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    The Hellenistic West Although the Hellenistic period has become increasingly popular in research and teaching in recent years, the western Mediterrancan is rarely considered part of the ‘Hellenistic world’; instead the cities, peoples and kingdoms of the West are usually only discussed insofar as they relate to Rome. This book contends that the rift between the “Greek East” and the ‘Roman West’ is more a product of the traditional separation of Raman and Greek history than a reflection of the Hellenistic-period Mediterranean, which was a strongly intercon nected cultural and economic zone, with the rising Roman Republic just one among many powers in the region, East and West. The contributors argue for a dynamic reading of the economy, politics and histary of the central and western Mediterranean beyond Rome, and in doing so problematise the concepts of ‘East’, ‘West’ and ‘Hellenistic’ itself. JONATHAN , W. PRAG is University Lecturer in Ancient History at the University af Oxford and Fellaw and Tutor of Merton College, Oxford. He bas published articles on ancient Sicily, Punic identity, Greek and Roman epigraphy and Roman Republican history, with a particular interest in Roman Republican imperialism. He has edited volumes on Cicero and Petronius and is currently writing a menograph on the use of non-ltalian soldiers by the Roman Republican army, collaborating on a commentary on Cicero's Vervines and working an new digital corpus of Sicilian inscriptions. JOSEPHINE CRAWLEY QUINN is University Lecturer in Ancient History at the University of Oxford and Fellow and Tutor of Worcester College, Oxford. She has published articles on a range of topics in Mediterranean history and archacology, with pa interests in ancient North Africa and the Phoenicians. She has also co-edited a volume of essays on the Punic Mediterranean with Nicholas Vella, served as editor of the Papers af the British School at Romie 2008-11, and co-divects the Tunisian-British exeavations at Utica with Andrew Wilson and Elizabeth Fentress, The Hellenistic West Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean Edited by JONATHAN R.W. PRAG AND JOSEPHINE CRAWLEY QUINN 1 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS University Printing Hose, Cambridge CB2 SRW, United Kingdom Published! in the United States of America by Cambridge Univesity Press, New York ‘Canalidge University Peess is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knavsledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence wewcambridge. arg Information an this tite: www.cambridge.ong/9781 107032422, © Cambridge University Press 2013. ‘This publication is in copyright. Subject co statutory exception and to the provisions af relevant collective licensing agreements, ‘no reproduction of any pact may take place without the weittes permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2013 Printing in the United Kingdom by T} International Ltd, Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Gataloguing in Publication date ‘The Hellenistic West : rethinking the ancient Mediterranean / edited by Jonathan RAW. Prag and losephine Crawley Quinn Includes bibliographical references and inde. ISBN 978-1-107-05242-2 1. Mediterranean Region ~ Civilisation - Greek influences. 2. Mediterranean Region - Histary ~ To 476, 3. Hellenism = History. 