كتاب الهيدرولوجيا

1
407
0024911 774559
468622 :
2002
2001/310

:
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-1
5-1
:
1-2
2 3-2
4-2
:
1-3
2-3
3-3
4-3
5-3
6-3
7-3
8-3
9-3
10-3
11-3
12-3
:
1-4
2-4
3-4
4-4
5-4
6-4
7-4
:
1-5
2-5
3-5
4-5
5-5
6-5
7-5
:
1-6
2-6
3-6
4-6
5-6
6-6
7-6
8-6
9-6
10-6
:
1-7
2-7
3-7
:
81
2-8

1-1
2-1
1-2
2-2
3-2
4-2
5-2
6-2
1-3
2-3
3-3
4-3
5-3
6-3
7-3
8-3
9-3
10-3
11-3
)W(
12-3 S
13-3
14-3
1-4
2-4
3-4
4-4
5-4
6-4
7-4 )(
1-5
2-5
1-6
2-6
3-6
4-6
5-6
6-6
7-6
8-6
9-6
10-6
11-6
1-7
2-7
3-7
4-7
5-7

.
): ( 1

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:

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1 493 .
. .1877
.4177 .11278 9982 9565 8673 7676 7598
.20845 20836
8

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. 1933 .
468622 :463614 :
344510
isam_abdelmagid@hotmail.com
0024915562789 : :
1423 2002
10

= a
= a
= A
= A
) (
= Ai i )(2
= Ao
= b
= cp
= cp
= Ct
= c
= C ) (
= C
= Cb
= Ci ) (
= Cm ) (
= C1 .
= C2 .
= d
= D ) / 3 (
= e ) (
= ea )(
= es ) (
= ew ) (
)(
= Ea
= Ea ) (
= Eb
= Ee
= Eh
= Eo
= EQ
11
= Er
= Es

= ET
= Ev
= Ev

= EV
)/(
= EVa

= ET
= f t
= fo
= fc
) = f(u
= F t
= h % )(
= H )(

= H
= dh )/(
dt
= i )/(
= i
= I ) /(
= I
= I ) /(
3
= Io )(
= It t )(
= k )/(
= k

= K )(
= kf )(
= L
= L
= lca
= l
= m
12
= n
= ne ) (
n
= D
= N
= o .
= P )(
)(
= Pav )(
= Pe )(
= Pi ) i(
= Pmean )(
= P )(
' = P
= P )(
= Px ) x(
= Q )/(
)/3(
= Qa )( )/3(
= Qe )/3(
= Qs )/3(
= Qt
= Qu )/3(
= q
)/3/(
= qp )/3(
= r
= ra
= rs
= rH )(
= RA
R1 = R2 ) (
= R
= s
13
3
= S ) (

= S )/(
= Sd
= S
t
= t )( )(
= t )(
= tc )(
= tf
= tp )(
= t p
R
= tr ) (
tR
= tR )(
= tw
* = t " "
= T )/2(
= T )(
= Ta
= Tw
= T )(
= T )(
= u ) z/(
= uo ) zo/(
= u2 2 )/(
= u6 6 )/(
) = u(T, t T t
= U /
= v )/(
' = v )/(
= V
= Vav )/(
= Vs )/(
= vx ) x/(
= Vf
14
= Vi
=W
= x )(
= X ) (
= zo )(
=
= )(
= )(
=
= a )/(3
= )/(3
= w )/(3
=
=
= )/(
15

1-1
hydro logos
} .{1
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(
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.
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...
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. 66 1990 110
1999 1999 .1990
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80
65 70
82 94
22 34
81 97
65 75
78 97
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72
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)(
Temperature:

. :
.

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17
}.{2
1.25 1.37
.
3 .
6.5 1000 ) (
10 1000
5.6 1000 . ) (
.
)(
Wind:
.
.
.
Buys
Ballot "

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. Wind Vane
.
.1-1
a
1-1
u = z
u o z o
:
= u ) z/(
= uo ) zo/(
= zo )(
= a .,1 .,6 . 1
7
1-1
3 5 3.1 3.3/ .
.
-13.1 = zo 3.1 = uo : 3.3 = u 5 = z

-2 a :
3.3 3.1 = (5 3)a
a = 0.12
-3 :
18
u/uo = (z/zo)a
3.1/u2 = (3/2)0.12
u/uo = (z/zo)a
2.95 = u2/.
)(
Humidity, Relative humidity, & Dew point:
.
" " .

.2-1
'e = P - P
1 -2
:
= e )(
= P
' = P

) ( )(
. ) (
. "
" .
Relative
. humidity :
} .{3 3-1 .
1-3
h = 100 x e
es
:
= h )(%
= e
= es . es ) (1 .
h .

. Dew point
}{330
12 = 1000 = 5 10 = 5 10/2 = 1.36

19
Psychrometer .
. .
.
. Wet-bulb depression
} .{232930 }:{34
) (1 :
desiccant.
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hygroscopic
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.4-1
1 -4
)ew - e = (t - tw
:
= ew
= e
= tw ) (
= t
=
3/
0.66 = e {5} 0.85 =
2-1
22 .% 81 :
)(
)(
)(
20
)( .
-122 = T :%81 = h
-2 22
19.82 = es
-3 h = 100*e/es :
81 = 100e 19.82
16.05 = e .
-4 :
3.77 = 16.05 19.82 = e - es : .
-5
ese.
16.05 = es:
16.05 = es = 18.6
)(
Radiation:

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:
: Pyrheliometer .
: Pyranometer
.
: Pyrgeometer
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: Pyrradiometer .
: Net Pyrradiometer
.
21
)( : Condensation
.
. }{38
:Dynamic or adiabatic cooling
: .
.
3-1 ) ( ) Hydrological (Water) cycle
(1-1

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. .
.
.Depression storage
Detention storage
.
Watershed divide

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:5-1
1-5
P = Q + EV + S
:
= P ) (water year
= Q ) ( .
= EV
= S .
.

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22
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2.1
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residence time .
9
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9
12 20
280
10 1000
1 100
10
10000
10000
120
3000

50

Wind
Precipitation
Runoff
Condensation
Solar Energy
Evaporation
Spring
Evapotranspiration
Infiltration
Lake
River

Ocean

1-1
23
4-1
)

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Precipitation )
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Surface water : :
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.

Reclaimed and Treated water and
Wastewater :
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24
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)
(
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25
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5-1
.
Precipitation
)
8 ( . ) 3 (4 ) 5
6 (7

) : .
: ( } .{121630
: .
Claypeyrons equation .6-1
L
T V f V i
1-6
:
dP
dT
= T )(
= L
= Vf
= Vi .
3
4
5

6
7
26
dP
dT
) (
Vi
Vf
.7-1
V f = RT
P
1-7
:
= R = ) 0.08205 /(
7-1 .8-1
dP = LP
dT
R T2
1-8
9-1 .10-1
1-9
Ln P = L
RT
Po
1-10
P = P o e RT
L
) (Ln P ) ( T1 .
: )
( . )(8
. .
) ( .
} .{16 .
9 .{12}10
. :
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) ( :Orographic precipitation :
) (
.
. .
8
9
10 :
27

:

. :
.
:Cyclonic precipitation
.

