Final

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS
How Fresh Water Availability Shapes Societal Conservation Efforts

Gregory L. Falls, Jr.
Global Studies and World Languages Academy at Tallwood High School
Instructor: Mr. Falls

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Introduction 3
Methodology
Limitations 6
Literature Review 7
Discussion 11
Background of Freshwater Issues
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Californian, Virginian, and Filipino Fresh Water Issues 12

Possible and current solutions 14
Conclusion 17
References 18

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Abstract
The conservation of water is a growing issue that more and more societies are addressing
as issues with water are beginning to affect them, from freshwater shortages, to the
contamination of freshwater, it is a problem that requires a global effort to combat. Less
developed countries such as the Philippines are facing both regional water shortages and water
contamination due to bacteria and agricultural, industrial, and domestic waste. Agricultural nonpoint source runoff is the largest contributor to freshwater pollution in most areas of the world,
followed by industrial and domestic waste. The economies of different countries are the primary
dictators of water conservation efforts, in that the necessary efforts such as the construction of
water treatment plants, the reduction of waste, and the combating of ignorance and apathy are
extremely costly. Societal awareness to the necessities of water conservation is growing, but
societal and individual effort must be paired with governmental legislature in order to make a
large enough impact. The environment no longer dictates the economy, the economy,
unfortunately, now dictates the environment.
Introduction
Ignorance, apathy, and the economy are destroying the earth at a rate that is laborious to
combat, and difficulty accompanies the comprehension of the astronomical impact each human
has on the environment; a thorough understanding of the harmful effects of global warming, as
well as the greatly needed combined conservation efforts of all Nations across the globe, is

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derived from none other than education. Conservation of water is a highly important aspect of
modern day society, as it goes hand in hand with sustainability, without which, human
civilization will not continue to thrive and develop as it does now. Different societies have
different views on conservation, as well as on its necessity and prominence in daily life. Basic
resources such as water, vegetation, and even sunlight are more prominent in some societies than
they are in others, which affect daily activities as simple as the length of an average shower time
to the collection of food and energy. The world must be educated on the importance of water
conservation; in order to properly elicit a positive change, it is imperative that multiple
international perspectives are regarded, considering the education sees borders, and conservation
is a learned effort. Conservation is often viewed as a hassle, or an inconvenience, and in
resource-rich cultures, it is often disregarded. The focus of this study is to understand, evaluate,
compare, and contrast the conservational efforts of different societies around the world given the
availability of clean water that each society faces. While ignorance and apathy are two large
problems battling conservation efforts, the real problem is the economy. Independent viewers
must look at the stances taken by both those with plentiful resources, and those without, in order
to formulate the correlation between resource availability and conservation efforts. Climate and
location are two key factors in considering how much potable water a society will have access to,
and societies with more readily available water are more inclined to take advantage of this
luxury. With less than one percent of all of Earths water being drinkable, one would think
humanity would work to preserve it. Many believe that the growing environmental problems
need one specific and direct solution that humanity needs to aim for, but that isnt the case. Due

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to environmental differences across the world, different societies have different problems, and
different means of dealing with their problems. While Middle Eastern and central African
countries are dealing with clean water shortages and overbearing sunlight, many Pacific Islands
are at risk of total submergence with sea level rise. It unfortunately is not economically
beneficial to promote the conservation of water, and it would take an entire economic restructure to fix the current problems. Since an entire economic re-structure is not a feasible
option, humans must work to be empathetic stewards of the earth. Civilization was built upon
bodies of water, due to its necessity to the sustenance of life, and it is there that it thrives.
Methodology
This paper makes use of quantitative data and qualitative data in order to properly
address the factual information needed to reach conclusions and develop the personal
understandings needed to convey the necessary international viewpoints that must be shown. It is
entirely necessary to understand the different viewpoints on water conservation that different
countries may have, as well as the statistical data that shows how much of an effort a county has
made to conserve, and how fresh water scarcity affected the country. Quantitative statistics are
imperative to the economic factors involved in water conservation, while qualitative data is
necessary to display public opinion and participation. Country-specific reasoning makes use of
both.
The author made use of various online data bases in order to collect information,
including Gale online database, which allowed for the collection of various scholarly articles
regarding different countries, the conflicts they are facing regarding water conservation, and their
necessity to further conservation programs. Articles also enabled the Author to view innovations