4. Grocks~ Mediterranean Region = History, 5, Greeks - Colonization = Mediterranean Region, 1. Prag. R. W., author, editor of compilation, 11, Quinn, Josephine Crawley, author, editor ‘of compilation. DPSS5HA5 2013 937.0048 1—de28 2013013368 ISBN 978-1-107-03242-2 Hardback ‘Cambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or aecuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, ot will remain, sccurate or appropriate 5 Contents List af figures [page vii] List of colour plates [xv] List of contributors [xvii] Acknowledgements [xix] Abbreviations [xx] Introduction [1] JONATHAN R.W. PRAG AND JOSEPHINE CRAWLEY QUINN ‘The view from the East [14] ANDREW ERSKINE Hellenistic Pompeii: between Oscan, Greek, Roman and Punic (35) ANDREW Wal ACE-HADRILL ‘The ‘Hellenistics of death’ in Adriatic central Italy [44] EDWARD BISPHAM Hellenistic Sicily, c. 270-100 BC [75] R. JA. WILSON ‘Trading across the Syrtes: Euesperides and the Punic world [120] Strangers in the city: ite communication in the Hellenistic central Mediterranean [157] ELIZABETH FENTRESS Monumental power: ‘Numi context [179] JOSEPHINE CRAWLEY QUINN jan Royal Architecture’ in Representing Hellenistic Numidia, in Africa and atRome [216] ANN KUPTNER LB Table of contents Hellenism as subaltern practice: rural cults in the Punic world [273] PETER VAN DOMMELEN AND MIRDIA LOPEZ-BERTRAN ‘Were the Iberians Hellenised? [300] SIMON KEAY Epigraphy in the western Mediterranean: a Hellenistic phenomenon? [320] JONATHAN R. W. PRAG Heracles, coinage and the West: three Hellenistic case-studies [348] LIV MARIAH YARROW ‘On the significance of East and West in today’s ‘Hellenistic’ history: reflections on symmetrical worlds, reflecting through world symmetries [367] NICHOLAS PURCELL Bibliography [391] Index [460] 460, Index Acme, Silly 95 “Adlai Sea 1, 9, 15, 16,19, 22, 374-375, 377 Aemilius Paulus, Lucius feos 1 168 BC) 243, 246, 248, 260, 268, 314 “Agathocles of Syracuse, 2, 79,128, 169, 174 coinage 362-364 -Agrigentum (Acragas, Agrigento) 89, 99-111, 157-160, 188-169 and see funerary monuments agriculture 167-178 ‘agto-pastaral societies 378-340 Carthaginian 168-171, 281 ‘and Demeter cult 280, 287 1a dite competition 170 farm bailéings 172-178 manuals 170, 173 Puasie 284 Sicilian b6K-170 and see arboriculture, grain production, wine production, rural settlement -Atngas, see Agrigentiann “Alexander the Great ancestor af Antiachuct of Commegene 213 coinage inthe western Mediteranean. 349-350, 355-358, 364 as conqueror of barbarians 29 ‘Gyrene after his death 155 and Herucles smagery 850, 358, 362 impact of conquests 155 Jae plane 8% Inosaic in Pomipeli 41, 75,225 role i defining the Hellenistic 4-8, 14, 1 36, 70, 277, 346, 368 ‘Alexander I, king of Molossia, Epinas 354-354 Alexandria, Egypt 14.50, 65, 1.83 205, 207-208, 381, 383 and soe Egypt, funerary monuments, sas, Ploleenies “Altar of Dlomitias Ahenobachus 226 altars, votive 262 sancti 219,260, 268, Ammon 198, 241 Amphipolis, Macedon 242 aamphorae Aegean 133 as barial container 160 ‘Campanian 165 (Cyrenalean 137-139 Euespersdes 130-138 ‘Groeo-Ialle 133, 136, 297, 306 Iberia 306 iran 135 esa 171-172, Punic 133-137, 171 hodian 113 Sardinia 297 Sicilian 133 study of 126 and see kilns Ampurias, see Emporion Atas, Sardinia 340 Antiochus 1, of Kemmagene 111-215 Apollonia, Cyrenaica 153 ssqueducis, Syracuse 93 srboriculuare 167-172 and sce wine: production arches overs in Sicily 86 triumphal, at Rome 257 Archimedes 328, 83, 95 ecture, sce att, clams capitals, ‘eatabulature, funerary monuments, sheatre baildings AAvethusa 82,354,397 ‘Arse, see Sagunturn at Avtalid 225, 