. } :{430 :Frontal

.
. Warm front
Cold front
} .{17 Non-frontal Stationary front

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)(
precipitation
Convective )
Conventional
:(precipitation
. .
.
.
.
28
} .{42930 10 .
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) (6-1 }{45182930
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2.5
2.8 7.6
7.6
:
} .{4 :
.

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. .
:
:Manual gauges )24
( .
5 ) 12.7( )( .

} .{4 %50
.
.
2-1
) :Non-recording gauges (pluviometers

. .
29

%1 1.5 .
. .
:Storage gauges
. .
11
) ( ) :Recording gauges (Pluviographers

. .
.
. :
Weighing-type
.

.
.
.
)( :Float type .
.
10 .

. .
Tipping-bucket type .
) 20( .
.
) (
.
.
: RADAR
.
:

11 .
30

} .{3430
: .
.
Bleasdale
.7-1
7-1
)(2
26
260
1300
2600
5200
7800

2
6
12
15
20
24
:Interpolation of rain fall records

.

.

:
(
.
(II
.
.11-1
1-11
N x Pc
Nc
Nx Pb
Nb
3
N x Pa
Na
= Px
:
= N
= a,b,c
= Px )( ) (
:
.
31
3-1
)( )(
. )(
:
( .
( .
)(

)(
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
867
952
1129
1051
896
769
868
798
768
756
426
468
914
898
992
997
1175
1098
1622
1128
938
652
607
312
689
686
855
916
994
542
652
840
353
273
210
188
946
961
937
989
698
516
823
998
757
519
550
419
(1 : .
(2 .
)(
)(
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
867
914
952
898
1129 992
1051 997
896 1175
769 1098
868 1622
798 1128
768
938
756
652
426
607
468
312
946
961
937
989
698
516
823
998
757
519
550
419
909
937
1019.3
1012.3
923
794.3
1104.3
974.7
821
642.3
527.7
399.7
909
1846
2865.3
3877.7
4800.7
595
6699.3
7674
8495
91337.3
9665
10064.7
689
686
855
916
994
542
652
840
353
273
210
188
689
1375
2230
3146
4140
4682
5334
6174
6527
6800
7010
7198
785
781
974
1043
1132
617
743
957
402
311
239
214
(3 )( .
32
(4 .1997
)( .
= = .1.14
.
4-1
) (a .
) (b) (c) (d ) (a52 69 84 :
. ) (a) (b) (c) (d605 349 868 :
218 . ).(a
-1 84 = Pb : 69 = Pc 52 = Pd 868 = Na 349 = Nb 605 = Nc

218 = Nd .
-2 x :
172 = {(21852868) + (60569868) + (34984868)}(31) = Pa
) ( } :{16
.
.
.12-1
az + b
1-12
=P
:
= P
= z
= a ) 50 60 100 100 (.
) ( } :{16
. .
.13-1
2
1-13
P' = e D
:
= D
= P
12-1 13-1 .14-1
1-14
33
)P = Az + B( az + b
Aerial Distribution of rainfall
:
.
:

.
.
15-1 .
n
1-15
P
Pav = ni
i =1
:
= Pav )(
= Pi ) i(
= n
:Thiessen method
:
(1 .
(2 :
.

.
(3
.

.
(4
.

.
.
.
. 16-1 17-1 .
A
A
A
n
n
1-16
Pmean = 1 P1 + 2 P2 + ...... + n Pn = A i Pi A i
A
A
A
i = 1
i = 1
34
n
Ai Pi
= i =1
n
Ai
i =1
1-17
P mean
:
= Pmean )(
= Pi ) i(
= Ai i ) (
2
5-1

)(
)(%
1
2
3
4
5
6
62
74
87
112
118
107
8
11
20
18
33
10
-1 : .
-2 :
)Pav = (Pi/n
93.3 = 6 (107 + 181 + 121 + 87 + 74 + 62) = Pav.

-3 :
Pmean=(A1/A)P1+(A2/A)P2+..+ (An/A)Pn
= )= 100 (10107 + 33118 + 18112 + 2087 + 1174 + 862

100.3.
:Isohyetal method
.

} .{192930
. :
-1 .
.
.
-2 .
35
-3 ) ( ) (
.
-4
18-1 -1
19.
1-18
P + P3
P + P2
P
+ Pn n
P + Pi + 1 n
A
Pmean = A1 1
+ A2 2
+ ..... + A n n 1
= Ai i
i
2
2
2
2
i = 1
i =1
A i P i + P i + 1
2
i =1
1-19
= Pav
Ai
i =1
6-1
:
0.65
1.4
"2 6
2.6
"3
1.9
2.8
4.5
1.9
)"(
"1
5
"5
1.5
2.9
"4
1.7
) (
5
4
3
2
1
1
13
77
116
196
193
31
13
90
206
402
595
626
5.3
4.6
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.8
69
354
406
490
290
25
1634
= "2.61 = 626 1634

:Net storm rain
.
.
.
20-1 .
20-1
= +
)P = (I + Ea + Pe) + (F + Sd
1-21
36
:
= P
= I
) (
= Ea
= Pe .
f-capacity . index
= F
= Sd
: Rainfall intensity and duration
. .
)
( )
12
( ) :
. ( . 22-1
}.{4
i = a
t+b
1-22
:
= i )/(
= t )() 5 120(
= a, b ) (.
23-1 .
i = cn
t
1-23
:
= c, n ) (.

.24-1
0.282
2.54
1-24
:
= P ) (
12 )( .
37
1214
.
105
P =
Nt
600
= N N
= n
N = 10
n
= t )(
.25-1
i = 60t P
1-25
)/( .26-1
1-26
0.282
) i = 60 ( 202.3Nt
2.54
t

point areal
2 120 :27-1
1-27
P = 1 0 .3 A
P
*t
:
= P
= P
= A ) (
)* = (t " " .
7-1
6
) 30 .(5.6
6 = A : 60 = t 30 = P 5.6 = t* .
26 = P .
= 301 0.3 6 = 26 mm
5.6
38
0 .3 A
P = P 1
*t
Evaporation and Transpiration
1-2

: .

.
.
}.{20
:

} .{3430 .

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.
.

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2-2

} .{19 }:{23919
.1 :
.
.E
T .
.2 : .
.
.3 :
.
.
E
P
39
.4 : .
.
.
.5 :
.
.

.
1.
.6 : .
%1 %1
.1.3 %2
}.{282930
3-2
.

)( .

:
}.{14819
) :Evaporation Pan Method (1-2
)(
.

.
: ) (

)
) (
( )
( . ) (
120.7 25
200 ) 180( 10
40
. 0.75 = .
.

1-2
) ( ) Water Budget Approach (Storage Equation

.

.
.1-2
ET = P + I + Qu - Qs S
2-1
:

= ET
= P
= I
= Qu
= Qs
= S ) ( .
ET

Qs
)(S
Qu
2-2
:
2-2
41
ET = P + Qu - Qs S
:

= ET
= Qs-Qu ) (
= S .
)(:
ET = P + Qu - Qs + h - V
2-3
= h
= V
25 .

