[

]
,
, .
Paul Slack, Poverty & Policy in Tudor & Stuart England, Longman, 1988, .205.

1580, Jean Martin

(Grand Bureau

des Pauvres). Martin

,

. Martin
,
16 1.
E Grand Bureau des Pauvres
, ,
,
,
, .

,
,
Jean Martin, La police et reiglement du grand Bureau des pauvres de la ville & faulxbourgs
de Paris, , Gervais Mallot, 1580, .
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.
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.
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. ,
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.
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.
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Trinit,
.
,
,
.
Martin
,
-
16 .
,
,
:

.

1.

, 14 16 .
1. 14 15 .

T 1350-1450
: ,
,
, ,
. ,
35%.

, ,

.

,

,
, ,

2.

,

, .
,
,
Robert Brenner, Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial
Europe, T.H. Aston & C.H.E. Philpin (.), The Brenner Debate. Agrarian Class Structure
and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe, , CUP, 1987, . 33-34.
2

 .

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,
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: 15 ,
,
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3.
,
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(, ,
, ).

Catharina Lis & Hugo Soly, Poverty & Capitalism in Pre-Industrial Europe, Bristol, The
Harvester Press, 1982, . 29-32. Werner Rsener, , ,
, 1999, . 144-158.
3

, ,
4.
14

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.

:
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C.Lis & H.Soly, Poverty and Capitalism , . 32-33.

. , ,

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. 15
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(, , ,
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: 1388-1410 Brugges,
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.


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10

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,
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,

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.
,

5.
,

,

(

).
,

.

,

.

Catharina Lis & Hugo Soly, An Irresistible Phalanx: Journeymens Associations in Western
Europe, 1300-1800, C.Lis, J. Lukassen, H. Soly (.), Before the Unions. Wage earners
and collective action in Europe, 1300-1850, International Review of Social History
Supplement 2, , CUP, 1994, . 24-25. C. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 14501750, , Longman 1995, . 98-99. W.Sewell, Work and Revolution in France.The
Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848, , CUP, 1980, , . 16-39.
5

11

 15 ,
- .
Piuvica ,
1243. 1427, 30% ( nihil

habentes). 1437-38, 30%

, 1469, ,
25%. , -
:.
15 ,
(. ,
100 )
(Habnits). catasto
1427-1429, 10% 68%
, 70% 10%. ,
: 10%
1437. 1496,
17%.
,
15 :

1475
1446
1460
1450
1473

. 20.000
. 10.000
. 6.000
. 4.500
. 5.000

4.485
2.841
1.487
1.096
1.416

87
68
61
63
70

1460

. 20.000

5.600

52

15

12

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1. 15 16 .

16 ,
.
80 90% .
,

. , , ,
Languedoc ,
,

. ,
, ,
.

,
,
: 1540,
40%
. , 28%.
,


.
,
C.Lis & H.Soly, Poverty and Capitalism, . 46-48. Bronislaw Geremek, Poverty. A History,
, Blackwell, 1997, . 113-114.
6

13


. ,

,
. 16

. , 31%
. 1526
27%. ,
1498 1544
30 40%7.
16
, .

,
.
,


.
,
.

, ,
, . 15841585, 4.000
.
7

C.Lis & H.Soly, Poverty and Capitalism, . 57-61, 72-74.

14


.
,

,

, .
1577, Leyden

. , ,
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8.
16

.
,
,
. 1500-1700,
.

, 1527-1531 1594-1597,
,

- 9.

8
9

C.Lis & H.Soly, Poverty and Capitalism, .68-69.

Robert Jtte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, , CUP, 1994, . 28-31.

15

 1529 , ,

, 2.000 ,
,
,
. ,
.

(Grande Rebeyne),

10.

,
:
1584-1585 24%
, 76%
.

. 1498
Leyden 30% . 1548,
50% .

1517

1594,

. 1534 Rouen
15% .
Segovia, 16% 1561
, 11.
Natalie Zemon Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France, , Polity Press,
1987, . 27-29.
11
C.Lis & H.Soly, Poverty and Capitalism, . 75-79.
10

16

 ,


.
,
1523-1529 ,
. 1525,
3.000 , , .
, 1530
1.600
. 1538 1.500 ,
, .
1523-1530,
6% .
1544-1565
12.

2.

.

