Adiabatic flow through nozzles

But the actual process is irreversible adiabatic. Since the shaft

work is absent the stagnation enthalpy remains constant (h01=h02).

The actual velocity c2 is less tan than the isentropic velocity.

Also irreversible adiabatic flow experiences an increase in entropy
s and decrease in the stagnation pressure p0= p01 p02

Nozzle efficiency for large pressure ratio

The function of nozzle is to transform the energy of the

expanding gas in to KE.
Nozzle efficiency should be a measure of he energy
transformation

We have

(7)

Nozzle Velocity coefficient

Most of the applications the gas or steam enters the nozzle

from a large space. So the enthalpy at the beginning of the
process is considered as h01 instead of h1

We have

Nozzle efficiency for small pressure ratio

From eqn. (7) we have

(h2-h2s) is the enthalpy loss due to irreversible flow

For isentropic process we have

=0

If the change in pressure is small, the flow can be considered

as incompressible ( = constant).

Adiabatic flow through diffusers

The transformation of KE of gases in to a static pressure rise

takes place in a diffuser

There is no change in entropy and loss in stagnation pressure

during a reversible adiabatic pressure.

But actual process is irreversible adiabatic, it must be

accompanied by a stagnation pressure loss and increase in
entropy.
Final state after irreversible adiabatic process is represented by
point 2. This is fixed by assuming same change in the KE.

There will be a change in static pressure but the stagnation

enthalpy remains the same

Diffuser efficiency for small pressure rise

For small rise in static pressure, the flow in the diffuser can be
considered as incompressible ( constant)

Therefore the pressure rise is given by

For the actual state point 2

Therefore the pressure rise in actual process is given by

But

Thus we have

Diffuser efficiency

But we have

Diffuser efficiency for large pressure rise

For large pressure rise through turbines, density change is

appreciable and flow is compressible

We have the energy equation for the processes

Substituting this in to the efficiency equation we have

For incompressible flow this expression can be reduced to

expressions derived for small pressure rise.
For example

Therefore we have

This is same as the expression that derived for small pressure

rise.