297, 235, 24d, 264, 266 Hellenistic 216 Numitian 217, 228-272 Punic 245, oma 210,217-228 twiaamphal 217-220, and sce-coinage, historisal relist. painting, shields Asclepieion a Agrigentum 92 fat Athens 93 a Cos 21,49) at Pergamon 187 ‘aylia 20-24, 50 and see sanctuaries, theore! Aturgatis(Syrean deisyh 311 Adan, Mausoleum of, see funerary mortaments ‘Ashen 89, 241, 246, 252, 263, 265, 307, 351-853, 361 Adhenaeus, on Mays Graces 31-33, Ahens, see courseware, fineware Altalids, see act Baal Hammon 236, 2416 317 Badian, Ernst # Baghdad 379, 385 banguet scenes 219-228 barbarians 21-34, arce, war with Carthage 132, 154 basilica 109, 239, and see sion baths and bathing ‘Calabeia 175 ‘Campania 175 3s indicative of connectivity 175. Cosa 175 Fuesperides 151-158, Fregellae 96, 311 Norby Altica 174 Kerkawane 174 Liternum 175 “Megara Hyblaea 95, 125 “Monte Tato 175 ‘assaciated with opus signa 178-175, pprivatedomestic baths 174-177 Punic 41 Sicily 95, 175 ‘Solunto 175, Sperlonga 175, 177 ‘Valemta (Valenics), Spain 31 Berenice, Cyrenaica 122, 126, 137, 155 and see Euesperides Berola, Macedon 242 biting cultural 69,76, 364 Tinguistic 178, 183, 964 and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions Bocchus, king of Maurstanis 251, 268-272 Bocchus Monument 248-256, 267-272 possible spatistion 255-256 Botorrita (Cantrebial Spain 333 Braudel, Fernand 9-10, 79, 973-376 burial peactie Index 461 Iberia 309, 311-313, 315 aly 44-78 diversity as Hellenistic 73, Punic 160,276 Sicily 172-113, 168 andsce funerary monuments, funerary ritual, sarcophagus (Cia, we Gadee ‘Cac, Italy 6, 160-161 ‘Caesar, Gaius Jus tiesto, 48 BC 217-220 (Cairo, geniza archive 376, 388 ‘Camarina, Silly 21,99 ‘Campania 40, 108, 175.227 presence of traders 161 and see amphorae, baths, coinage, fineware, mosaics, Naples, theatre buildings ‘Canary Islands Mal ‘Carmo (Carmona), Spain 315 Cartela, Spain 313 Carthage altitude to monarchy 187 and thiza 276, 282 land mercenaries 160, 362, 388 and Numidia 187, (98, 342 and Sardinia 276, 286, 290-201 and Sicily 79-80, 114-119, 124, 157-160, 295, 354, 376 “Cintas chapel” deposit 274 cultural significance of destruction 43, 80, 244, 254, 300 dominance ia the Western Mediterranean 273, 323, 36, 388-389 sparsbia in Siely Hellenisation 274-276 histortogrophy af 3, 2-3, 367, 390, limports at Euesperides 134 ja Braudel 10 in Draysen 6-7, 9,37 in Greek perceptions 18, 19,25, 29-29, 489 personified by Sephonisba 225, 265 presence of Etruscan traders 163-64, 335 ‘war with Cyrene 132, 154, 155, 156 and see agriculture, coarsewares, coinage, Demeter. epigraphic culture, funerary momuments, grain production, houses, Iberia, mosaics apus signioum, Punic, Rome, Sicily, suicide, wine production cavalry Imagery 192, 202-204, 237 Numidian 197, 199, 21, 237, 265 raph art in 462 Index ‘eavette cornice 179, 188, 90, 204,208, 209,211 ‘Gofal, Sicily 105,113, 160, 177 ‘Caltberian seript 330, 332-337 ‘Celts 25-30 ‘Centuripe, terracotta production 97 ‘Chentoa, see Situitihus ‘Cherchel 229, 272 ‘Christianity. i relation to the Hellenistic 465,47 ‘Cina {Constantine), Numidia 165, 172,196, 198, 339%and see El Hosea ‘Cleopatea VIL, of Egypt 206, 218, 24, 226, 27, 2658 cnnrcewares 139-146 ‘Acwinetan 1401 Ate 139 ‘Carthage 143 Coriathian M4112 a Euesperides 139-1 in Theria 307 Punic 142-148 state afseudies 126 as trade goods 145 caxde-oitching 69, 187,225, 958 and see bilingualism, coinage, «reolisation, hybridity seninage (Carnpanian 362 Carthaginian 125, 340, 351-359, 340-361 at