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and advances made to improve conservation efforts, and were derived from magazines,
international newspapers, and many other sources.
They Author has conducted surveys to better understand water conservation
methods on an individual level; these surveys made use of random sampling. This survey was
sent to citizens of the United States, more specifically, Virginia Beach, Virginia, and citizens of
the Philippines, more specifically, Olongapo City. International connections made prior to this
survey were utilized and asked to participate. The two surveys showed original research and
allowed the Author to compare and contrast the answers of people from both countries, making
available a more personal source, and a reliable, up-to-date source of data.
Limitations
The Author, unfortunately, is incapable of enacting a total economic restructure,
which is whats necessary to properly solve the crisis of global fresh water shortages. The Author
is also unable to travel back to the Philippines at this time to gather more data first-hand, so the
Author has to rely on international contacts and connections, online statistics, and electronic data
collection. International contacts in the Philippines are a key resource for research due to the
Authors inability to travel and collect field data. There will be a bias in this paper due to the
Authors conservation minded stance, however, the Author will aim to put aside personal
connections and replace them with statistics, facts, and public opinion. . There will also be bias
because the Author does not face extreme or current dramatic fresh water scarcity.
Many are still uneducated on the importance of water conservation, and many are
extremely environmentally-conscious, so some data set statistics could be skewed due to sample
selections. Lastly, the Author is focusing on the conservation of fresh water based on its
availability, and the absolute necessity of its conservation, and it is impossible for the Author to

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know the economic standings of everyone in a population, so generalization and sampling must
be used, which limits the amount of participants used in data collection. Despite the numerous
limitations facing the writing of this paper, the Author will work to answer the question How
does the availability of fresh water shape societal conservation efforts?
Literature Review
The growing problem of a lack of sustainability and conservation, with regard to fresh
water, is strongly tied to political and personal views, especially considering that this issue
impacts various regions of the world in different ways, and that it must be dealt with accordingly
in said different areas; in an effort to construct an unbiased, but relevant and informative, paper,
the author has reviewed many reliable sources from each of the various regions, as well as
opposing views towards fresh water conservation. However, it was necessary to review and
include biased sources, as it is important to fully understand all possible opinions.
The Authors primary goal is to establish, understand, and display the relationship
of societal freshwater conservation and its necessity in a region. It is widely believed that until a
problem doesnt directly affect a person, they will not act to combat it. Virginia was chosen
because it isnt in direct need of such conservation efforts at this moment in time and it is on the
East Coast of the United States. California was chosen due to its geographical location opposite
Virginia Beach, its growing conservation efforts, and its necessity to conserve water. The Author
selected the Philippines due to its status as a developing country and its fresh water issues.
In his article, Drying Up: The Race to Save California from Drought; Science got
California into this desperate, desiccated mess. Can it also save it?, Elijah Wolfson express the
gigantic volume of water needed by California, as well as the devastating drought that plagues
the land, and has been doing so for quite some time. He suggests the immense importance of

