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Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation and Reduction
CHAPTER 3
A.
REDOX REACTIONS
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to,
state what oxidation is
state what reduction is
explain what redox reaction is
state what oxidising agent is
state what reducing agent is
calculate the oxidation number of an element in a compound.
relate the oxidation number of an element to the name of its compound using the IUPAC
nomenclature.
explain with examples oxidation and reduction processes in terms of electron transfer
explain with examples oxidising and reducing agents in redox reactions.
write oxidation and reduction half-equations and ionic equations.
Activity 1
1)
Na Na+
+
e
//
Cl2
+
2e 2ClNa loses electron to form Na+ : The process is
Cl2 gains electrons to form 2Cl- : The process is ..
Na is a reducing agent because .
Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because ..
(d)
The change in oxidation number
Oxidation
Reduction
The increase in oxidation number
The decrease in oxidation number
Example :
2Na +
Cl2
2NaCl
+
Na Na
// Cl2
2Cl Oxidation number Na : 0 +1 //
Cl : 0 -1
Na is oxidized to Na+ : Na is
Cl2 is reduced to Cl- : Cl2 is .
2)
Activity 2
Mark with arrows the oxidation and reduction processes as shown in the example
below:
Reduction
CuO + C Cu + CO2
Oxidation
ZnO + Mg MgO + Zn
Activity 3
(a)
(b)
(ii)
(i)
2Zn + O2 2ZnO.
(ii)
Oxidising agent
..
Reducing agent
..
..
Reducing agent
..
Activity 4
Example :
a)
H3PO4
(13) + P + (-24) = 0
3 + P + (-8) = 0
P
=83
P
= +5
the oxidation number for phosporus is +5
(ii)
N2H4
2N + (14) = 0
2N + 4 = 0
2N
= -4
N
= -2
the oxidation number for nitrogen is -2
1.
State the changes in oxidation nmber for the bolded element in the boxes provided
and state whether the element undergoes oxidation or reduction process .
a)
Cr2O7 2- Cr3+
Process
b)
c)
d)
2.
3.
Calculate the oxidation number for chlorine and nitrogen in their compounds below.
Chlorine
compound
Nitrogen
Compoun
d
HCl
HClO
HClO2
ClO2
HClO3
HClO4
NH3
N2O
NO
NO2-
NO2
NO3-
Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements in the table below and
name the compound using the IUPAC nomenclature.
Formula of compound
CuSO4
Oxidation number
Cu2O
CrCl3
Cr2 O72NO3NH4+
Name of compound
MnO2
Activity 5
For each of the reactions below,
- write the half-equations,
- identify the following:
(i) oxidised substance
(ii) reduced substance
Example :
Zn + 2Ag+ Zn2+ + 2Ag
Oxidation Half-equation : Zn Zn2+ + 2eReduction Half-equation : 2Ag+ + 2e- 2Ag
Oxidised substance : Zinc (Zn)
Reduced substance : Silver ion (Ag+)
Oxidising agent
: Silver ion (Ag+)
Reducing agent
: Zinc (Zn)
a)
Cl2 + 2I 2Cl + I2
Oxidation Half-equation:
Oxidised Substance:
Reduction Half-equation:
Reduced Substance:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
b)
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Oxidation Half-equation:
Oxidised
Substance:
Reduction Half-equation:
Reduced
Substance:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
c)
Pb + Br2 PbBr2
Oxidation Half-equation:
Oxidised
Substance:
Reduction Half-equation:
Reduced
Substance:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
d)
4Na + O2 2Na2O
Oxidation Half-equation:
Oxidised
Substance:
Reduced
Substance:
Reduction Half-equation:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
Activity 6
Changing Iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to Iron(III) ions, Fe3+
Procedure :
1.
2.
Add .................................. drop by drop into the test tube and heat the mixture.
3.
4.
Observation :
The colour of iron(II) sulphate solution change from ....................... to ................. The
bromine water change from ....................... to ........................ In order to detect
iron(III) ion in the solution, add ...................................................................................in
excess. .................................... precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide is formed.