Enesperides 125, 154-155 and the Hellenistic 350,368 Tbeela 307-317 ican 39 iconography 318-366 language choice 317, 844 Libyan 60-365 Macedonian 243 Motyan 359 Numidian 195, 204,222, 239 at Pompeii 29 Raman 36% Sicily 384-398 Siculo-Punic 354-359, 365 Solunte 359 Spracusan 81, 354, 857, 462-453 votive deposit Sarsinia 289 and see Alexander the Great, Heracles, trade, ‘Mercenary Revolt, Punic, Tasentuen, hut -wccloperto, see puis gn salonisation British 74 Carthaginian 191, 273 46 and trade enclaves 158-167 ‘Greek 14, 35, 120-123, 193, 281, 302 Phocacan 23 Phoenician 188, 193, 195,273,273 302,314 Roman 42, 68, 227, 311, 313 column capitals aeolic 179, 188, 90, 204, 205 Sicilian 93, 195-106, 109 connectivity 12, 73.75, 72, 162, 126, 178, 204,211, 321-322, 364, 44347, 387-390 Constantine, see Geta Contrebia, see Botarrita Gorduba (Cordaba}, Spain 313, 315 Comnelias Balbus, Lucius (cos suit. 4080) 314 (Gos 21, 22-23, 31, 262 and see Asclepieion. (Cosa, se bathe, houses ‘Tbe Gormupting Sea 10, 157, 159, 368, creolisatioa 37 and see code-switching, hybridity crowns 232, 261 Homan 252-253, 254-255 cubi, Punic 119, cultural “grammar” 2,47, $8, 69-78, 241, 251,201 cultural ‘package! 73, 76, 183, 175, cultural traditions 190-193, 204, 209, 278,401 culture constructivist approach 279 cescentialist approach 274-280, 328, 328 Gyremaies 1, B3, 120-156, 238 geology 127 and see amphorae, funerary monuments ddefixio (curse tablet) 117, 387 and see -pigraphi culture inscriptions Delos 39, 65, 93, 194,239 and see mosaic Delphi 19-20, 29, 82,246, 2604 262 Demeter 274-276, 280-298 ‘on Siculo-Punic coinage 854-387 sult at Carthage 158,275, 292, 297 celt im Silly 251-252 votive dedications 280-281 and sce agriculture adem 71, #1, 187, 195,211,222, 226, 361, ‘362-365 Dido of Carthage 227 ier 1m, 123, 295, 298 Dien, Macedonia 242 Dionysus 37~88, 66, 67,221, 358, 370 Dionysius lof Syracuse 158-159 Dougga, see Thugga Droysen, fohasin Gustav 4-9, 18, 46-37, 47-48, 277, 367, 385 hss. ee Iza Feksten, Aru 8-9 elect 66, 83,119, 178,211,265 2s Hellenic 190 eypt reference at Pomel 4 Hellensaion 47 snfluence on Numan architetuee 179,18, 19, 204-208 and see Alexandria, Ptolemies gyptianisng 165, 190,202,257, 240,241, 266 Hea (Vela. aly 21,31 HL Hota, Numidia 234,245, 267 and see Cra Enporion(Amparis). Spun 306, 308-309, wa emporia, se tale Enguinum, Sci 261 enabulature, Scion 93, 108 estrinonmnental detest 378,381 and sce geopsaphy splgraphiceltre 320-347 Canhage 335-340, 45, Gaul 329-331, 345 Greek 322 Hellenistic 322-347 Thera 329, 332-298, M5 aly 324-325, 397,485 Lain 331-447 ‘Masals 329-291 arth Affica 336-315 Phosnicio-Punie 338 Sacinin 325-326, 385 Silly 322-893, 326-327 sud se insxiptions literacy, writing ays (Eric), Silly 110, 160, 0 1s Calero, irs 282-286 aria ‘presence uf Carthaginian traders 161-163 presence of Greek waders 160 nnd se acerary beds Gash insxigtions ‘areophagus,wioe-production rca language 327-229, 382,545 and ee inscriptions vesperides 120-156 locaton 120 Iisory 121-128 archacology 129-124 trading clinton 124-156, 375 sand Syracuse 124 Index 463 and North Aeics 124, 197-139 and ee amphorae, baths, coarseware, cninage, Cyrenaica, finewazes, houses, mosaics, opus sipvinuny, Syries ‘Buphrates 370,371, 375, 379, 386 Fabius Maxinus Verrucosus“Cunctator, hain feos. 253.) 254 ‘Fertile Crescent 380) Festivals of Demeter 280 at reaaissunce Florence 72 Panhellenic 19-22. 82 at Poseidonia 31-32 “fides 218-228, 255, 269-270 ancl see temples figurines. 