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technological advances, such as the decreased cost of desalinization plants. One other advance in
technology derives from the Energy Policy Act of 1992; readers can see in Water Conservation
Twenty Years Later how much water can be saved by simple changes. Low-flow toilets have
made a big impact on water conservation, considering that 18.2 trillion gallons of water have
been saved since 1992. Emily Costello discusses yet another innovative approach to water
conservation that stops sinkholes, replenishes groundwater supply, and combats the
contamination of groundwater, through the use of previously contaminated water. In Would you
drink this water? Recycled sewage water is helping California survive one of the worst droughts
in its history, Costello highlights the modern use of treated sewer water to replenish over-drawn
groundwater sources. Said groundwater isnt regulated and is heavily used by farmers, so
purified sewage water is an excellent source of re-used water.
The article Wholly [H.sub.2]O: A simple question: Where does your water come
from discusses the importance of understanding the necessity of water conservation, and brings
up the fact that California has been in a drought thirty-seven percent of the last 100 years. This
is significantly larger than the amount of time that Virginia spends in drought; as we see in
VIRGINIA Floods and Droughts, Virginia spends so much less time in drought largely due to its
elevated rainfall, which unfortunately also has been known to cause costly flooding.
Conserve water, boost power, from the Philippines Daily Inquirer, provides
primary information on the necessity of water conservation in the Philippines. In the Philippines,
water is power, and power is water. The article states Based on government statistics, around 17
million Filipinos have no access to safe drinking water while over 15 million have no access to
electricity., which is an astounding number, considering that the population of the Philippines is
only about 100 million. In when there is nothing left: although authorities thought they had

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prepared for the worst, typhoon Haiyan battered even the strongest buildings, devastating the
country, Michael Friscolanti discusses the natural disasters facing the Philippines, and how they
combat the advancement of conservation. The most common being the typhoon; the Philippines
can see up to twelve typhoons every year, and each one eliciting devastating flooding, which
contaminates water supplies, causes up to thousands of deaths, and damaging every building in
its path.
Two of the most helpful sources of information regarding freshwater in the
Philippines were The state of water resources in the Philippines and State of water: Philippines,
since they thoroughly provided in depth, referenced information on all aspects of the state of
water resources in the Philippines, including, but not limited to, information on supply and
demand, legislation, and the availability of freshwater resources. Much of the information in the
body of this paper was derived from these sources, as they were the most extensive.
In Driving..... Them to drink, Stephen Ursery brings up the crucial analysis that,
while the population served by the Newport News (Virginia) Waterworks has grown by fifteen
percent, total water consumption has actually dropped by fifteen percent. There is a growing
trend of people starting to care about conservation, as per capita daily water consumption has
dropped from 130 gallons per person daily to 100 gallons daily. Similarly, in Voluntary
environmental programs in the public sector: evaluating an urban water conservation program
in California, Sara Hughes discusses the growing prominence and effectiveness of voluntary
environmental programs, but also the necessity to supplement voluntary programs with
regulation, for the time being. The future may hold more potential for an increase in voluntary
environmental program efficiency, effect, and impact.

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Another perspective is listed in Virginia Dems Introduce Offshore-Drilling

Measure is expressed by Senator Jim Webb in his bill with Mark Warner, which moves for both
oil and natural gas exploration off the coast of Virginia, because Webb stated that Virginia must
pursue robust policies that include the expansion of our domestic energy resources in a safe and
secure manner even as we develop conservation, renewable, and efficient energy measures; this
opinion isnt shared with many Virginians. Say NO to Offshore Drilling in Virginia, written by
Surfrider Foundation, offers a petition for many Virginians against offshore drilling. It also
includes some of the problems with offshore drilling that could damage the environment,
including seismic surveys, drilling operations, oil transport by tankers, and the installation of
platforms and pipelines; offshore drilling would also open up the possibility of an oil spill, which
would highly contaminate Virginian Waterways.
In Will Frankenfood save the planet? Over the next half century genetic
engineering could feed humanity and solve a raft of environmental ills--if only environmentalists
would let it, Jonathan Rauch discusses the effect, prominence, costs, and benefits of genetically
modified crops. He discusses many ways that agriculture has become the number one source of
water pollution, including, but not limited to, manure runoff, chemical fertilizer runoff,
irrigation, and soil runoff from tilled farming. Similarly, in Restoration in mind: Placing
ecological restoration in a cultural context, readers are able to look at an examination of specific
cultural problems in the Philippines regarding water conservation, and how the nation can and is
working to restore its water sources.
Benjamin Radford brings up a different and valid approach to water conservation
in The Water Shortage Myth, where he analyzes the water cycle. He elicits the understanding that
there is no more or less water on earth than there used to be, but when water is used, it is simply