.
,
,
caritas, . ,
Miriam Usher Chrisman, Urban Poor in the Sixteenth Century: The Case of Strasbourg,
M.U. Chrisman, O. Grndler (.), Social Groups and Religious Ideas in the Sixteenth
Century, Kalamazoo, Michigan, The Medieval Institute, Western Michigan University, 1978, .
59-60.
12

17

 ,

.
Fra Angelico Cappella Niccolina ,
(1447-50),
, , . ,
Lorenzo Costa,
San Giacomo Maggiore Bologna (1505-6) Masaccio
Santa Maria del Carmine (1426),

16 .

,
,
,
. , ,

13,
. , 16 ,

, ,
,
.
:

La police de laulmosne de Lyon, , Sebastien Gryphius, 1539. H

, .
13

18

 ,
, 14.
,

,
, .
16 , Liber Vagatorum

.
,
.
, ,

,
.


.

.
,

.

.
,

14

Robert Jtte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, . 14-20.

19

. ,
,
,
15.
Liber Vagatorum

,

, .
,

16.
16 , ,


,
. 1566, Thomas Harman
,
, A Caveat for

Common

Cursitors,

Vulgarly

Called

Vagabonds17.

Harman William Harrison,

The Description of England (1577). Harrison
:
, ,
Bronislaw Geremek, Les fils de Can. Limage des pauvres et des vagabonds dans la
littrature europenne du XVe au XVII sicle, , Flammarion, 1991, . 92-96.
16
Bronislaw Geremek, Les fils de Can, . 99-105.
17
Arthur F. Kinney (.), Rogues, Vagabonds, and Sturdy Beggars: A
New Gallery of Tudor and Early Stuart Rogue Literature, Amherst, The University of
Massachussets Press, 1990, . 109-153.
15

20

,
,
. ,
,
, .
, Harrison,
,
, , ,
, , ,
, -,
,
, -, 18.

,

,

. ,
. Bronislaw
Geremek, ,

,
.
( , ,
), , .
, , ,
,
,
18

William Harrison, The Description of England, , Dover, 1994, . 180-185.

21

 , , ,
,

-,
-, ,
, , , , ,
19.

3.

15

17

.
3.

16 .

,

, .
,
,
,
,
,
Bronislaw Geremek, Les fils de Can, . 358-360.
La vie gnreuse des mercelots, gueux et boesmiens, contenans leur faon de vivre,
subtilitez et Gergon. Mis en lumire par Monsieur Pechon de Ruby, Gentilhomme Breton,
ayant est avec eux en ses jeunes ans o il a exerc ce beau Mestier,
1596 Troyes
17 . , ,
, ,
, Roger Chartier, The Cultural Uses of
Print in Early Modern France, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1987, . 265-280.
19

22


. 15
,
20.
,

.
15
,
,
. 1490
Bologna,
, ospedali,
,

.
Bologna

21.
14 , Nmes

, .
, ,
, 1993, .18-19.
21
Charles Parker, The Reformation of Community. Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in
Holland, 1572-1620, , CUP, 1998, . 10-11. Nicholas Terpstra, Apprenticeship in
Social Welfare: From Confraternal Charity to Municipal Poor Relief in Early Modern Italy,
The Sixteenth Century Journal, XXV, 1, 1994, . 101-102.
20

23

 , Hpital de Notre-Dame de Mjan

Hpital Ruffi, ,
Hpital Saint Jacques,
.
Hpital Saint-Lazare , Hpital saint-Antoine
.
, Charit de Saint-Csaire Charit de Nmes,

.

14 ,
.
Hpital Ruffi, Htel-Dieu.
, ,
,
.
,
, 22.
, Spital, 1263
,
Elend Herberge,
.
.
.

.
Raymond Mentzer, Organizational Endeavour and Charitable Impulse in Sixteenth-Century
France: The Case of Protestant Nmes, French History, 5, 1, 1991, . 5-6.
22

24

1450, ,
.
,
schultheisbrger,

23.

15
.

,
,
.

1520,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.

Liber Vagatorum 1528,


23

M.U.Chrisman, Urban Poor in the Sixteenth Century: The Case of Strasbourg, . 60-61.

25

. ,

-,
24.
Colloquia 1524,
,

,
25.



Juan Luis Vivs, De Subventione Pauperum (1526).
, Vivs
Brugges,

.
,


:
, .
.
Vivs
.
Bronislaw Geremek, Poverty. A History, . 180-182, Les Fils de Can. Limage des pauvres
et des vagabonds dans la littrature europenne du XVe au XVIIIe sicle, . 103-105.
25
B. Geremek, Poverty. A History, . 184-186.
24

26


,
: ,
, ,
, .
,
.
,
26.

, ,
.
,
.

,
.
,

.

27.
,
.