26 votives 284-285 finewares Ati 128-129, 274 Campanian 165 Ewesperides 128-130) Iberia 308, Phoenician rod-slip 275 Passie 274 Sardinia 297 south Malian 129-120 and trade 125-126 ‘Flamininus, Tits Quinctius (eos. 198 BC} 27, 260 tune (Fortuna Tycke) 17, 269 and see temples funerary beds ln Albruzz0 83, 62-68 ia Etraria 6 ia Macedonia 65 at Rome 64 andlsee burial practice, grave goods fenerary ritual funerary monuments adiculae 176 Frasing 188, 191, 200 1 boundary markers 196 «a cassome tombs 87 chamber tombs Carthage 159 Italy 53, 58, 65. Silly 9 Solunto 114 ‘Alte distinctions 197-200 pity grave- markers Silly U3 ‘Mlexandria 113 4a fossa graves 54 Fiauamer 11, 201 Index funerary monuments (cont) HLpihaistion's pyre 242 Jiypogea.theria 315 Indicative of connectivity 167 Pyrthes' 242 shaft tombs, 201 Cap son 188, 191 stelai Carthage 163, 188, 267,338 Iberia 313, Nuridla 203, 236,245 wer tombs 179-215 Agrigentum 105 Seni Rhénane (Siga) 184, 196-208 Bs Soumaa (EI Khroub) 144, 19-20, 240 Iberian 211, 317 Jerba (Henchit Bourgou) 166, 184 Levantine 11 oxo Moro, Spain 211 Prolemais, Gyrenaica 206 asPunic 188 Sabeatha 184, 196-204, 240 Thugga 179-183, 196-204, 204-210, 240 tumule $4, 65, 191, Aga 263 borer Rouria 185-184, 189, 196-204 the Medeacen 184, 188, 196-204 Pella 187, 242 and see landscape, sarcophagy fanerary ritual North Affican 201 banqueting 5-59, ‘ental Haly 41-46, 51-78 ‘gender distinetions 55-63, 70, 7 Libyan 203, Numidian 200-202 status distinetions 56-63, 66-70, 27 and see burial practic, funerary monuments, landscape, sarcophagus ‘Gaeles (Gadir, Csi) Spain 206, 314, 317 Gallo. Greek 329-331 ‘Gallo-Latin 330 garlands im ar 232, 261-262 ‘Gaul impact of Rome 329 state formation 389 trade with Etruria 161, 169 and see epigraphic culture, Latin, Osean Gel 21, 164,280 ‘sanctuary at Btalera 28 sgenide theory 349 and see funerary ritual ‘geographical determinism 375, 388 and see ‘environmental determinism sgeogmphy ancient 14-34, 367, 370, 372, 374-375, 381-383, 389 oo Helleaisie’ 4-10, 14, 367-390 Graces, Tiberius Sempronivs (co. 215 BC), ‘siomphlpaiming 219 rai 99, 161,188,191, 201,203, 204, 32,3 and se epigraphic culture, inscriptions, nsramentan domesticum, hieray, writing ruin prodincton Carthage 169 and Demeter cult 280 asongine for trage 172 North Acs Ia Numidia 198 Sly 100, 168 granaries 90 grave goods 5-66, 245 se also burial practice, “unerary be, faery itl Areagr 33,70 sigs 6-61.70 Gravis, Italy 161-t62? Greek language in Gal 328,381 in thesia 305-17, 852 in Ray 325 in Mercenary Revolt coinage 361 dn Sardinia 325 in Sicily 98, 116,326. teaching ban at Carthage 160, and ee bilingualism, cade-switching, spigraphic culture, inscriptions soma, in Silly 112 Holicarmacsus, mausoleum of 187 and see funerary monuments Hannibalic War fanpct in Tberia 805, 310-311 cultural consequences i Italy 68, 69 aftermath i North Africa 193 hllenicty 227 Hellenisation 2-8, 12, 36, 38-39, 47,68, 276-280, 300-305, 317-319, 323, 530, MMT pf Punic culture 274-276, 258-299, 356 Hellenism 2,37, 111-112, 187, 268, 276-280, 298-299, 328, 226 and sce helenismos, Helles, Panillenisen| Hellenisneus 4, 5-7, 35-37, 42, 277 and see Helles Aalfenismas (Bonus) 337 and see Hellenism Hllenisti, definitions of 1-10, 12-13, 18-19, 35-38, 41,44, 46-51, 71 79,82, 186-192, 216, 277, 307, 380-331, 322-323, 528, MB-7, {HER 350-351, 365-366, 367-368, 382, 385,390 and see art, burial practice, cottage, eclecticism, geography, Hellenisation, Hellenisin, Macedo. Mellenisns in Miteltialien 2,36 lin (0c) 4, 