5.
Concept :
a)
b)
Half equation
Fe2+ ............. + ............
Br2 + ............ .....................
c)
d)
e)
Procedure :
1. The test tube contains 2.0 cm3 of ............................................. solution.
2. Add ......................................... into the test tube and heat the mixture.
3. Record the .............................................................
4. Observation :
a. The colour of iron(III) chloride solution change from (i) .......................
to (ii) .................
b. In order to detect iron(II) ion in the solution, add (i)........................................
in excess. A (ii).................................... precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide is
formed.
5. Concept :
a. Iron(III) ion is (i)..................... to iron(II) ion by (ii)................................... At the
same time, zinc is (iii)......................... to (iv)............................... ion.
b. Half equations :
Fe3+ +
.................... ..............
Zn .................. + ..................
c. Iron(III) ions (i) .............. electrons to become iron(II) ions. Iron(III) ions
are (ii) .......................
d. Zinc atom (i).................. electrons to form (ii)................ ions. Zinc atoms
are (iii)........................
Mn+
ne
2.
The element that is located higher in the electrochemical series can displace other
elements that are (i) .. in the electrochemical series from its salt
solution.
Example :
Zn
Zn
Cu2+
CuSO4
ZnSO4
Zn2+
2e
[ Oxidation ]
2e
Cu
[ Reduction ]
Cu
Activity 8
Displacement of halogens from their halide solutions by other halogens.
less
receive
halide
seventeen
decreases
oxidising agent
more
1)
2)
3)
4)
The
electronegativity
of
halogens
or
their
tendency
to
accept
electrons
6)
Activity 9
Transfer of electrons at a distance
1.
Carbon
Electrode
Bromine
Water
to
potassium
Xiodide
Solution
.
3. The colour of bromine water changes
from to
Dilute
Sulphuric acid
4. Oxidation half-equation :
.
Reduction half-equation :
.
5.
6. Oxidising
agent :
7. Reducing
10 agent :
Carbon rod
Acidified Potassium
Manganate (VII)
solution, 1.0 mol dm-3
Potassium Iodide
Solution, 1.0 mol dm-3
Dilute Sulphuric acid,
1.0 mol dm-3
2.
The half equation for the reaction that occurs around the carbon rod on the left is as
follow.
MnO4- +
a)
8H + +
5e
Mn 2+
4H2O
b)
A brown vapour was observed around the carbon rod on the right. Name the
brown vapour formed.
..
c)
d)
11
B.
Learning Outcomes :
You should be able to,
state the conditions for the rusting of iron
.state what corrosion of metal is.
describe the process of rusting in terms of oxidation and reduction.
Generate ideas on the use of other metals to control rusting,
Explain with examples on the use of a more electropositive metal to control metal
corrosion,
Activity 10
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms
a) (i).. is the oxidation of a metal while (ii)
is the oxidation of iron when the metal or iron interact with the environment by losing
electron.
b) The presence of
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g) Zinc is used to protect iron or steel by coating a thin layer of zinc onto it, this process
is called (i).. In industry, zinc is chosen to serve the
purpose rather than other metals because zinc is (ii)
in cost.
h) Some household and bathroom equipments are coated with a layer of shiny finishes,
the metals usually used for these coatings are (i). and (ii)
. .
2.
Activity 11
Answer the questions below.
1.
13
Galvanising
involves
an
iron
or
steel
sheet
with
thin
layer
of..
3.
Name three metals that can be used in sacrificial protection for an underground pipe.
4.
Name a reagent that is usually used to detect the presence of iron (II) ion in an
experiment to investigate the rusting of iron.
..
Activity 12
1
Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for the experiment to study the effect
of metals P and Q on the rusting of iron nail. The results are recorded after one
day.
Experiment
A
(a)
After 1 day
Observation
Some
dark
precipitate.
blue
No dark blue
precipitate. Solution
turns pink.