.
Juan Luis Vivs, On Assistance to the Poor, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1999, .
37-38.
27
Juan Luis Vivs, On Assistance to the Poor, . 39-42.
26

27

 .
,
. ,

, ,

.

.

.
, ,
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.

. ,
Vivs
.
28.
Vivs


. ,

. 1535,
28

Vivs, On Assistance to the Poor, . 48-49.

28


Azpeitia. ,
, ,

.
, ,
mayordomos de pobres,

, .

mayordomos,
.

.
.

, Vivs.
,
29.

16 . ,
, ,

. 1530 ,

,
.
Linda Martz, Poverty and Welfare in Habsburg Spain. The Example of Toledo, ,
CUP, 1983, . 14-15.
29

29


. , 6
1531
: ,

.
,
.
30.
,
15
,
,
.
. 1540,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
,

31.
3. 16
.
.

B. Geremek, Poverty. A History, . 142-145.

Paul Slack, From Reformation to Improvement. Public Welfare in Early Modern England,
, Clarendon Press, 1999, . 8-9.
30
31

30

 1525,
Ypres
.
,
,

. ,
, ,
.
1530,
,

. ,
,
, . ,
.
Ypres
.
Ypres, ,
. ,
,
.

, 32.

-
16 Rouen,
32

B. Geremek, Poverty. A History, . 136-141.

31

 ,
1534. ,


. ,
,
. ,
.

.
1535
7.000 ,
, 532 , 275 . ,
.
1551 ,
,
. ,
,
(
) .
Rouen ,
33.
, 1529,

,
.
Vivs
33

Geremek, Poverty. A History, . 151-156.

32

 Jean de Vauzelles
(Aumne

Gnrale)

Santo Pagnini, o
Vauzelles
:

,
.
Vauzelles

,
Vivs ( 1532),
, ,
tienne Turquet,
.
( ),

34.

16 :
,

Aumne Gnrale.
, . ,

.
.
.

34

Natalie Zemon Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France, . 32-36.

33

. Htel-Dieu,

.

, , -, .

35.

,

. 1470

.
,

.
Htel-Dieu
. .
,
.
Collge de la Trinit.

,
.
.
1535 tienne
Turquet, .
35

N.Z. Davies, Society and Culture, . 39-40.

34


,
.
,
Turquet 36.

. 1534-1561, 5%
,
.
300 ,

. Htel-Dieu
250-300 16 ,
. ,
. 1556,
,
37.

,
, .

.
,

.
. ,
36
37

Davis, Society and Culture, . 41-43.

Davis, Society and Culture, . 48-49.

35

 , , passade.
, 38.

1562 ,
,

. Nmes, ,

. (consistoire),
,
(surveillances). ,
(rle des pauvres),

.

.
, , ,
. , , 5%
.

(29%
1587 1588, 25% 1589
1590, 26% 1591
1592) Nmes
5% .

25% .
38

Davis, Society and Culture, .50.

36

 ,
.

, .
, ,
,
.

, ,

Nmes39.


. ,
,
,
. ,
(vroedschap)
,
. ,
. 1552
Haarlem .

. 16 ,
, ,
. 1450 1550, Leyden
Raymond Mentzer, Organizational Endeavour and Charitable Impusle in Sixteenth-Century
France: the Case of Protestant Nmes, . 17-27.
39

37

 .
,

. ,
, 40.
20 1577,

Leyden. ,
,
.
:
, ,

.

.
,
, .

.
, , .
,
. ,
,
41.

Charles Parker, The Reformation of Community. Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in
Holland, 1572-1620, . 75-78.
41
Charles Parker, The Reformation of Community, .92.
40

38

 ,

.
, ,

. 1579,

. 1583

,
42.
Dirck Volckertszoon
Coornhert,
1597 ( Tuchthuis)
. Coornhert 1567

, .

, .

(Spinhuis)43.

,
.
,
,
42
43

C. Parker, The Reformation of Community..., . 79-80.

Parker, The Reformation of Community, .84.

39

 ,
.

, . 1523,
Lucas Hackfurt, ,
,
.
, Hackfurt ,

, ,
,
( schultheisbrger)
,
. A 1530, Hackfurt .
, Hackfurt
.
1530,
,

.

1531,

Hackfurt

schultheisbrger,
.

: ,
,
, ,
,
40

. Hackfurt

.
,
,
schultheisbrger.
.

,
. 1530,
.
, .
,
Hackfurt. 1530, ,
.
Hackfurt
44.
,

,

. ,

, -
- .