37,4647 sand see Hellenisin Heractea Lucaiae ‘cainage 351-354, 365 Smpact af Rome 352 Hecacies 265,370 at Rome 254, 256 as coin-type 155, 814, 350-366 cat in Dheria 310, and see Alexander the Great, Melgaet Herodotus, Gyms’ advice tothe Persians 2391-382, 3897 bhero-cult 201 Hieron I of Syracuse 23,30, 80-97 and see Sicily, Syracuse historical relief; Roman 226, 254, 260, 269 and sce San Omobano Hollewux, Maurice 8-9 Horden, Peregrine, ee The Cornupting Sea hspistuna, se tesera hospitals houses atriam 176 Cosa 42, 197 Eussperides 146-151 pperistyle 178 ‘pevitye at Carthage 176 ‘perish in Sicily 106-108, 175, peril at Macya 173 Pompeli 39-42. 177 Shelly 106-108, 116, 160 ‘southern Gaul 16 ‘riamphal display 238, and sce villas and Pompelt bybrity 75,280, 29% 319, and see bilingualism, core switching, creolsation Theria 300-319 absence of vila economy 172: Helleisation 305-219" Index 465 ionpact of Canthage 340,305,308, 317-319, 389 impact of Rome 318, 333-334, 389 Phoenician/P nk settlement 27 poner sractores 301 social organisation 304 state formation 389 andsee amphora, burial practice, epigraphic culture, Heracles, Lai, patlery, Punic, temples, ranisrn heron culture 303-305 aie group M2-305, 317 Janguage 300—317, 330, 332-337 and see fineware, funerary monuments inscriptions epigraphic calture ‘iza a Therian 303 Phoenician/Punic settlement 273, 276, 282 rota cult 282-286 as trade centre 39, 6 and we amphoras, coinage ha Hamel 379 Mdemtty sivis 307,315, 328, 330, 333, 399, 345, 952, 354 cultural at Pompeli 35, 38,42, 48, lt, is Numidia 210, 214 ethnic. in Hay 4 Farmation, through coinage 349 Greck 19,28, 24, 30-32 Hellenic 276 rltaristi, in Numids 197, 245 Sicilian 79, 105, 119 and writing 328, iyrian War, First 8 16 fncense burners as grave god 60, 7 in votive deposits 289-260 ritual function 291,298, 296-298 influence; asa concept 191, 278, 30, 336, 390. Inscriptions ‘on beonze 336-338 Etrusean 163 Grech 87, 117, 124, 146, 168,177, 194,213, 357, 35 Therian 313 Latin 42, 98,111,163, 311, 313 fon lead 332, 337) Libyan 179-183, 195, 203 Osean 38, 42,98 Punic 116, 159,165, 172, 179-188, 195, 284, 357 466, Index lnscripeians (com) ‘quantification 324 and see epigraphic culture, graffi, Jnstrumentem domesticwr,Iineracy, writing snstraenencurn domesticarn 324, 327,332,334, 243 and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions literacy. writing. trade lomian Sea 9, 16,370, 373, 375, 88 Halica, Spain 313 hay 8 barbarian 28 238 Hellenistic 2, 35, 36,29, 49-31 26 Wet L rmeclewal 72-78 a unifier of Mediterranean trade 376 and see burial practice, Campania, epigraphic calture, Flura, Etruscan, fineware, fonerary monuments, funerary ritual, Hannibalic War, Latin, Latium, Liguria, ‘Magna Grucci opis signinac, scan, Sami, Sicily, Sucial War 7 Jes (Henchie Big) borne 171-172 lalian presence 165-167 and se amphorae,fanerary sonumen Juba king of Nunsiia 19, 218-220, 29,202 Jab I king of Mauretania 227,292 Jugurtha, ing of Numida 268-272 Jugusthine War 268 Jupiter 181, 265,270,311 19, Khor Kl 185, 196-204, 228-251, 258, 264, 266, 267 and see funerary monuments, Nutnidia Kerkouane, see baths, opts signiaum Dane 136, 143, 171 Ikinship diplomacy 19-24, $0, 263, 38 Kaine ‘cultural 12,37, 43, 78.79, 83, 105, ‘301, 305, 344-345. linguistic 50, 229 Phoenician 11 Roman 17% 370 53, 178 lamps ln Demeter enlt 296 as grave goods $8-0, 79 situa use 295-295, 285, 298 as votives 281, 249-200, 296 Lampsicus 3-24 landscape funerary 192 situa 2954 Lath Partum, Etruscan aristocrat 162, 177 La Tene culture 403, 387 Latin Linguage in Usa 302-817, 392-338 fn Uealy 42, 324 in North Atica 342 in Sardinia 25 in Sicily 98, 111,328 in the West 345 and see epigraphic cultu likeracy, weting Latium 35.61, 63, 264 Punic presence 165 Levant, between Mediterranean and “Asia 367, 368, 369, 973,377. 