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moved someplace else. While he does believe that water conservation is an extremely pressing
issue, he brings into play many important facts, crucial to the overall understanding of our global
water crises.
Discussion
Background of Freshwater Issues
The twenty-first century is based around innovation, advancement, and the progression of
international societies, in that humanity is constantly reaching for higher achievements and
improved conditions of life. It is imperatived to said advancement that global societies
understand the necessity of sustainability and conservation because they are the foundation of
what the world offers today. Conservation is not an effort to be enacted by countries alone, but it
must be a conjoined effort of the global community; environmental change is often difficult
because of the inability of certain people, communites, and even Nations to look beyond their
own immediate problemsand act upon the bigger picture. Water is one of Earths most basic and
plentiful resources, considering the fact that it covers an incredible seventy one percent percent
of earths surface. About ninety-seven percent of this water is salinated, leaving only about three
percent as fresh water. Less than that three percent of that fresh water is considered to be potable
(List top, 2014), so one would think that fresh water conservation would be a much larger
international priority than it is.
Civilization began on bodies of freshwater, such as the Sumerian settlement of
Mesopotamia along the Tigiris and Euphrates rivers, due to the uses of the fresh water for
agriculture and human needs (Geography, 2015), and while humanity has grown slightly as a
society since then, history teaches the necessity of clean fresh water, along with the necessity of
other basic resources. It is important to also recognize that the Earth has no less water than it did

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then, even freshwater. The water cycle does not be-rid of water, it just moves the water. The
Earth is not losing water, it is just losing clean water (B.B. Radford, 2008). Primary offenders of
water pollution include Agriculture, industry, and development. Regional shortages are another
massive growing problem regarding fresh water all over the globe. It is very expensive to
transport water from plentiful areas to dry areas, so conservation is much more necessary in
certain areas.
There is enough fresh water on earth to properly support life, but issue is met due to the
allocation and distribution of said water. This paper will anazlyze water conservation efforts in
Virginia, California, and the Philippines in relation to their respective necessities of water
conservation. Most individuals who are affected by fresh water problems reside in developing
countries, however regional shortages dont discriminate by class. Eighty-five percent of humans
live on the driest half of the planet, and globally, 780 million people do not have acess to an
improved clean water source (Global WASH, 2015). Unfortunately, there is no simple or quick
fix to the dilemma of regional fresh water scarcity, and the Author will not attempt to solve this
problem, but many regions are beginning to set forth legislation and programs to promote
conservation and sustainability with both a local and a global mindset.
Californian, Virginian, and Filipino Fresh Water Issues
The Author has selected California because it has suffered from drought for thirty-seven
percent of the last 100 years, and it is a part of a developed county (Wholly, 2014). California
has reached the point where it must begin to look for solutions to its water scarcity problems in
order to effectively provide for its residents. Not only does California suffer from extreme
drought, but it is slowly running out of underground water aquifer storage. These underground
aquifers are used to supplement surface water when supplies are low. California is very reliant on

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snowpack to replenish fresh waterways, and snowpack is currently at an all time low, largely due
to global warming. California also ranks first in the United Sates for agricultural cash receipts,.
California clearly uses a lot of water; 42 million acre-feet per year, or about 38 billion gallons
per day to be more precise. That is the equivalent of using the full capacity of the states largest
resevoir, Lake Shasta, every forty days (Ian James, 2014). California is the most populated state
in the United States and unfortunately one of the driest.
Virginia is home to over four times less people than California and recieves twice as
much rainfall, but still meets many of its own fresh water problems. Virginias largest industry is
Agriculture; this provides for over 300 thousand jobs and an annual economic impact of $52
billion. Unsurprisingly, Agriculture is one of the most significant catalysts of water pollution
(VDACS, 2015). Virginia is a large victim of agricultural and other non-point source pollution.
Runoff is one of the largest agricultural polluters, which is derrived from tilled faming, manure,
and chemical fertilizers. Many Virginian fresh water resevoirs are polluted by non-point sources
because they receive water directly from storm drains, without any treatment involved. Water
pollution in Virginia also has strong negative effects on marine life and marine ecosystems, such
as in the Chesepeake bay, where eutrophication has lead to species loss, both in plants and
animals.
The Philippines is home to about 100 million people and almost one fifth of those people
do not have acces to clean, sanitary drinking water. The Philippines is classified as a developing
nation, and still has room for much advancement. Water conservation is not usually an extremely
economically friendly issue, so developing countries often have difficulty combatting issues like
this that also impact the rest of the world; developing countries are often most concerned with
and distracted by the survival of their citizens. The quick urbanization of the Philippines is havng

