of the agricultural fields contain in their corners miniature l to relatively
very small temples dedicated to various local deities and spirits of ancestors, most
probably as a means to please heavenly spirits to protect their crops(photo numbers 27 &
31).The very presence of these little agricultural temples reflect the predominance of
agriculture in the rural life of the village.
The festivals like ‘Ganpati’ and ‘Devi Navratra’ are celebrated in unison in the
village. In the month of Margasheersh , the festival of Khandoba is celebrated from
‘Pratipada’ to ‘Champa Shashti’.
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We found villagers full of traditional hospitality and simplicity as reflected in their warm
gestures towards strangers like us.In fact, we were offered by simple compassionate
farmers free of cost a few kg. Of NACHANI .We, of course, refused politely,as we did not
want to take away their hard earned grains just for nothing.It was really pleasantly
surprising to us , because we know by our daily experience that in a city like Pune people
have become so commercial that they won’t offer to a stranger even a cup of tea!
However, village elders complained that their younger ones were loosing contact with
the rural virtues under modern influences, like they have turned to wheat instead of bread
made from more sumptuous and healthy NACHANI .We were told by villagers that bread
made from Nachani is excellent for mental peace and health!
POLITICAL:
Villagers are politically quite active. BJP, NCP,AINC,& SHIV SENA are the
main political influences in the village.Political and other decisions are taken by group
meetings and consent.
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DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERASICS
====================================
Sex ratio is the ratio between male and female population. The population of
kashig is 798. In kashig , males outnumber females. This shows the male dominating
factor in kashig.
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Agriculture
The agricultural practices in the area are mostly rain fed in nature. The means of
irrigation is water from the Pavana dam, which was not allowed to be lifted till recently
and even then it is too costly a practice to be adopted by the villagers. The best they can
do is to draw water from wells, but these also are not available in this region. So , the
best they can do is to cultivate their lands in the period of rains.Agricultural fields are
generally rectangular in shape and separated from each otherby raised earth/mud
boundaries(photo numbers 20,21).
The principal crop in this region is rice. It is the staple food of the people of this
region , also. It is grown as the Kharif crope, i.e., rainy crop.Other crops grown in
varying degrees are: Nachani and Wheat .
Generally the following pattern of cropping is followed for the rice crop in
this area:
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In the months of December and January , the work of threshing, winnowing and
storing for use or selling in the market takes place. Generally, the paddy is sold and not
the rice.
Rice is the main crop and most of the farmers cultivate it in their fields. So ,there
is very less or no fallow land at all in the monsoon season. On the other hand , a lot of
land is left fallow in the winter or Rabi season. Only the lands, which are more or less
level and have a good water holding capacity, are cultivated in this season. Crops such
as Beans , wheat , nachani, Gram or Jowar are grown optionally in land holdings.
The villagers mostly own the land they cultivate , but the size of these land
holdings is very small and uneconomical to cultivate . They generally cultivate their own
land and very little or almost no land is given out for share cropping and tending.
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6% 6%
4%
0
0. 1 – 2. 0
28%
2. 1 – 4. 0
4. 1 – 6. 0
6. 1 and above
56%
( Figure no. 4 )
In Kashig ,72 persons have their own land. The figure number ( 4 ) above gives complete
details as regards the size of land holdings and related aspects.
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Table No 6.3
Expenditure and Profit Analysis for Rice(Cultivation per acre of land)
Particulars of Rate(Rs.) Qty. Amt. Particulars of Rate Qty Amt.
input output
Seeding 8.00 30kg 240.00 Consumption of 800.00 4q 3200
paddy(4 persons)
Burning the field 50.00 10 lab. 500.00 Selling paddy 800.00 5q 4000
Preparing the 50.00 5 lab. 250.00 Selling straw 15 600 900
field /stack
Ploughing 150 4 pl. 600.00
Wet ploughing 150 1 pl. 150.00
Sowing 50.00 7 lab. 750.00
Weeding 40.00 4 lab. 160.00
Urea 35.00 10 bags 350.00
Cattle dung 100 2.5cart 250.00
Cutting 50.00 8 lab. 400.00
Threshing 50.00 10 lab. 500.00
Total 4150.00 8100
Lab: Labours q: quintals
The above table illustrates the input and output analysis for rice cultivation per acre of
land under ideal conditions. The total input by a farmer amounts to Rs. 4150. While the
output obtained is almost twice the input, i.e. ,Rs.8100.However, the survey of the village
does not reflect such a situation and profits. This is because there are many other factors
controlling the cultivation and production of crop like fertility of the soil, uncertain rain
fall , and destruction of crops by animals, pests, insects ,etc. If we reduce the cost of the
home consumption and the cost of straw which forms the animal feed , the farmer is not
left with a substantial amount of profit. The farmer is barely able to make both the ends
meet.Hence, farming is not a profitable activity in this village and is being carried out
more as an occupation rather than a business
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Occupational Structure
The villagers of Kashig are mostly landowners and practice agriculture on their
available piece of land(photo numbers 3,21,22,23,24,25,26,27). Mostly rice, Jowar, gram
and beans are grown with an occasional patch given to wheat, nachni or wari. Some
farmers grow only grass for cattlefeed.We noticed some villagers practicing poultry ,too.
But, this is not a sufficient source of income for the villagers. So, many work as
labourers in the fields of others. Some of the younger generation commute upto Kale
colony or Kolvan, Paud , etc. to work as labourers ,luggage bearers or servents in shops
and hotels.
The table of occupation structure of the village is given below. It will give an idea
of how the division of labour is made in the village.
