Generally, drums are cylindrical hollow steel vessels used in process plants as intermediate containers that receive liquid from distillation and condensing equip ment. Drums also collect liquid from. vapor circuits and pump it to other process groups, disposal, or product storage. They are also used for chemical and catalyst storage, steam generation, and deaeration of boiler feed water. This chapter highlights the general requirements for drum plant layout and provides in- formation required to locate nozzles, instruments, piping, and controls for platforming and operator and maintenance access. TYPES OF DRUMS ‘The drums discussed in this chapter are process unit drums that are used for refluxing, surge, suction, and general liquid collection, Drums in these services can generally be divided into two categories: horizontally and vertically mounted, Drum internals are far less sophisticated than the components found inside the distillation tower and are limited to demister pads, baffles, vortex breakers, and distribution piping. Ex. hibit 5-1 shows a typical vertical compressor suction, CHAPTER Drums drum, and Exhibit 52 shows a horizontal reflux drum. When specified, steam drums and deaerators are usually furnished as a proprietary item. Layout is lim- ited to confirmation of nozzle and support locations 0 suit piping and structural configurations and platform- ing for operator and maintenance access. Exhibit 5-3 illustrates a typical deaerator arrangement i D j wares cur iste 249 vapes i el |_Barrie MeH awe caves renaniee bee aren G neTeuments i EXHIBIT 5-2 ‘Typical Horizontal Reflux DrumEXHIBIT 5-3 Typical Deacrator Arrangement EXHIBIT 5-4 Drum Location in 2 Tower Reflux System ie LOCATION OF DRUMS Drums are located within a process unit either adja cent to related equipment (eg. the reflux drum) or as, a standalone operation (e.g. a condensate collection drum). When operating within process sequence of related items (eg, pumps, condensers, and towers), the drum should be positioned to facilitate an orderly and economic piping interconnection benween itself and those items. ‘Within the conventional inline process unit, drums and their related items are generally located on either side of a central pipe rack serviced by auxiliary roads for maintenance access. In certain cases (e.g, for flash ‘drums and deaerators), drums can be located above the pipe rack. In chemical plants, drums are generally located at all levels of enclosed or open-sided struc- tures. For example, Exhibit 5-4 shows the drum loca- tion in a tower reflux system, Exhibit 5-5 shows the ‘ypical location of feed surge and compressor suction deus, and Exhibit 5-6 shows the drum locations in an enclosed chemical plant structure. ________ ‘Process Plant Layout and Piping Design93 FREESTANDING Elevation and Support Similar to towers, drum elevations are dicated by the ‘net positive suction head (NPSH), as illustrated in Ex- hibit 5-7, minimum clearance, common platforming, and maintenance and operator access. Within struc tures, especially chemical facilities, drums could be elevated above the minimum requirements to accom- Al\| lg al eS ‘EXIUBIT 5-6 Drum Locations in an Enclosed Chemical Plant modate floor space availability. Drums for chemical collection systems are generally located below ground in concrete pits, as shawn in Exhibit 5-8. Methods of support are influenced by the size and location of the drum, Similar to towers, large vertical drums are supported by skins. If size permits, small vertical drums may be supported by legs, as shown in Exhibit 5-9, o by lugs ifelevated within 2 structure, as| EXHIBIT 5-7 Net Positive Suction Head Elevation ‘Requirements for a Horaontal Drum au EXHIBIT 5-8 Hevation Requirements for an ‘Underground Dram’ Mer Reserve: Sienew HEAD J EXHIBIT 5-9 Sample Leg Supported Drum pee (4lees- soho S:ooumeTes a6 ins. 2 et Les Din F-cfOAME TER a6 ‘Process Plant Layout and Piping Design Cau ELevaTion S6T By UNDERGROUND PPG EXHIBIT 5-10 Sample Lug Supported Drum WsEXHIBIT 5-12 