381, 2385, 390 Libya, cultural tradition 191 and see cainage ‘funerary rial, Libyan Libyan (Libyco-Berber} language 191, 411-348 and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions Iiceracy, wetiog Libyo: Phoenician, Iangstage 317 Liguria, poevence of traders 161 literacy 321, 837-838, 342 and see epigraphic ‘culture, graft, inscriptions, writing. Imnury (aria, typho) 32-83, 37, 48 and we barbarians Macestan sulture and cultural influence 18, 65, 105, 107, 185, 187, 285, 297, 248-239, 242 ruling dite 39, 46,49 self-conception M2 significance for defining Hellenistic 15-16 18 and Thrace 388 and see coinage, funerary beds, shields, seapon Iriezes Macedacian War, Third 213, Maghreb, monumental architecture 183-204 Magna Gracia 30-32, 35-43, 65, 71,125, 176, 178, 264 and soe Italy Magnesia-on-the-Macander 21-24 Mala, 357 and see masties, Punic language, Tas Sil Mamertines, see Messama Marius, Gaius (cos, 107 BC) 293, 268, 270, 272 svarviage, as agent of cultural interaction 75, 158, 194,213 ‘Masgabo, Numidia nobleman 201 Massalla (Marseilles) 19, 19,22; 24, 179 and ee epigraphic culture Masinissa, kingof Numidia 185, 193,205, 210, 223-229, 13, 6-248, 268, 2 Mau, Augustus 35, 39 Mauretania, see Bocchus Mausolusof Halicarnassus 208 and see funerary ‘monuments, Halicarnassns Mediterranean Sea ccampared with West Asia 368, 369-370) ‘F137, 377-390 sscolagical distinctiveness 358, 384 ‘in global history 383 Hellenistic 383 history 367-370, 386 ‘networks 385 regions 369, 373-377 Megara Hyblaca, Silly, see baths, mosaics Melqaat 240, 286, 284, 314, 350, 383-339, 368 and see Heracles mercenaries M8, 75,98, 155, 158, 163, 193, £356, 387 and see Carthage Mercenary Revolt (241-238 BC}, coinage 46-866 and soe Carthage, Polybius Mesopotamia 372, 385-385, 388 ‘Mexsana (Messina), Sicily 30, 98-88, 326 Messapie 328 smctalworking 83-85 Metopontuan, ae theatre buildings Mics, king of Numidia 194, 23 siltarism76 andsee cavalry. identity, Numidia Minerva, see Athena Monte lato, Sicily 190-111 and see baths ‘Mongantina 83-87, 90-03, 95 and see mosaics, pus sigutiam, soa silverware hoard 83 mortaria 141-142 ‘mortuary population 52 and see burial practic, funerary ritual avosales 74-75 “Alexandsia 8, 108, 149, 173 ‘Campania 108 ‘Canthage 151 Delos 193 Eretria 150 Evesperides 6-153, Leben 148 Malia M8 ‘Megara Hyblaea 14° Morgantina §5-86, 149 Index 467 Morya 172-178 ‘Olynthos 150° Pella 173, Pergamon 149, 262 Pompeii 262 Sicily ins ‘Motya, Silly 158, 188, and see coinage, houses, mosaics, opus africana, apus signincim “shariatecr’ statue 160 ‘Munnius, L (c08. 146 BC) 36, 261 ‘Naples (Neapolis) 21, 31,39, 263 ‘Naples, Hay of 38,1 and see Campania ‘Naupactus, pence of 15.16, 18 snegatiatores, see traders, trade. connectivity ‘Nemud Dagh 211-215 ‘New Carthage (Carthago Nova, Cartagera, ‘spain 259,306, 311 and see apas spate ‘Nora, Sardinia 188, 286, 326 North Africa see baths, Carthage, Cyrenaica, epigraphic culture, funerary monument funerary tal gin production, Hannibaie War, Latin, Libya, Maghreb, Numa, Panic Numidia and Carthage 187,209, 217 and Cyzenaic funerary rhitectore 206 and Pharaonic Egypt 206-208, 2401

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