) ( : Mass Transfer Method
.4-2
)EV = b(es - e
2-4
= EV
= es
= e
= b .
:5-2
EV = 0.12 (es e2)u1
2-5
:
= es ) (
= e2 2
= u1 1 )/(
5-2 .6-2 Dalton
)EV = f(u). (es e
2-6
:
) = f(u
d = es e .
.7-2
2-7
:
= Eo )/(
= u2 2 )/(
d = es e ) (
Harbeck
>8-2
42
E o = 0.35 0.5 + 2 e s e
100
)Eo = 0.291 A-0.05 u2 (es e
2-8
:
= Eo )/(
= A )(2
= u2 2 )/(
) d = es e(
: .9-2
RB
2-9
t
e
L1 + 0.64
=E
:
= R
= B
= L
2-10
t = to t2
= to
= t2 2
2-11
e = es e2
: Energy Budget Method

.
) (
. .12-2
2-12
:
Es Er Eb Eh Ee = E Ev
= Es
= Er
= Eb
= Eh
= Ee
= E
= Ev advected
43

.
.

) (
Er
Es
Eb Eh
advected

Ee
advected
Ev

3-2
.13-2

Es E r E b + E v Eo
= EV
) L(1 + R
2-13
:

= EV
= Es
= Er
= Eb
= Ev
= Eo
=
= L
= R Bowen .14-2
2-14
:
= P )(
= Tw
= Ta
= es )(
Tw
= ea )(
:
44
) 0.61P(Tw Ta
) 1000(es ea
=R
.
. .
1-2 .
1-2
)(
0.25
0.75
2.0
)(%
40 50
10
5
.15-2
2-15
)E = (Wv - W
:
= 0.7 1.5/.
= Wv )(%
= W )(%
) (:
) (
Evapotranspiration
.
.
:Empirical Formulae
. 16-2
.
2-16
)EVa = C(es - e)f(u
:
)/(
= EVa
= C
= es )( ) (t ) (
= e )( ) (t ) (
) = f(u .
:
45
: :17-2
)EVa = 0.35(es - e)(0.5 + 0.5u2
2-17
:
= u2 2 )/(
-2
:18
2-18
)EVa = 0.345(ew - e)(1 + 0.25 u6
:
= u6 6 )/(.
(
: .19-2
)E = 0.14n (es e)(1 + 0.72 u2
2-19
:
= E
= n ) (
= es )(
= e )(
= u2 2 )/(
( :Ivanovs Formula ) E( .20-2
)E = 0.0018(25 + t)2(100 h
2-20
:
= t ) (
= h )(%
( :Mayers law ) E( .21-2
E = C e s e 1 + u
10
2-21
:
= C 11.15
= es ) (
= e ) (
= u /
( Coutagnes law .22-2
2-22
:
= ) (
= v )/(
= 5.15.15
46
)E = (1 + v
1-2

18 2
20 t 17 tw 1.5/
.
es = 18
15.46 = 20.56 = 1.3315.46
ew )= 17( 14.53 = 19.32 = 1.3314.53
e 0.66 =
)ew e = (t tw
)19.32 e = 0.66(20 17
17.4 = e
) ( = 31

)e = 0.14n (es e)(1 + 0.72 u2
e = 0.14x31(20.56 17.4)(1 + 0.72x1.5) =28.53 mm
:Penmans Theory
. :
} .{4

(

)

.

) ( .
) (stomata } .{2130 22-2 23-2
2-22
2-23
H + E a
ET = +
E T = E1 t , n + E 2 t , R A , n + E 3 t , n , h + E 4 t , u 2 , h
D
D
D
:
) (
= ET
=
) (
= H
= )= 0.66 t e (
47
= Ea ) ( )
(
= t =
= n = ) ( ) (
= RA )
( )
(2-2
= H
= u2 2
2-2 ).//2(
}{9

12
90
55
518
903
1077
944
605
136
3540
80
60
40
20
0
86
38
631
844
3
234
538
795
963
143
424
663
821
878
518
687
847
914
876
875
866
930
912
803
1060
983
1001
947
803
930
892
941
912
792
600
714
843
887
820
219
494
719
856
891
17
258
528
740
866
0
113
397
666
873
0
55
318
599
829
3660
4850
6750
8070
8540
20
40
60
80
90
970
998
947
981
995
1020
963
802
649
656
832
686
459
181
92
737
515
240
9
0
608
358
95
0
0
580
308
50
0
0
588
333
77
0
0
680
453
187
0
0
820
648
403
113
30
892
817
648
459
447
986
994
920
917
932
978
1033
1013
1094
1110
8070
670
4850
3660
3540
11
10

)(
{22} Monteith ) (

.

. 24-2 .
)a cp (es e
w
ra
+ 1 + r s
H +
2-24
ra
= ET
= a
= cp
= w
=
= ra
= rs
48
= ET
= es
= e
= rs ) ( .

) 2- ( .
.
2-2
nomogram
40 :
20

% 70
% 60
u2
2.5/
0.7
: = 0.6 20 = t 2.5 = u2 0.7 = h / -1 = D n

= 0.7 = h 0.4 = 0.6 1
) (2- 20 = t 0.4 = D 2.3- = E1/

20 = t 40 = RA :
847 / /
0.4 = D n 3.7 = E2/
20 = t 0.7 = h 0.4 = D n 1.3 = E3 :/
20 = t 0.7 = h 2.5 = u2/ 1.1 = E4 :/
Eo :
Eo = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 = -2.3 + 3.7 + 1.3 + 1.1 = 3.6 mm/day
Etrans = 0.7 Eo = 0.7 x 3.6 =2.5 mm/day.
3-2
5 2 10.3/ 11 = e
14.2 = es .
49

.1
5 = A : 6 105 = 2 10.3 = u2 2 / = )= (6060) (100010.3
2.86/ 19.3 = 1.36 14.2 = es 15 = 1.36 11 = e = 15 19.3 = d

4.3
:
x2.86x4.3 = 1.66 mm/day
6 -0.05
) u2(es e) = 0.291x(5x10
-0.05
Eo = 0.291A
:
Eo = 606 = 365 1.66 = 0.606
= = 3.03 = 6 10 0.606

4-2
39 2 28.6 = t
23.8 = tw 2.1/ .
.
es 28.6 = t
29.34 = es = 1.155 = 25.4 29.34
:
)ew - e = (t - tw
23.8 = tw ew 0.485 = = 22.1 = = 25.4 22.1

0.87
22.1 e = 0.485(28.6 23.8) = 2.33
e = 22.1 2.33 = 19.772 mm Hg = 19.772 / 25.4 = 0.778 in Hg
1 = 0.9144
2.1 = v/ = ) 4.7 = (1760 0.9144) (3600 2.1/
:15 = C
E = C e s e 1 + v
10
E = 15(1.155 0.778)1 + 4.7 = 8.3 in = 211 mm

10
= 10 8.23 = 6 10 39 0.211
3 6
50
5-2
9 440 .
.
:
30.0
P
2.13
Qin/3
0.44
Qo /
0.092
d
2.1
7
8
31.0
0.67
0.1
0.018
31.0
1.24
0.22
0.041
0.060.73
)(ds
P + Q i E Q o = ds
dt
P =
. =
. =
P x Ap
12
Q in x 24 x 3600
43560
Q o x 24 x 3600
43560
P /
Qi
Qo
Ep/
6
7
8
30
31
31
1.6
0.50
0.93
26.18
6.15
13.53
5.47
1.11
2.52
18.9
-0.54
6.57
3.41
6.08
5.37
0.15 = 3.81
0.26 = 6.6
0.23 = 5.8
)S = dS/dt = A.d = 9xd, Ep = Epx12/(30x9

Ep = P+ Qm Qo dS/dt
= Ep = 1.6 + 26.18 5.47 18.9 + 0.5 + 6.15 1.11 + 0.54 + 0.93 + 13.53- 2.52 6.57
51
4-2
Infiltration
.
. } :{342930
)( 13 14
.15
4-2
) (f-Capacity
.
)( Sandy-loam .
16 17
18
} .{2330 25-2 .
f = fc + (fo fc)e-kt
2-25
:
= f )(
= k )(
= fo
= fc
= e
.26-2
2-26
t
( f o f c)
1 ek f t
F = fdt = f c t +
k
0
f
:
= F
13

14
15
16

17
18
52
= t
) (f f
c
2-27
kf
= Fc
6-2
2.8 = Fc 9.8 = fo / 0.55 = fc / .
30.
-1 2.8 = Fc : 9.8 = fo / 0.55 = fc / 30 = t .