Miriam Usher Chrisman, Urban Poor in the Sixteenth Century: The Case of Strasbourg,
. 61-67.
44

41

 1539,
,
. Juan
Tavera cortes
24 1540.
,

,
. 1540
,
.
,
, ,
.

.

,

45.
1565 ,
.
,
, .


. .
45

Linda Martz, Poverty and welfare in Habsburg Spain. The Example of Toledo, . 18-20.

42

 .
,
, alguacil de vagabundos,
,
, . 1565
,
.
1540,

46.
16 , Vivs

,
. 1548
Bologna
.

, .
, 1548
,
,
47.
1560,
1548,
.
L. Martz, Poverty and welfare in Habsburg Spain, . 32-33.
Nicholas Terpstra, Apprenticeship in Social Welfare: From Confraternal Charity to
Municipal Poor Relief in Early Modern Italy , .112.
46
47

43

 , , ,
,
Bologna ,
,
, .

.
.
, ,

. , ,
,

.
, ,
Bologna
,
.

,
.
1574.


48.
,
1527-1528
48

N. Terpstra, Apprenticeship in Social Welfare, . 114-119.

44

 .


. 13 1528

,
.
,
terra firma
. 1529,
,


49.

,
,
(Ospedaletto , Le Convertite Le

Penitenti , La Piet ,
Catecumeni , Mendicanti ).
, ,
, .

(Scuole) , .
H e Provveditori alla Sanit
.
, ,
49

B. Geremek, Poverty. A History, . 131-136.

45

, ,
.
1590
. ,

. ,
,
Auditori Vecchi50.
, , ,
,

,
.
.
,
,
. ,

.
,

,
.
,

, , ,
Christopher Black, Early Modern Venice. An ideal welfare state?, (.),
, ,
& , 1998, . 149-154.
50

46


51.
3.
. .

.
15 ,
. (Vagrancy
Act) 1495

52.
, ,

. ,
,
. (1516) Thomas More

53.
16 , , York,
Norwich

. Thomas Wolsey
,
Brian Pullan, Plague and perceptions of the poor in early modern Italy, Terence Ranger &
Paul Slack (.), Epidemics and Ideas. Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence,
, CUP, 1992, . 119-123.
52
Paul Slack, Poverty & Policy in Tudor & Stuart England, , Longman, 1988, .114.
53
Paul Slack, Poverty & Policy in Tudor & Stuart England, .116, , From Reformation
to Improvement. Public Welfare in Early Modern England, O, Clarendon Press, 1999,
.8-9.
51

47


54. 1530


,
, William Marshall Thomas
Starkey55.
1531

.

, .
1536, Thomas Cromwell,
,
.
,

,
. 1536
,
1533. , 1536
.

. 1536

.
54
55

Robert Jtte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe, , CUP, 1994, .122.
Paul Slack, The English Poor Law, 1531-1782, , CUP,1990, .6-7.

48

 (
,
,
)
1536 56.
1505, Savoy,
,
Santa aria Nuova
.
Coventry York.

.

-
. 1538, Merchant Adventurers
St. Bartholomews St. Thomas,
,
,
.

,
.
,

.

Paul Slack, Poverty & Policy in Tudor & Stuart England..., .118-119. The English Poor Law...,
.9-10.
56

49

A , Bridewell,
house of labour and occupations,
1552
. Bridewell
Slavery Act 1547,

. Bridewell
(workhouse),

, Coventry, Winchester
Ipswich. Bridewell
57.

1540 1550
. 1557,

,

,

, 1569

. 1578
,
.
Paul Slack, From Reformation to Improvement. Public Welfare in Early Modern England,
.21-25, The English Poor Law, .8.
57

50


.
, ,
. ,
58.
16

,

, .
,
.

,
.

/

(workhouses),

.



59.

1598
1601.
Paul Slack, Poverty & Policy in Tudor & Stuart England..., .122-125.
Paul Slack, Poverty & Policy in Tudor & Stuart England..., .154-155, The English Poor
Law,.16-17.
58
59

51

 , 1601
,

.
, ,
.
,
/
.

.

,
60.
****

16 17 ,
Paul Slack

-
:


,
, .
, ,

1601 Act for the Relief of the Poor, The Workhouse,
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~peter/workhouse/poorlaws/1601act.html
60

52

 .

61.

, Slack,


, ,

,
,

. ,

,

.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
.

16 . 17 ,
,
61

Paul Slack, Poverty & Policy in Tudor & Stuart England..., .205.

53


.
,

. ,
62,
, . ,

,
.

Robert Jtte Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern

Europe, , CUP, 1994.
62

54