Drum Flevation Sketch onst0 eBLaieot Pole 25 EXHIBIT 5-13 Typical Process Vessel Sketch for a Horizontal Drum 10 /x050 | sag | 2 Fa uate shown in Exhibit 5-10. Horizontal drums are usually supported by saddles from concrete piers or steel frames if elevated within a structure, as illustrated in Exhibit 5-11, Leg-supported drums should not be used in reciprocating compressor circuits The firs sep in drum layout is seting the height of the drum, To do this, the plant layout designer re- quires the following information: * Drum dimensions. + Type of heads * Support details ‘+ NPSH requirements of pump. + Bottom outlet size. * Minimum clearances, * Location. The centerline elevation of the drum, as illustrated in Exhibit 5-12, was set using the following listed infor- ‘mation (it is recommended that a freehand sketch be ‘used for this exercise): + Drum dimensions—4-f (1,220-mm) diameter by 10- fi (3,050-mm) length. ‘* Support details—Saddles and concrete piers. ‘+ NPSH—9 ft (2,700 mm). + Bottom outlet—4 in. + Location—Freestanding, ‘+ Minimum clearance—7 ft (2,100 mm). NOZZLE LOCATIONS Drum dimensions, nozzle sizes, and, if required, inter- nals are shown on the process vessel sketch furnished by process engineering and included in the process awe = Teas cut 2 Sener vent sree oot Pacpee Tewrecne Beeson release package. Exhibit 5-13, shows a typical process vessel sketch for a horizontal drum. The following information is required in order to position drum nozzles: + Process vessel sketch. + Instrument vessel sketch. + Piping and instrumentation diagrams + Plant layout specification + Nozzle summary. * Insulation requirements, + Plot plan Exhibit 5-14 depicts the preferred nozzle locations for horizontal drums. ‘The preferred location for level instrumenis is away from the turbulence at the liquid outlet nozzle. Al- though the vessel is provided with a vortex breaker, instruments should be set in the quiet zone of the vvessel—for example, on the opposite side of the weir ‘or bafile ot near the vapor outlet end, Process nozzles should be located a minimum from the tangent line. ‘Steam-out connections should be located at the end ‘opposite the maintenance access and vent in the botBeLRIeE Oram BEAETESS aloo ae ee VAPe2 out $4 T biguio our Os NesaLe DumeTes, EXHIBIT 5-15 Typical Hiliside Nozzle AND ARS Noz2L& STANDOUT EXHIBIT 5-14 Preferred Nozzle Locations for a 1Quip/VAPee ws Horizontal Drum ALTEQWaTIVE arealanice eee Sse. © —~o Dev tom section of the drum. Pressure instruments should be located anywhere in the vapor space, preferably at the top section of the drum, Temperature instruments should be located anywhere in the liquid space, pref erably at the bottom section of the drum. The vent connection should be located in the top section of the drum at the end opposite the steam-out connection, ‘The drain should be located in the bottom section of the drum, “To facilitate specific elevation requirements for level instruments or positioning a maintenance access, nozzles may be locited off the main axis. These noz- ales are generally referred to as hillside nozzles. A typical hillside nozzle is shown in Exhibit 5-15, Tall vertical drum nozzles should be elevated and oriented using the tower subject as a guide. It should be noted, however, that nozzle locations are not restricted by internal components, as is the case for the distillation tower. More information on vertical drums is available in Chapter 10, Towers. ‘The nozzles shown in Exhibit 5-16 were positioned97 EXHIBIT 5-16 ‘Sample Nozzle Locations and Elevations ao 1.830 blo etaitct 109350 using the guidelines discussed in this chapter as well * P&ID—Exhibit 5-28. 