-2 :
= (fo - fc)/ Fc = (9.8 0.55)/2.8 = 3.3
-3 :
kf
f = fc + (fo - fc) e -kft

f = 0.55 + (9.8 0.55 e 3.3t = 0.55 + 9.25 e 3.3t
-4 20 03 = t = 0.5 = 6030
+ 0.55 = f :
)e(9.25
0.53.3-
= 2.33/
: .
.
. }:{34
: Infiltrometers . 5-2
1.
) (
. :
Stimulators
Rainfall
Flooding
Type Hydrograph Analysis

) :
( . :
}.{4
)(
5-2
53

.
.
.
) ( .
) ( :
.
:fav method .
: .
.
.
)( :-index )/(
) ( .
.
.

}.{419

.

)/(
6-2
7-2
19.5
44 :
54
)/(
0
4
21
9
6
4
)(
0
1
2
3
4
5
-1 : = 21
-2 " ".
-3 :
= =
( - 6)1 + ( - 9)1 + ( - 21)1 = 21
5 = :/.
:W-index
.

)( .
. .28-2
F = P Q S
tf
tf
2-28
= W
:
= W
= F
= tf
= P
= Q
= S .
Wmin Index :
.
.
}.{419
( Antecedent Precipitation Index :
} .{4
.29-2
55
2-29
It = Io*kt
:
= It t )(
= Io )(
= k 0.85 0.98 . 0.92
= t )(.
8-2
API 42 46
28 34 .
API 12 k .0.92
.
.1
It =I0kt 1 = t .It =I0k :
.k
.
.2
42 = I1
76.1 = 46 + 30.1 = I5
92.4 = 28 + 64.4 = I7
119 = 34 + 85 = I8
.3
I5 =42(0.92)4= 30.1 mm
I7 =76.1(0.92)2= 64.4 mm
I8 =92.4(0.92)1 = 85 mm
I12 =119(0.92) = 85.3 mm

11
I12 =42(0.92) = 1.7 mm
56

Groundwater
1-3

. :

. :
) : ( ) : (
.
.
permeability aquifers
. }:{30
(1 Meteoric water .
(2 )( Juvenile water
.
(3 Rejuvenated water ) (
) (.
(4 Connate water
. .
.
}:{30
)( Pore water
. .
) (ii ) ( Fissure or fault water
.
. .
) (iii Large tubular or cavernous openings water
) : (
.
: )( .
Pore aquifers .
57
40
/.
Fissured aquifers
.
8/.
)( Karstic aquifers
30/.
}:{30
:Aquiclude
) (.
)( :Aguifuge
) (.
) (
Aeration zone, zone of suspended water,
:unsaturated zone
) ( .soil moisture
:saturation zone
.
: :
.
.
1-3 .
1-3
58
:
) ( :unconfined aquifer

phreatic surface .
)( :confined aquifer
.
:perched aquifer

.
2-3 .

2-3
2-3
Ground water exploration
.
.
.
)( ) ( .
) ( .
.1-3
= +
1-3
3-2
f + i + r + a = o + q + p +s
:
= f : .
= i .
= r
) ( .
= a ) : ( .
= o .
59
= q .
= s .
)( .
.
3-3
1856 Hazen-Poiseuille
d
dl .3-3
v = k*i
3-3
:
= v )= (
= i ) ( =
d
dl
= k ) ( ) (
= l
= .
)( .
.4-3
3-4
Q = v*A
:
= Q
= A .
) (
.
.5-3
3-5
:
= v ) ( )/(
= v )/(
= ne ) (
60
v= v
ne
: Confined Aquifer
H
x
3-3

.6-3
d
v = k dx
3-6
:
= v ) x(
= k )/(
= )(
= x )(
q .7-3
d
dx
3-7
q = kH.
:
= q )/3/(
= H )(
:
)( : Steady flow state
.8-3
dq
=0
dx
3-8
7-3 x 8-3 .9-3

3-9
2
dq
= kH d 2 = 0
dx
dx
:
3-10
10-3 .11-3
3-11
61
d =0
d x2
= bx + a
:
=
a = b .
= = x
v
k
d = .12-3
dx
v.x
k
3-12
x .
One-dimensional flow
.
Dupuit . :
d d
)
=
dl dx
(.
) (.
13-3 .
q = kh dh
dx
3-13
13-3 h = ho = x 14-3
.
3-14
k h2o h2
2x
=q
)( Unsteady flow
) (S .
) ( .
.
} .{34
.15-3
+ + = S h
x2 y2 z2 kH t
2h
315
:
= H
= S
62
2h
2h
15-3
}.{341930
Phreatic Surface
.16-3
q = kh dh
dx
3-16

dx
dl
,dh = d
4-3
2
q = 1 k dh
2 dx
16-3 x .17-3
3-17
) 2( h 2
dq
=k d 2
2 dx
dx
.18-3
dq
=0
dx
d 2 h2 = 0
dx2
3-18
3-19

N .20-3
2 2
3-20
d h = 2N
k
dx2
:
= N .
20-3
= 2N x + a
k
d h2
20-3 .21-3
2
+ ax + b
h2 = Nx
k
3-21
:
a = b .
63
dx
1-3
450
85 . 1 0.3
/ 1.3 ) ( .
15 .

.
N
K=0.3 m/hr
1.3
15
x
1 km
: N = 85% = 450
= x : 16.3 = h1000 = x15 = h 0.3 = k/ 15 = H .

N = 850.45100 = 0.383 = 1.05x10-3 m/d
0.3 = k/ = 7.2 = 240.3
/.
1 :
h2 = - Nx2/k + ax + b
265.7 = b0.146 = a
:
.5
h2 = - Nx2/k + 0.146x + 265.7
): q = -kh(dh/dx
4 :
dh2/dx = 2h(dh/dx) = -2Nx/k + 0.146
q = Nx - 0.058k
-6 x = 1000 :
q = 1.0510-31000 - 0.0587.2 = 0.63/3/.
-7 = x
q = - 0.0587.2 = - 0.42/3/.
-8
0.63/3/ 0.42/3/
.
4-3
: )( } .{12
: .

. }
{ 90 : }.{20
64
.
. .
: ) ( )
( ) ( .
.

) :(5-3
:Contact springs
: ) (Talus springs ) (Perched springs
) Mesa,
(euesta springs ) (Barrier springs ).(Desert springs

) :(Water-table, Depression springs

. :
) (Alluvial-slope ).(Cliff
:
. .
: Tubular & fracture springs
.
.
}:{30
: Water table (Emergency) springs

.

