4

4-6

4 1
31101

40 /

1.1

. 4-6/1

. 4-6/2

7
1.2

. 4-6/1

1.4

. 4-6/1

4.1 (pattern)

. 4-6/1

. 4-6/2

4.2

(mathematical model)

. 4-6/1 -

8
. 4-6/2

. 4-6/3

6.1

. 4-6/1

. 4-6/2

. 4-6/3

. 4-6/4

. 4-6/5

15

. 4-6/6

4 1

31101

40 /

4.1

1.

. 4-6/1

. 4-6/1

4.2

2.

12

10

(...)

3.

11

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. A

12
B
A
B

9. A

10. A
n

A 2

11.
A

13

12.
A
B

13.

A B

14
B

14.

A
15.

A
B

B
16.

15

1)

a, b, c,

16
2)

3)

17.

18. A, B

A
n(A

B)

n(A) + n(B)

17
n(A

B)

19.

A, B,

n(A

C) =

n(A) +

n(B) + n(C)
n(A

B) n(A

C) n(B

C) + n(A

C)

4.2

1.

. 4-6/2

. 4-6/1

18

19

2.

3.

1)

20

2)

3)

4)

1.1

1. (N)

. 4-6/1

= {1,2,3,}

. 4-6/3

. 4-6/2

16

2. (I)
{0,1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,
}

21

1.2

3.

. 4-6/1

(Q

. 4-6/1

.4-6/3

1.4
4.2

) = {x x

}
4.

(Q) = {x x
x

}
5.

a, b, c

1)

a=a

22
2)

a = b b
=a

3)

a = b b
= c
a=c

4)

a = b a
+c=b+c

5)

a = b ac
= bc

6.

a, b, c

23

1)

a+bR

2)

a+b=

b+a

3)

a + (b + c) =

(a + b) + c

4)

0
0 + a = a =
a+0

5)

24
a

-a (-a) + a =
0 = a + (-a)

7.

a, b, c

1)

ab R

2)

ab = ba

3)

a(bc) = (ab)c

4)

1
1a = a = a0
5)

25

a a a = 0
-1

-1

=aa

-1

8.

a, b, c

a(b + c) = ab +
bc

9. a b
2

= (a

b)(a + b)
10. x

2ax + a

= (x a)

11. x + bx + c
2

= (x + d)

(x + e)

26
d + e = b
de = c

12. ax + bx + c
2

= (dx + f)

(ex + g)

de = a , fg
= c dg + ef
=b

13. a, b

ab = 0
a = 0 b =
0

14. ax + bx
2

+ c = 0 a,

b, c
a 0
x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

15.
a, b,
c

1)

27

a > b b
> c
a>c

2)

a > b a
+c>b+c

3)

a > b ac
> bc c > 0

ac < bc

c<0

16.

1) (a,b) =

{x a < x < b}

28
/

)
2) [a,b] =

{x a x b}

3) [a,b) =

{x a x < b}
4) (a,b] =

{x a < x b}
5) (a,) =

{x x > a}

6) (-,a) =

{x x < a}

7) [a,) =

{x x a}

8) (-,a] =

{x x a}

17. a, b

a < b

1) (x-a)(x-

b) > 0 x <
a x > a

2) (x-a)

29
(x-b) < 0 a
<x<b
b)

3) (x-a)(x

0 x

a x

4) (x-a)(x-

b)
x

0 a

5)

xa
x b

>

x < a x >

6)

xa
x b

<

a<x<b
7)

0
x

a x

8)

0
a

xa
x b

xa
xb

30

18.
a
a a
0
a a < 0

19. x = a
a > 0
x = a x =
-a

20. x < a

a > 0
x > -a x <
a

21. x > a

a > 0
x > a x <
-a
6.1

1.

. 4-6/2

. 4-6/1

31
. 4-6/3

2.

. 4-6/5

. 4-6/4
. 4-6/6

3.

4.

5.

32

6.

40