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Flight Dynamics Chapter 8
Flight Dynamics Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Dynamic stability analysis II Longitudinal motion - 4
Lecture 31
Topics
8.12 Influence of stability derivatives on SPO and LPO
8.13 Stability diagrams
8.13.1 One parameter stability diagram
8.13.2 Root locus plot
8.13.3 Two parameter stability diagram
Stability
derivative
Item affected
Influence
Xu or CD
Damping of LPO
Zu or CL
Frequency of LPO
M or Cm
Frequency of SPO
Mq+ M
Damping of SPO
Remark:
The term E in the characteristics equation (Eq.8.9) depends on Cm. When Cm
is zero, E becomes zero (i.e. the airplane has neutral static stability). This
reduces the characteristic equation as :
Flight dynamics II
Stability and control
A4 +B3 +C2 +D = 0 .
(8.63a)
mc
CL (xNP - xcg )
2 S kB2
(8.64)
Flight dynamics II
Stability and control
x-axis in Fig.8.6a, the following special method is adopted to plot the roots.
The imaginary part of the complex roots viz. in the root ( i ) is plotted in
the upper part of y-axis. The real parts of the roots are also plotted on the y-axis,
the scales on the upper and lower parts of the y-axis may not be same.
Fig. 8.6a One parameter stability diagram CL=1 (Adapted from Ref.1.5, chapter
9 and inturn from Ref.8.1, with permission from controller of HM stationary office)
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Stability and control
and the second pair LPO. In the convention for plotting adopted here, the points
A1 and B1 in Fig.8.6a represent the SPO and SPO respectively. The points C1
and D1 represent LPO and LP0 of the second pair (LPO) respectively.
b) As decreases to a value of nearly six, the roots are represented by points
A2,B2, C2 and D2. It is observed that the damping of the SPO does not change
due to decrease in . However, the period of SPO increases (SPO
decreases).The damping and the period of the LPO increase slightly with change
in .
c) At around 3.2 the SPO breaks into two subsidences i.e. instead of a complex
pair (SPO i SPO), there are two equal real roots 1 and 2 with SPO = 0 (see
Points A3 and B3).The damping and period of LPO change marginally. Points C 3
and D3 are not marked to avoid cluttering of the figure.
d) At around 1 there are two real roots (1 and 2 ) and a complex pair. The real
roots are indicated by points A4 and B4. Points C4 and D4 are not marked to avoid
cluttering.
e) At 0.3 the LPO also breaks into two subsidences (3 and 4) as seen by
points C5 and D5. Points A5 and B5 are not marked.
f) As decreases further, four real negative roots are seen. When =0, the roots
are represented by A6, B6, C6 and D6. Note that D6 equals zero, represents
neutral dynamic stability. This is due to the fact that when = 0, implies that Cm
is also zero. This indicates neutral static stability.
g) For <0, one positive root is seen (see the dotted line). When is less than
about 0.4 a positive root, a complex pair and a large negative root are observed.
Remarks:
i) Generally low speed airplanes have enough static margin and the roots
consist of two complex pairs. But this feature changes when the static margin is
low. Fighter airplanes with negative static margin (relaxed static stability) are
unstable and need special controls for satisfactory flying.
ii) Figure 8.6b shows one parameter stability diagram at CL = 0.25. As
mentioned in section 8.12 and Table 8.1, the SPO is not much affected by CL,
but the period of phugoid (LPO) increases as CL decreases.
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Stability and control
Flight dynamics II
Stability and control
- 3.2 i 3.2. Points C1 and D1 represents the roots 3 and 4 of LPO i.e.
- 0.06 + i 0.47 and -0.06 - i 0.47. The value of is marked near the points A1, B1,
C1 and D1 in Fig.8.7.
Fig. 8.7 Root locus plot CL = 1.0 (Adapted from Ref.1.5, chapter 9 and inturn
from Ref.8.1, with permission from controller of HM stationary office)
b) As decreases the damping of SPO is not affected but the period increases.
At 3.2, the SPO breaks into two subsidences. As the damping of SPO is not
affected by , the variation of the roots of the SPO for > 3.2 is indicated by a
vertical line in Fig.8.7. For < 3.2 the roots are real and negative. Consequently,
points corresponding to these values of lie along the x-axis.
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Stability and control
Iyy
1 St CLt
; iB =
2 S iB
m lt2
(8.65)
Figure 8.8 shows E = 0 and R = 0 lines on - diagram for the LPO motion. As
pointed out earlier, when E < 0 a negative real root or divergence is predicted.
Hence, a line corresponding to E = 0 is referred to as divergence boundary.
Further, when R = 0, the characteristic equation has either a zero root or an
imaginary root with real part as zero. Hence, a line corresponding to R = 0 is
called Routhian boundary. Thus, a region of the two parameter stability diagram,
where both R and E are positive is the region indicating dynamic stability.
Figure 8.8 indicates the stable regions between the divergence boundary and
Routhian boundary. It is further observed that for > 0, it is not enough to have
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Stability and control