.
.
.
:Overflow springs
.
:Contact springs
: )
( .
65
: Barrier springs
.
- Talus sprimg
- Perched spring
- Barrier spring
- Desert waterholes
- Mesa spring
- Alluvial-slope spring
- Cliff spring
- Valley spring
66
- Monoclinal spring
- - Anticlinal spring
- Synclinal spring

'
67
:Fissure springs
. ) -
( ) (.
:Thermal & mineral springs
. .
)
( .
:
.
.
}.{20
:Springs & Seeps

.
: ) ( :
)( ) :Gravity springs (5-3:
1- :Depression springs
.
. .
2- :Gravity contact spring

.
.
3- :Fracture & tubular springs
.
. .
4- :
. : ) Artesian fissure spring
. (
) Artesian flow spring
(.
68

) (
6-3
5-3
.
. :
. : )(Shaft
) (Casing ) (Intake .
) (
. .

.
.
) ( .
. .
) (
.
15 20
.
.
:Hand dug wells .
1 1.3 .
) ( .

.

).(Caissoning
69
.
.

. .
.
.

) ( :Driven wells
.
30 35 8 .
.
) (Sledge hammer
.

. 2.5

.
.
:Jetted wells
. .
. 38 60
250 380 100 .

.
.
.
.
. .
) :Bored wells (Augered or tube wells
.
.
. 3
. .
50 200 15 .
70
) :Cable tool wells (Percussion drilled wells

.
1-3 . 2-3 .
1-3

*
*
*
* ; ; ;

*
* ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
*
*
*
* ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
* ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
*
*
* ;;;; ;;;; ;;;;; ;;;; ;;;;;

* ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
71
*
*
*
* ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;

*
*
* ;

*
*
*
* ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;
*
* ;; ;; ;; ;;

*
* ;;; ;;; ;;; ;;; ;;;
* ;;;; ;;;; ;;;; ;;;; ;;;;

2-3 }{30
;;;;;; ;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;
;;;;; ;;;;;
;;;; ;;;;
;;;; ;;;;
;;; ;;;

;; ;; ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;; ;;;; ;;;;
;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;

;;;; ;;;; ;;;; ;; ;;
; ;; ;; ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;
10-1
50-30
100-30
200- 50
20-6
15
30-15
500-30
;;;;; ;;;;;
;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;
)(
;;;; ;;;;
;;;;; ;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;

;;;; ;;;;;
;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;
;;;;;; ;;;;;;
;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;

;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;
;
;;; ;;;
; ;
;;;;;; ;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

6-3
:
) (
} .{3430
) ( ) (
3-3 .
72
3-3 }{30
)(
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
7-3
) /(
500
400 1000
800 2000
2000 3500
3000 5000
5000 7000
6500 10000
8500 17000
confined aquifer
) (radial flow
(S) draw down )(

. undisturbed .
. cone of depression Q0
.22-3
Q = vA = k dS 2rH
dr
3-22
:
= Q
=
= A
= k
= r
= S
Qa
S
H
7-3
73
Q = Q0
Q = Q0 = Constant
3-23
22-3 23-3 24-3

Q o dr
2kH r
3-24
dS =
24-3
S2
Q o r2 dr
ds =
2kH
r
S1
r1
3-25
26-3 ) Theims equation (
3-26
Qo
r
= S1 S 2
Ln 2
2kH r1
)(.
)(.
26-3 S .r S S1
.
27-3
3-27
r
Ln 2
2H S1 S 2 r1
=k
2-3
1.5 .
18 .
15 . 2
0.3.
=H
0.3 = r1
750 = r2
r2 = 1 1500 = 750m , k = 15m/d H = 15m, r1 = 0.3 m

2
74
== 2 15 18 2 = 434 m 3 d
Ln 750
0 .3
Transmissivity
Q o = 2kH S 2 S1
r
Ln 2
r1
Hydraulic Conductivity

) ( .
28-3
r2
3-28
r1
Ln
Q
S 2
2 S1
= T = kH
:
= T ) /(
2
= H
24-3 29-3
Ln r + c
3-29
Qo
2kH
S=
= S r = R 30-3
Ln R
r
3-30
Qo
2kH
=S
3-3
0.3 5
100 . 1.5
. ) R0
(.
-1 D = 0.3 m T = 100 m2/hr = 100/3600 = 0.028 m2/s Q0 =5 m3/min = 5/60 = 0.083 m3/s
r = 0.15 m = D/2
R0 = 2L = 2 1500 = 3000 m
-2
Ro
ln
Qo
Ro
ln
Qo
=S
2kH
r
2T
r
0
.
083
3000
= So
ln
= 4.67 m
2 0.028 0.15
8-3
Unconfined aquifer

Dupuit 31-3
3-31
75
Q = 2rh k dh
dr
:
= Q
Qo
= dh
H
dr
h
ho
r
Ro
8-3

Q = Q0 = Constant
31-3
h=H
r = R
h = ho
r = ro
H
R Q
o dr = hdh
2k r
ho
ro
k H 2 h o2
Qo =
R
Ln
ro
3-32
3-33
4-3
. :
= 30
= 2
= 12
= 0.06/
) Ro ( = 350
m/s R = 350 m h0 = 12 m r0 = 30/2 = 15 cm = 0.15 m
(1
(2
(3
k = 0.06 10
S = H h0 = H 12 = 2
= 0.013 m 3 / s = 12.6 L / s
H = 14 m
12 2
0.06 10 2 14 2
Ln 350
0.15
==
h 02
k H 2
Ln R
ro
= Qo
5-3
50 . 30 . 2100
10 3 20
1.5 .:
76
)(
zero draw down
)(
1.5
)(
30

20
10
k H 2 h 02
Ln R
ro
= Qo
r = 10 m, h = 30 3 = 27 m
r = 20 m, h = 30 - 1.5 = 28.5 m
2
2
2
2
k H h 0
k H h 0

=
R
R
Ln
Ln
ro
ro
ist well
2 nd well
30 2 27 2
R
Ln
10
30 2 28.5 2
Ln
20
l
41.5 = R :
10 30 = H 27 = h 10 = r = R
41.5
2100 = Q / = 2.1/3 = 3024/3

QLn R
3024Ln 41.5
ro
10 = 8m / d
=k
=
2
2
2
H h 0 30 27 2
:
3024 Ln 41.5 = 615
x8
0.25
Q
Ln R = 40 2
k
r
h 02 = H 2
24.8 = h :
= 5.2 = 24.8 30
9-3
34-3
3.34
Q = 2rhk dh
dr
35-3
3.35
77
dQ
= 2rN
dr
= N
35-3 36-3
Q
r
Q dQ = 2Nr = r = r 0 rdr
o
o
Q= Qo r2N
3.37
3-36
37-3 34-3
Q o r 2 N = 2rh.k dh
3-38
dr
hdh = Q o r 2 N dr
3-39
2rk
Q
H
R o dr R N rdr
3-40
r hdh = r
r
2k r
2k
Qo
= H2 h2
Ln R N R 2 r 2
k
r
2k
3.41
R=r,Q=0
36-3 .42-3
3.42
Q = R N
2
radius of influence
.
10-3

.
)(
unconfined aquifer
) (
. specific yield, Sx

.
)( :