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a massive effect on water resources. Being a tropical country, the Philippines sees plenty of
rainfall to be used for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes, but due to seasonal
variations, uneven geographic distribution, and a dry season, water shortages are common,
especially in highly populated areas. The world bank estimates that about one-sixth of reported
diseases are accounted for by an exposure to water pollution and bad sanitation. Agrochemicals
are still commonly used, which contributes to water toxicity. The use of such agricultural
chemicals does not just pollute surface water, but it adds to the contamination of soil and
groundwater; groundwater accounts for about fourteen percent of the total water resource
potential, and is for drinking by about fifty percent of the people (State of Water). Metro Manila,
Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas are the four critical regions when
regarding water quantity and quality, each being heavily pollusive to their nearby waterways due
to their urban developments, primarily through domestic and industrial pollution (The
Philippines is, 2013). Northern Luzon and Central Visayas are also frequently hit by tropical
storms and typhoons; these typhoons devastate the economy, cause up to thousands of deaths,
and further pollute waterways (State of Water.
Possible and current solutions
California is moving swiftly towards progression in conservation, but since California has
always been a drought-heavy state (Doyle Rice, 2014), we cannot necessarily tie need to action.
One solution to freshwater shortages is desalination. Desalination, however, is not cheap.
Desalination currently costs around $2,000 per acre foot, which is very expensive compared to
current pricing, consideringone acre foot of water is equivalent to about 325,851 gallons of
water. Desalination is the process of removing salt and other minerals from water in order to
make it fresh. Another possible option for California is water reclamation, which is the process

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of purifying water that has been contaminated by waste, both human and industrial. A company
called Water FX is currently working to desalinate agricultural wastewater making use of solar
thermal distillation technology. This process combines desalination and water reclamation, and
revolutionizes desalinization practies and cost, and can quite possibly bring the cost from $2,000
per acre-foot to $450 per acre-foot (Which water technology, 2015).
During drought, people rely much more heavily on groundwater sources. In the central
valley of California, the groundwater aquifers arent regulated, so they are greatly overdrawn
from by farmers, which causes them to compress, and the ground to sink, damaging
infrastructure. The California sewege departments have begun to catch domestic wastewater and
clean it, but rather than dumping the clean water back into the ocean, they sent it through a
complex process of purification. They inject about forty percent of this newly purified water
underground near the coast, which prevents contamination by seawater infiltration. The
remainder of the water is pumped into lakes, and slowly s infiltrates the ground, making its way
to the groundwater, which helps to restore groundwater levels. The only conflict with this
approach is the societal acceptance of essentially drinking toilet water (Emily Costello, 2015). In
2014 Governor Jerry Brown implemented a cut in Californian water usage by twenty-five
percent until february of 2016, which demonstrates the need of a combination of law and societal
effort to combat water shortages.
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 required the installation of toilets that use a maximum of
one and a half gallons of water per flush, which is an incredible decrease when compared to the
three and a half gallons used beforehand. This simple action has saved 4.6 billion gallons of
water per day for the last twenty years, which adds up to about 18.2 trillion gallons (Water
conservation twenty, 2014). Virginia in particular has also largely moved towards no-till farming