Agriculture 95 24.36
Working in jobs 36 9.23
Housewives 101 25.90
Students 108 27.69
Others 050 12.82
Total 390 100.00
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OCCUPATION
Other
Agriculture Agriculture
Working in jobs
Students Housewives
Working in
jobs Students
Other
Housewive
s
( Fig. No.5 )
People engaged in various occupational gives us the idea about the general set
up of the village, whether it is agriculture or not .
In Kashig ,95 people , i.e., 24.36% people are engaged in agriculture and 50,
i.e., 12.82% in other types of unspecified economic activities. Because agriculture is
unable to provide livelihood to all the rural folk in Kashig, 9.23% villagers are working
in jobs.
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Transportation 2 3 5 0.9
Labour force engaged in various occupations gives us an idea about the general
set up of the village, whether it is agricultural or trade and industry oriented . In Kashig
, 0.3% people are engaged in manufacturing & services , 0.1% people in construction ,
0.9% people in trade and transport. 144 people ,i.e., 27.37% workers work on daily or
monthly wages & 368 people ,i.e. ,69.96% are non workers or the dependent
populationpeople . So, it is quite clear the population of Kashig is unevenly distributed.
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SOCIAL AMENTIES
Drinking Water
The village sometimes faces acute shortage of hygienically safe drinking water , despite
the presence of motor pumps to lift and provide the same . FOR EXAMPLE, IT WAS
FOUND DURING THE COURSE OF PRESENT SURVEY THAT VILLAGERS
WERE SUSTAINING ON DIRTY WATER FROM OLD WATER TANK LOCATED
IN THE AREA , SINCE THE WATER PUMPSET HAD GONE OUT OF ORDER 15
DAYS BACK!(photo number 30 )
Education
Status of Education
There always is a vast difference between the facilities of education available in the
village and the number of people deriving benefit through them. Of the villagers ,
majority of the population above 35 years of age is illiterate. For females , this age
comes down to 25 years. Below this age , we found that the villagers have had at least a
primary schooling. In the age group of 15 to 20 years, we found that girls have generally
given up education while the boys are still pursuing their higher education. But, in the
age group of 5 to 15 years , most of the children are studying and we found parents
encouraging them to study better.
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100
80
Mal e
60
Femal e
40
20
0
Bel ow 1 Pr i mar y Hi gh 11 and
School above
(Fig No.6)
In all ,there are 61.30% of children in the 1st class, about 28.76%
upto 4th class and about 39.04% in the 5th to 10th class and 5.13% in 11th &
above in the entire village.
There are 114 children in 5th to 10th classes. Among them 72 are boys
and 42 girl students . The literacy rate for males is higher than females.
Health
The health and medical status of the villagers was not personally checked ,
but generally the complaints of epidemics in the pre-monsoon and monsoon
seasons prevail.
Children were not found affected with apparent symptoms of
malnutrition or negligence. The comment on actual diseases is avoided here
because of a lack of authority. But , there appears to be a general lack of
awareness as regards health and hygiene amongst the villagers, which may
actually be leading to health problems.In fact, we noticed that the houses
have on their back sides poor drainage systems which may lead to breeding
of mosquitoes in ill maintained drains covered with filth,heaps of garbage
and ash(photo numbers 28,29).
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FAMILY PLANNING
Medical Facilities
The medical facilities available in the village are meagre and barely enough
for population it supports. There is no resident doctor in the village. A
visiting doctor visits once in three days and provides medical care. In case
of emergency , the villagers rush the patients to Kale Colony which is at
about half an hour’s journey from the village.
There is a midwife in the village who helps women during maternity ,
but the cases of complication needing hospitalization have to be taken to
Pune.
Transport
But,inside the village , we found that the roads are in a bad condition. There
are mud roads, which are not perennially motorable. Some roads linking
Wadis with the main Gaothan are not even walkable when the rains are at a
peak.
For moving farm products for trade purposes , the commonly used
means of transport is the bullock cart(photo number 12). Of course, some
even resort to bicycle and head loads for the same purpose.
CONNECTIVITY
with it. It lies in a area with a poor connectivity ratio of 0.33 , if the
connectivity is calculated by taking into consideration following places
as vertices/nodes: kamshet, kale colony (pavana
nagar),brahmanaali,gevande,javan and kashig.
Connectivity =
2 ( number of observed routes)/maximum number of possible routes.
Or
Thus,
2(5)/6X6-6 OR 10/36-6 OR 10/30 OR 0.33
Communication
There is a post office in Javan to which Kashig is connected. There are few
telephone connections in the village , but there is no public booth which
offers STD facility. But , television and radio are commonly seen in the
village as mass communication media.
Economic planning
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CONCLUSION
Kashing village is a small village located near the pavna dam. It is a typical
Maharashtrian village. It comes under Tahsil Mulshi of pune district.
The main occupation of the village is agriculture though the Balutedars
maintain their traditional occupation. The main purpose of such a location
is to utilize all the fertile land for cultivation.
The amenities in the village are electricity, road, bus, pipelines for
drinking water and well for irrigation . Villager has to carry the patient
either to the next village or to Pune for proper medication. This is very
much troublesome and uneconomical to the poor villagers. As far as
literacy is concerned , 30% of the total village is literate. The educational
facilities available in the village are not upto the mark. The houses in the
village are mainly made up of mud, stone, brick, & cement and roofs of tin,
asbestors, tiles, cement sheet, etc. There are few houses constructed purely
from cement.
PROSPECTS
The village has ample natural wealth in terms of sunshine and wind
which can very well be harnessed to generate non conventional energy by
installing wind mills .Further , promotion of agro based industries can
provide suitable employment to villagers , thereby reducing their
centripetal tendency to migrate to other greener pastures like Pune in
search of livelihood and better prospects.It has great potential for tourism
related tertiary economic activities,since it lies in a area replete with
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