S = H -h
9-3
78
confined aquifer ) ( . :
= = 43-3
44-3 u xbyt = x
= y
=
x
v ybxt
y
45-3
446-3
Shxy
u xbyt v ybxt = Shxy

x
y
3-47
Shxy .48-3
u + v = S h
x y
b t
3-48
v = k h u = k h w = k h :
y
v = k vh
3-49
50-3
2
vv = k vvh = k v h
3-50

vv = u + v + w
x y z
3-51
3-52
u + v = S h
x y
t

3-53
3-54
2 h + 2 h = + S h
kb t
x 2 y 2
2 h + 2 h = + S h
T t
x 2 y 2

3-55
3-56
+1
r r
2
r 2
= V2
2 h + 1 h = S h
r 2 r r T t
54-3 56-3 Thies

. S h ) ( h = H S S
= H h H
3-57
2 S + 2 S = S S
x 2 y 2 T t
3-58
2 S + 1 S = S S
r 2 r r T t
58-3 S t, r
79
q w e
d
4T
3-59
=S
60-3
2
= r S
4Tt
3-60
:
= t
60-3 )W(

e
) d = W (
3-61
2
4
W( ) = 0.5772 m + + 3 K 3-62
!2 2! 3 3! 4 4
) W( 59-3 :
) W (
3-63
qw
4T
=S
4-3 )
W(
X1
X10-1
X10-2
X10-3
X10-4
X10-5
X10-6
X10-7
X10-8
X10-9
X10-10
X10-11
X10-12
X10-13
X10-14
X10-15
0.219
1.82
4.04
6.33
8.63
10.95
13.24
15.54
17.84
20.15
22.45
24.75
27.05
29.36
31.66
33.96
0.049
1.22
3.35
5.64
7.94
10.24
12.55
14.85
17.15
19.45
21.76
24.06
26.36
28.66
30.97
33.27
0.013
0.91
2.96
5.23
7.53
9.84
12.14
14.44
16.74
19.05
21.35
23.65
25.95
28.26
30.56
32.86
0.0038
0.7
2.68
4.95
7.25
9.55
11.85
14.15
16.46
18.76
21.06
23.36
25.66
27.97
30.27
32.58
0.00114
0.56
2.48
4.73
7.02
9.33
11.63
13.93
16.23
18.54
20.84
23.14
25.44
27.75
30.05
32.35
0.00036
0.45
2.3
4.54
6.84
9.14
11.45
13.75
16.05
18.35
20.66
22.96
25.26
27.56
29.87
32.17
0.00012
0.37
2.15
4.39
6.69
8.99
11.29
13.6
15.9
18.2
20.5
22.81
25.11
27.41
29.71
32.02
0.000038
0.31
2.03
4.16
6.55
8.86
11.16
13.46
15.76
18.07
20.37
22.67
24.97
27.28
29.58
31.88
0.000012
0.26
1.92
4.14
6.44
8.74
11.04
13.34
15.65
17.95
20.25
22.55
24.86
27.16
29.46
31.76
6-3
250 10000
.0.01 = S 500 12 .
50 )(
.
Qw=500 gpm

500
H=250
S = H -h
80
rw=0.5
S=
qw
2
W ( ) , = r S
4T
4Tt
gal/day = 0.134 ft3/day

1 =
1 2

2
10 2
( t = days )
4 10 4 0.134 365
1 = 1.28 10 9
2 = 1 = 6.4 10 10
2
3 = 1 = 4.26 10 10
3
( )
W 1 = 19.95,
( )
( )
W 2 = 20.6,
W 3 = 21.0
S = 500 60 24 W( ) = 5.74W ( )
4 10 4
S1 = 5.74 19.95 = 114.5 ft = 164.5 ft

S2 = 5.74 20.6 = 118.0 ft = 168.0 ft
S3 = 5.75 21.0 = 120.5 ft = 170.5 ft
Pumping Lift
. 50 ft S3 S2 S1
Unconfined Aquifer
y
u
h
v
:()( )
v + v y
y
u + u x
x
z
y
x
10-3

=
Y X
uhyt u + u x h + h x yt
x
x
(X)
3-64
vhxt v + v y h + h y xt
(Y)
3-65
y
y
uhyt uhyt u h xyt h u xyt u h xxyt

x
x
x x
81
3-66
3-67
vhxt vhxt v h yxt h v yxt v h yyxt

y
y
y y
Shxy
xyt
3-68
u h h u u h x v h h v v h y = S h
x
x x x
y
y y y
t
x y
x 0 & y 0

3-69
v = k h
y
u h h u v h h v = S h
x
x
y
y
t
u = k h
x
69-3
2
2
2
2

K h + h h + h + h h = S h
t
x
x 2 y
y 2
2
2 2
2
h h + h + h + h = S h
2
k t
y
y 2 x
x
hv 2 h + (vh )2 = S h
3-72
k t
2
2
h h + h h + h = S h
k t
r 2 r r r
3-70
3-71
3-73
) (1 :
Modified non-equilibrium formula
) (S & T Formation constants

) S T( . S
) W(
3-74
3-75
qw
4T
r 2S
4Tt
=S
=
74-3 75-3
S T .
( Theis:
74-3 75-3
) q (gal/minT gal/day/ft
3-76
1 gal = 0.134 ft
) S = 114.6 q w W (
T
2
= 1.87r S
Tt
3-77
T S ) ( Theis
:
) ( ) W( Log Log
82
) (Type curve

vs.S
)(
)W(
)W(
S vs.
2
2
r /t
11-3
W(
)
2
Log Log S r
t
)(Observed curve
)
( )(
2
r S) ()W(
t
S T 76-377-3
( Jacob ) (:

)Jacob method (Modified Theis Method
)W(
3-79
2
3
W( ) = 0.5772 Ln + + + K
3-78
!2 2! 3 3
2
2
2
2
W( ) = 0.5772 Ln r S + r S r S 1 + K
4Tt 4Tt 4Tt
!2 2
r t Jacob
80-3 .85-3
2
W( ) = 0.5772 Ln r S
3-80
4Tt
q
q
2
S = w W ( ) = w 0.5772 Ln r S 3-81
4T
4T
4Tt
3-82
3-83
3-84
3-85
83
q w 4Tt
0.5772
Ln
4T
r S
2.3q w
4Tt 0.5772
=S
Log
4T
2.3
r2S
2.3q w
=S
Log 4Tt
4T
1.783r 2 S
2.3q w
= S
Log 2.25Tt
4T
r 2S
=S
= 0.01
12-3 S t
S
S
t
) (
12-3 S t
=
a = S
t
3-86
S = 2.3q w = a
t
4T

3-87
3-88
3-89
S =

S=0
S = 2.3q w 24 60
t
4T
S = 264q w = a
t
T
264
=T
q
S w
t = t
3-90
3-91

3-92
3-93
84
2.25Tt 0
O = Log
r 2S
2.25Tt o
r2
= S
2.25 0.134Tt 0
r2
0.3Tt 0
r2
=S
=S
11-3 :
Well flow near aquifer boundaries

.
.

Method of images
) )(:
)(
)(
qw
qw
r1
qw
13-3
qw
qw
r2
qw

r2
r2
41-3
7-3
(
.
S T .
( 300 T = 104 gpd/ft
=S
0.01 400 gpm 12

70 )( 4
85

qw
2
= r S
4T
4Tt
1
2
10
= 4
= 3.195 10 10
4
4 10 4 365 0.134
W ( ) ,
=S
W( ) = 21.29
S = 400 60 24 21.29 = 97.64 ft

4 3.14 10 4
= = 70 + 97.64
12-3
167.64 ft
Well log

: )( }.{12

.
)( .
86

Surface Runoff
1-4

.
.
.
: .
) ( . : . :
. . . :
.