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methods, which greatly reduce the amount of runoff that ends up in Virginian waterways.
Organizations such as Lynnhaven River Now, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, and Surfrider
Foundation work to clean said waterways, and promote the continued conservation efforts
needed to keep these waterways clean. Surfrider foundation provides an example of a coalition
against the bill proposed by Governor Mark Warner to expand offshore drilling to the coast of
Virginia. While ten percent of proceeds would go towards clean energy, public transportation,
and conservation efforts, the construction of offshore drilling would destroy marine ecosystems
and Virginia would be running the risk of an oil spill, which would contaminate and ruin Virginia
waterways.
The Philippines is moving closer and closer towards the ultimate goal of heightened
conservation efforts, especially in water conservation. In much of the Philippines, water is
directly tied to energy and power. Because 17 million Filipinos have no access to safe drinking
water, and over 15 million have no access to electricity, this problem needs to be addressed
swiftly and sternly. A large amount of the Filipino water supply requires electricity, and a large
amount of the Filipino energy supply requires water (Conserve water, 2014). While the
Philippines has a large number of devastating typhoons that elevate contamination and shortages,
it always recovers and rebuilds. Because water pollution in the Philippines also greatly impacts
the fishing and tourism industries, many more regulations are being set forth such as the Metro
Manila Wastewater Management project, which aims to use an approved a budget of $275
Million for the improvement of Metro Manilas wastewater collection and treatment practices, the
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, which worked to protect, preserve, and revive the quality of
the Philippines water, and the Aquino Administrations Bottom-up Budgeting project, which

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helped the country reach its Millennium Development Goals of inclusive growth and a reduction
of poverty levels.
The author conducted a survey in the Philippines and a survey in Virginia gathering
qualitative data, which enabled more personal input on the state of water in the two countries
based on individual feeling. Some of the questions discussed average shower time, whether or
not individuals were aware of water usage limitations, whether or not the sample participated in
pollution clean ups and how often, and whether or not individuals thought that their families
lived conservation-minded lifestyles, and whether or not they were willing to change their
lifestyles to better care for the environment. The surveys revealed similar results, in that a
majority of people are willing to accept a conservation-minded lifestyle, and that many do not
yet maintain one. It is important to note that the sample was not representative of the entire
population of either region in that the samples are both primarily made up of middle class
teenagers and some adults, but the samples are consistent and similar between the two regions.
The author also conducted an interview to learn more about Surfrider foundation, an
international NGO focused on conservation and restoration.
Conclusion
There is no more or less water on Earth now then there ever was on earth; the water cycle
simply moves water throughout the earth and its surface, and unfortunately for society, much of
this movement has caused an unequal distribution between across the earth. Although the earth is
not losing water, it is imperative to the further advancement of society that individuals and
nations understand and act upon the growing problems with global freshwater sources. With only
about two and a half percent of earths water being fresh, and even less of that water being
potable, it is more than important to keep this small amount of water as clean as possible. There

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unfortunately isnt one overarching solution to stop the pollution and contamination of
freshwater or all bodies of water in general, because different countries and regions face different
difficulties regarding the subject. Water conservation requires a combination of regulatory
legislation and societal organizations, such as non-governmental organizations, and individual
efforts. The main causes of pollution in most regions are Agriculture, due to primarily runoff as
non-point source pollution, and domestic and industrial waste. There are many ways to support
water conservation on the domestic level through ways as simple as taking shorter showers, not
leaving sinks running, and being mindful of how often one waters their grass. In many
developing countries, water is both in short supply and contaminated by bacteria or waste, and
the reclamation of this fresh water isnt cheap, and requires treatment facilities. As international
societies continue to grow and prosper, it is imperative to life and progression that said societies
keep elevating measures to protect the earths freshwater supply.

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REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

How Fresh Water Availability Shapes Societal Conservation Efforts

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

Californian, Virginian, and Filipino Fresh Water Issues 12

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

Another perspective is listed in Virginia Dems Introduce Offshore-Drilling

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

REGIONAL FRESH WATER AVAILABILTY AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS

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