Write the half-equation for the formation of iron(II) ion from iron.
..............................................................................................................................
(b)
14
..............................................................................................................................
(c)
Which test tube shows the highest rate of rusting of iron? Explain your answer.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
(d)
(e)
(i)
(ii)
(f)
State the ion that causes the solution in test tube C to turn pink.
..............................................................................................................................
15
C.
Learning Outcomes :
You should be able to,
compare the differences in the vigour of the reactions of some metals with oxygen.
deduce the reactivity series of metals.
determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.
state what the reactivity series of metals are.
describe the extraction of iron and tin from their ores.
explain the use of carbon as the main reducing agent in metal extraction.
use the reactivity series of metals to predict possible reactions involving metals
Activity 13
1.
Figure below shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment to determine the
order of metals in the reactivity series. Solid potassium manganate (VII) is
heated to release oxygen gas to react with metal powder.
The experiment is carried out using metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium
and lead . The observation of the experiments on the metal powders of copper,
zinc, magnesium and lead in the experiments are shown in table below.
Type of metal
Copper
Observation
Faint glow
16
(a)
Zinc
Magnesium
Lead
(c)
Name two other substances that can be used to release oxygen gas.
(i)
(ii)
Copper + oxygen
(ii)
Zinc + oxygen
(iii)
Magnesium + oxygen
(iv)
Lead + oxygen
.
2)
3)
17
determined.
0
Oxidation
+4
Reduction
4)
5)
6)
7)
Carbon
is
positioned
in
between
(i)
and
(ii)
Oxides of metals W,X, Y, Z are heated with equal amount of carbon powder in
an experiment to compare their reactivity with carbon. The changes observed
are recorded in table 2.2
Mixture
Carbon + oxide of W
Carbon + oxide of X
Carbon + oxide of Y
Carbon + oxide of Z
(a)
Observation
No change
Dim glow.Grey residue is formed
No change
Bright glow. Brown residue is formed
(b)
18
Complete the reactivity series with oxygen below by writing the name of the
elements.
Potassium
Calcium
Aluminium
Reactivity
decreases
Iron
Tin
Mercury
Gold
19
The following shows part of the reactivity series of metals with oxygen.
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
Insert the positions of carbon and hydrogen in the above series by using arrows.
11.
(b)
.
a piece of burning magnesium ribbon is dropped into a gas jar filled with
carbon dioxide.
..
(c)
12.
Complete the following table by giving the main mineral ore and the metal extracted
from ore.
Ore
(a) Bauxite
(b) Hematite
(c) Magnetite
(d) Cassiterite
20
Metal extracted
D.
Learning Outcomes :
You should be able to,
explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various chemical
cells.
explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various
electrolytic cells.
state the differences between electrolytic and chemical cells in terms of basic structure, energy
conversion and the transfer of electrons at the electrodes .
compare and contrast electrolytic and chemical cells with reference to the oxidation and reduction
process.
Activity 14
1)
It requires a source of
21
2)
The figure above shows the electrolysis process of molten lead (II) bromide. Answer
the questions below.
(a)
(b)
Pb2+ ions move to the (i) . while Br ions move to the (ii)
..
(c)
molecules.
Thus,
Br
ions
undergo
(iii)
.. process.
(d)
Oxidation half-equation : .
(e)
(f)
22
3)
a)
Label the negative terminal and positive terminal and show the direction of the flow of
electrons by using arrows the above figure.
b)
.
c)
..............
.
d)
...
e)
...
23
4)
Similarities and differences of the redox reactions in electrolytic cell an chemical cell
Similarities
In both cells,
electrons are transferred from the
agent to the
agent.
oxidation occurs at the anode.
occurs at the cathode
Electrolytic cell
Chemical cell
Differences
Activity 15
24
1.
Draw and label one example of primary cell. Discuss the oxidation and reduction
processes that occur in the cell.
2.
Draw and label one example of secondary cell . Discuss the oxidation and reduction
processes that occur in the cell.
25