4s other information contained in this book. The infor- _* Nozzle summary—Exhibit 5-13 mation required can be located as follows: + Plant layout specification Chapter 2. + Process vessel sketch—Exhibit 5-13. * Insulation—No requirements * Instrument vessel sketch—Exhibit 5-29, * Plot plan—Exhibit 54.ALTERNATIVE Peete DESIGAL. EXHIBIT 5.17 Platform Arrangement at a Horizontal Drum Lepper creat Batceer T MAIN OPEZATING PUATFom™ LeveL PLATFORM ARRANGEMENTS Platforms are required at drums for access to valves, instruments, blinds, and maintenance accesses. Ex- hibit 5-17 illustrates a platform arrangement at a hori- zontal drum, and Exhibit 5-18 displays the arrange- ‘ment for a vertical drum. ‘Process Plant Layout and Piping Design For tall vertical drums, platforms are usually circo- lar and supported by brackets attached to the shell of the drum. Plaforms at horizontal drums are usually rectangular and are supported by brackets atached to the concrete piers supporting the drum or trunnions anached to the shell of the drum, or by structural steel ‘supported from grade. Drums located in structures, if size permits, use the structure floor for access to con- trols. Top head platforms on horizontal and vertical installations are supported by trunnions atached to the vessel head. Generally, access to freestanding drum platforms is by ladder. Typical drum platform arrangements are shown in Exhibit 5-19. Platform elevations for drums are set by the items that require operation and maintenance, On tall verti- cal and high elevated horizontal drums, the platform elevations are determined by a maximum ladder run f 30 fi (9,150 mm). Exhibit 5-20 illustrates horizontal drum platform and ladder elevation requirements. Platform floor space requirements are dictated by op- erator access t© controls, instruments, and mainte nance accesses. Exhibits 5-21 and 5-22 show platform floor space requirements for horizontal and verticalEXHIBIT 5-19 Typical Drum Platform Arrangements TOP HEAD PLATFORM suPreRtep FReM goes HY G7 pepereo Fzom / ous fom /suppoeTeo Faom CONCRETE PRES TeuNnions anne a. Horizontal Drum Platform Supports100 STEP-THeouGH Dem ant too" Go: ‘MAXIMUM - b Pie installations, For tall vertical drums, platforms should be arranged using the tower subject as a guide; this is covered in Chapter 10, Exhibit 5-23 depicts a horizontal drum platform ar- rangement that was designed using the guidelines in this chapter. This information can be found as follows: * Process vessel sketch—Exhibit 5-13. * Drum elevation—Exhibit 5-12. * Plot plan—Exhibit 5-4 * Type of support—Saddles and concrete piers. PIPING ARRANGEMENTS Piping at drums should be arranged in conjunction with nozzle locations, platform arrangements, and the ‘Process Plant Layout and Piping Design VeuT, INSTRoMENIT, mG & VALVE: NTEGMEDIATE PLATFORM TS Say Maxim Eeppe@ aun EXHIBIT 5-20 Horizontal Drum Platform and Ladder Lio! wm. 250 TOP of couceete MAINTENANCE ACEES5, VALE, Gump ENG T RUN BES drums’ location to related equipment. Piping should be positioned to facilitate the installation of supports, with sufficient flexibility to absorb any excessive stresses during operation. Piping at tall vertical drums should be arranged in accordance with the guidelines ‘given in Chapter 10, If required, piping at horizontal freestanding drums should be supported from the shell of the dram, the platform steel, or the concrete piers sup- porting the drum. Piping associated with drums 1o- cated within structures should be supported from the structural steel. Exhibit 5-24 shows typical pipe sup- ports at a horizontal drum, and Exhibit 5-25 shows a typical pump suction arrangement. Relief valves that are open to the atmosphere on low elevated horizontal or vertical drums should be positioned to allow the discharge piping to be routed101 LINe UP PLATFORM wit SHebe oF Deum 1 Vent ‘EXHIBIT 5.21 — Horizontal Dram PRESSURE INSTRUMENT Platform Floor Space ‘Area Requirements102. EXHIBIT 5-22 Vertical Drum Platform Floor Space Area. EXHIBIT $-23 Horizontal Drum Platform Arrangement Requirements Lewes Windom yor $.cuer vive sot ae, , 30} PuaTroem. eb 16 4Missoio ‘EXHIBIT 5.24 Horizontal Drum Pipe Supports Feom — Supports SHELL OF Deum surroeT FROM CONCRETE PIER PLAT! Shee eT ‘Process Plant Layout and Piping DesignEXBIBIT 5-25 Pump Suction Arrangement oH R 4 to a convenient, safe location. Closed system relief