.
"" " : " . :
. . :
. : . :
}.{20
:
. :

: :

.
: .
: .

.
} .{20 : } .{12 :
}.{12

.
.
.

. ) (Intake .
.

. )(
.
.
87

4000
4200 . } .{35
84
1912 {31} 1957
1878 1879 137 1913 1914
45.5 .
. 67
40 1190 .
8 .
.
2500 1250 . %6
.
%80 %20
.
%59 %14 %13 %14 .
%85 %15 .
%68 : %22 %5
%5 } .{24 ).(1-4
1-4 }{242530

59

68
14
22
13
14
%59 % 5 .
% 60 % 20 .

} .{2630
.
.
1600
88
5400/ %45 %15 %40 .

.
.
1863 1939
1904 1912 1938
1933 5 .
1927 1930 .
1937 2.5 . 1925
0.8 3 .
1929
) ( 18.5 } .{25 1960
1.3 1966 .
7.6 10 } .{2430
1959 1912 1957
84 :
= 84
= 10
= 48
= 4
= 22
= 7.5
= 14.5
55.5 18.5 .

. ) Water Shed -
) ( (
Drainage
Basin
}.{330
}:{3192930
(1
:
.
(2
89
(3

Direct Flow . Base Flow
.
) :
( )
( . . : .
) 1-4 ( . )(
AB
) ab ( . )( )
( . )( )
( . )( ) (.
B
)(
B
b
)(
)(
a
)(
1-4
90
2-4
.

. .

2-4
) (a ) (b
) (c .

a
2-4
3-4
:
.
.
.
.
.

.
: ):
( .
91
Velocity-area method .
) (
. ) ( .
Weirs Flumes .Culvert
: -
} .{34 Vav
Vs .1-4
Vs = 1.2 Vav
4.1
:
= Vav
= Vs
:Manual water stage gauge
staff gauge
.
.
:Recording water stage gauge

.
.
. .
:Current meter
. Price current meter
.
.
.

.
.
:
) 20 30( )
.(3-4
.
.
.
) (0.2y
)) .(0.8y .(2-4
92
v 0.2depth v 0.8depth
4-2
= v av

) (0.4y .

) (.
.
V2
V1
3-4
:Runoff percentage method
) (
. .
4-4
)(
Discharge
4-3
Q = AV
:
= V )/(
= Q )/3(
)(i
) 24(
)(ii
: Qm
Qd
4-4
4-5
:
= n
= Qi ) i (
)(iii
: Qy
93
24
Qi
i
Qd = = 1
24
n
Qi
= i =1
n
Qm
12
Qi
i
Qy = =1
12
4-6
:
= Qi
)( :
) Qo/( ) ) Wo (3
)( (Yo ) 25 (
) : ( ) : ..(.
)( M o -:
) Mo/(
Q o 10 3
4-7
= Mo
:
= Q o ) /(
= A )(2
3
)( -:W
) W/3(
W=QT
4-8
:
= Q
= T ) = 86400 (
)( ) H :/(
) W(3
)(2
4-9
)(
3
H = W 10 = W
A 10 6 A 10 3
-:
) H(
)(
4-10
= H
X
:Peak discharge ) (
) Spillways
( .

.
94
. ) (Design flow
. }:{2930
:
.
)( : .

. :
- . Chow
.
: .

.

.

.
.
)( :The Rational method, Time of Concentration method
) ( .
) (
.
.11-4
Q = 27.78 C I A
4-11
:
= Q )/(
= C ) (
= I ) rainfall intensity /(
= A )(
40 80 .
4-12
Q = 2.78 C I A
12-4 Q A .
}:{34202930
95
) (
) (.
) (
. ) (Q ) (I = Q
= I.
.

.
.
.
.
:
. 1851
.Thomas J. Mulvany : )
-( .

. .
5 30 5 15 .
)
( 5 2-4
.
2-4
)(
5
10 15
20 30
13-4 .
= 2.19 L.n
S
4-13
= tc )(
= L )(365 L
= n . 3-4 .n
= S )/(
96
2.14
tc
3-4

0.02
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
.
) ( .14-4
m
4-14
cT
)(t + d
=i
:
= i
= d , n ) d n (1
= T )(
= m
= C

} .{1430
.
4-4 5 10
.
- :Burkly-Ziegler formula
Q = 0.7CIA[S/A]0.25
4-15
:
= C
= I
= A
= S .
97

.

. : Salt Velocity
Salt Dilution .{4192930} Radioactive Tracers
.
. ) (
.
C1
4-4
) (4-4 .16-4
4-16
C = C1 + C2
:
= C ) (.
= C1 .
= C2 .
Ct .qt
.Ce q
.17-4
4-17
q = t 1 q t
Ce
.
.
( :Constant rate injection method )
( .
} .{2730
.18-4
98
4-4 }{1430

0.7 0.95
0.5 0.7
0.3 0.5
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.75
0.25 0.4
0.5 0.7
0.5 0.8
0.6 0.9
0.1 0.25
0.2 0.4
0.2 0.4
0.1 0.3
0.7 0.95
0.8 0.95
0.7 0.85
0.75 0.95
0.75 0.95

%2
0.05 0.1
2 % 7
0.1 0.15
% 7
0.15 0.2
heavy soil
%2
0.13 0.17
2 % 7
0.18 0.22
% 7
0.25 0.35
4-18
QCb + qCi = (Q +q)Cm
:
= Q
= Cb
= q
= Ci ) (
= Cm ) (
99
( :Instantaneous injection method

.
.19-4
Q. C. dt
4-19
= Ao
:
= Ao
= Q
= C
.
. ) (82Br
) (24Na .

.
}.{342930

.
.
.
}.{41930
)(
5-4 3
100
5-4
)( )
( Rating Curve ) .(5-4
} .{410 )(
}.{30

5-4 ) (
.
(
: .
1-4
0.3 90
1500 .
80
.
1500 l
= dS
dS = 0.3 m/hrx1500mx80m = 36000 m /hr = 10 m3/s
) 80 = 10 90 = (dS - Q
3
)( ) .(6-4
U
S

6-4
dh
h+dh

Udt
101

. .
.20-4
= 1 + 1 dh
US dt
4-20
Qa
Q
:
= Qa )( /
3
= Q ) ( /
3
= S ) ( /
= U /
= dh ) ( /
dt
U 1.3
) .(21-4
Qa
4-21
U = 1.3
:
= A
21-4 20-4 22-4
= 1 + A dh
Q
1.3Q a S dt
Qa
4-22
Boyer
)(
)( Q
)( )( 1
US
dh
= 1 + dt
Q estimated
US
Qa
4-23
:
dh
dt
4-24
Qa dh dt Qestimated
) (
)(
1 .
US
1 ) (.
US
102
Qa
1 =
US Q estimated
)(
dh
= 1 + dt
Q
US
Qa
4-25
1 .Q
US
)( Q .
4-4
2700 = Qa .
40.48 40.36 .
390 310 100 .
400 3.5 .
.
: = 400 = 3.5 2 = dt
dh = 40.48 40.36 = 0.12 m
40.48
40.36
U dh=0.12m
Q = 2700 m /s
S = 0.1m/700 m
310
390
= = = 4003.5
1400
1.93 = (3.5400) 2700 = A Qa = v/

= 1.3x1.93 = 2.51 m / s :
Qa
A
U = 1.3
dh = 0.12m = 1.67 x10 5 m / s
dt 2x3600s
= 101.43 = 700 0.1
:
= 2639 m 3 / s
2700
1 + 1.67 x10
2.53x1.43x10 4
= ) 40.42 = 2 (40.36 + 40.48

)(2639 40.42
103
Qa
1 + A dh
US dt
= Q orrected
6-4

: .