valves should be located at a convenient platform adja- ccent to the drum above the relief valve header. Relief valve inlet piping more than 20 ft (6,100 mm) long should be checked by the systems engineering group to determine whether the line size needs 10 be in- creased for pressure drops. Exhibit 5-26 shows typical arrangements for both systems. ‘The piping arrangement shown in Exhibit 5-27 was designed using the guidelines in this chapter. The re: ‘quirements can be found as follows: * Process vessel sketch—Exhibit 5-13, *+ Nozzle locations Exhibit 5-16. * Instrument vessel sketch—Exhibit 5.29. + PAID —Exhibit 5-28, ‘+ Equipment arrangement—Exhibit 5-4. + Platform arrangement—Exhibit 5-23. 103 oS EXHIBIT 5-26 Relief Vaive Systems mn] Tt eto | cm) | + Nozzle summary—Exhibit 5-13, * Drum elevation—Exhibit 5-12. * Plant layour specification—Chapter 2. ‘The sample piping and instrumentation diagram dis. cussed in this chapter is illustrated in Exhibit 5-28 DRUM INSTRUMENTATION Level, pressure, and temperature instruments are used to control the operation of the drum and should be placed in a position for optimum operation and main- tenance. Instrument requirements are usually high: lighted on an instrument vessel sketch furnished by the instrument engineer assigned to the project. Ex- hibit 5-29 is a typical instrument vessel sketch Level controllers, switches, and gauges are either located individually or grouped from 2 common bridle or standpipe. The controller must be operable from grade or a platform; switches, gauges, and pres sure and temperature connections may be operable from a ladder if no platform is available at the re- quired elevation ‘The inserument arrangement shown in Exhibit 5.30 wwas designed using the guidelines in this chapter as follows: + Nozzle locations—Exhibit 5-16. ‘+ Instrument vessel sketch—Exhibit 5-29. * Platform arrangement—Exhibit 5-23, * Piping arrangement—Exhibit 5-27. DromPustrogM Et. wuaut Lg (| Wo Process Plant Layout and Piping DesignEXHIBIT 5-30 Instrument Arrangement eel EXHIBIT 5-32, Drum with Mixer ic EXQUBIT 5-33 Typical Drum Boot Layout MAINTENANCE Maintenance of drums is limited to removal of such exterior components as large relief or control valves for offsite repair. Handling of these items can be achieved either by fixed davits or by mobile equip- ment. Davit arrangements for tall vertical drums ' should be in accordance with tower requirements, Da- i vits are not usually furnished at horizontal drums; if a ‘Process Plant Layout and Piping Design107 EXHIBIT 5.34 NezaLes ¢sAovLes Sample Sloping Drum To 88 PeeppuDeut Ag Tee Hezizontal. woew Rawr sLeumnen ' f "| H PLATFORM To BE A FA Hogizewrat Ee k aay ‘requited, they should be arranged in accordance with those in Exhibit 5-31 Removal space should be provided above drums furnished with mixers. Ifthe drum is located within a structure, a removable section of the floor above should be provided. Exhibit 5-32 illustrates a dram with a mixer. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS For various process reasons, horizontal drums often are furnished with what appears to be a small vertical drum, called 2 boot, attached to the underside of the vessel. Because the boot is inaccessible to the main drum platiorming, special consideration must be iven to the arrangement of additional plaforming for access to the instrumentation on the boot. Exhibit 5.33 shows a typical drum boot layout In certain cases, drums must slope, as shown in Exhibit 5-34. If the nozzles are not perpendicular to the horizontal plane, all vertical piping runs from these nozzles must be calculated because they will be offset at an angle. The dimensions, clearances, and guidelines high: lighted in this chapter are an example of what can be used for drum arrangement. The plant layout designer should be familiar with company and client standards, however, before proceeding with drum layout and should coordinate the effort with such supporting groups as vessel, systems, process, and instrument en- Bineering,