)(
26-4
Q=k(ha)x
4-26
:
= Q
= h
= x, k Q ) (h a
a .
= a .
}{18
4-27
Q 2 = Q1Q 3
:
h1h 3 h 22
4-28
)(
h 3 + h 3 2h 2
=a
Stevens method
29-4
4-29
Q = AC rH S
:
= Q
= A
= C
= rH
= S
C S D rH 29-4
30-4
4-30
Q = kA D
A D) Q ( .
C S
.
)(
Slope-area method
31-4
104
3 S2
ArH
4-31
=Q
7-4
:
} .{342930

.

.
: Flow Duration Curve ) (
- - .
. )
( .
) ( .
) ( )) : Flow mass curve (Ripple diagram, S-curve (7-4
: ) ( .
.32-4
t2
t2
V = Q t .dt Q t t
t = t1
t1
4-32
:
= V
= Q t t1
t2
) ( .
. )
( ) (Draft line .
. ) (
.
) ( . 7-4
}:{3482930
)( )( .
)( .
105
)( )(
.
)( .
)( ) (
.
)( .
)( )( )( )(.
)( ) ( )( )( ) ( )(
)( )( .
.
draft line

) (

)(
t1
t2
t
7-4
106
5-4

230 .
. .
) (
) (
40
26
28
24
15
47
62
67
7-4
350
300
200
150
100
50
0

107
250
Accum. Q Wat. Vol.

6
6
46
40
72
26
100
28
124
24
131
7
133
2
134
1
149
15
196
47
258
62
325
67

-1 : 230 / .
3
-2 :
) (
) (
40
46
26
72
28
100
24
124
131
133
134
15
149
47
196
62
258
67
325
-3 ) ( .
-4 ) ( =
)230 /3( ) 60 /( ) 24 /( ) 365 /( = 610120.89 /3.
-5 )(
-6 )(
= 61020.3
108

1-5
.
: .
( : 0.5 .
(
: .
2-5
. : )( .
. : .
. : .
. :
) 300(.
3-5
. .
.
4-5
) current meter ( .

. ) (cable
.
.
. ) v
( N .1-5
v = a + bN
5-1
:
= V )/(
a = b
= N ) (rps
) ( :

109
)( : ) (
.2-5
5-2
V + V3
V + V4
V + V2
V
+ Vn
Q = KV1A o + 1
A1 + 2
A2 + 3
A3 n 1
A n 1 + KVn A n
2
2
2
2
:
= Vn V1
= K = 0.7 0.8 0.9
)( : ) Q = f(H
) A = f(H ) .V = f(H ) Q = f(H
.3-5
Q = a H + Ho m
5-3
:
= H o Q
= m, a ) H o )(Q = f(H
a m 3-5 .4-5
) Log Q = Log a + m Log( H + H o
5-4
Q .5-5
Q = A V = AC RS
5-5
: y = a + bx
n xy x y
n x 2 ( x )2
y b x
=a
n
=b
5-6
5-7
:
= n
= x, y
1.2 0.6
2.2 1.6
2.5
1.5
1-5
) .(1
) .(2
.
110
)(1
/
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2
3
4
5
6
)(2

0
1
2

0
1.0
2.0

0
1.0
1.5
3.0
2.5
4.0
3.0
5.0
2.2
6.0
1.6
7.0
1.2
8
9
8.0
9.0
0.6
0

0
0.6
0.3
1.2
0.5
2.0
0.6
2.4
0.44
1.76
0.32
1.28
0.24
0.96
0.36
-
18
12
16
18
21
15
18
17
22
18
24
16
20
20
-
40
40
40
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
40
40
40
-
V = a + bn
):(1
N = X = 5, X = 20
X2 = 90, (X)2 = 400
Y = 3, XY = 14
X = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 20
X2 = 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 = 90
(X)2 = 20 2 = 400
Y = 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.8 + 1.0 = 3
) XY = ( 2 0.2 ) + ( 3 0.4 ) + ( 4 0.6 ) + ( 5 0.8 ) + ( 6 1.0
XY = 0.4 + 1.2 + 2.4 + 4.0 + 6 = 14
n xy x y 5 14 20 3
=b
=
= 70 60 = 10 = 0.2
2
5
90
400
450 400 50
2
) n x ( x
y b x 3 0.2 20 3 4 1
=a
=
=
=
= 0.2
n
5
5
5
V = a + bn
V = -0.2 + 0.2 N
) (2
Q
= V
A
V = 5.3 = 0.39 m sec
13.6
111
0.24
2.22
0.24
3.33
2.50
0.466
0.300
0.383
0.24
0.31
0.5
0.084
1.25
0.3875
3.33
2.86
0.466
0.372
0.42
0.4
2.0
0.80
4.0
3.33
0.60
0.466
0.533
0.48
2.75
1.32
3.53
2.73
0.506
0.346
0.43
0.48
2.6
1.248
3.33
2.5
2.5
2.0
0.466
0.30
0.383
0.41
1.9
0.779
0.30
0.20
0.25
0.32
1.4
0.448
8
9
2.0
-
0.20
-
0.20
-
0.23
0.20
0.9
0.3
0.207
0.03
13.6
5.3

Q
Q = 5.3 m3/sec
A = 13.6 m2
5-5

= Pm %
T
T/100
0.01
10000
0.1
II
1000
112
0.5
III
200
IV
100
6-5
) (I ): (1-5
.
)
( .
) ( .
) :(1-5
)(
)(
)(
) (
)( Q Qd
) (.

-
Qd
1-5
) (II :
.8-5
] Q T = Q[1 + 0.8LogT
5-8
:
= QT T
= Q t
) (III :

) (a .9-5
X X o
5-9
:
X
113
F(X ) = e e
X a .10-5
;1 = 0.78a
X o = X 0.45a
5-10
) (1-5
Cs
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
99
2.1081.911.751.591.441.301.171.060.960.870.80-
95
1.641.561.471.381.301.211.121.030.950.870.79-
80
0.920.930.930.920.910.890.860.830.800.760.71-
50
0
0.050.090.130.170.210.250.290.320.350.37-

5
20
1.64
0.92
1.72
0.89
1.97
0.87
1.85
0.85
1.90
0.83
1.95
0.80
1.99
0.77
2.03
0.73
2.07
0.69
2.10
0.64
2.13
0.58
1
2.08
2.25
2.42
2.58
2.75
2.92
3.09
3.25
3.40
3.54
3.67
0.1
2.39
2.66
2.95
3.24
3.55
3.85
4.15
4.45
4.75
5.05
5.35
0.01
2.53
2.83
3.18
3.59
4.00
4.42
4.89
5.25
5.67
6.08
6.50
0.001
2.59
2.94
3.35
3.80
4.27
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
0.0001
2.62
3.00
3.44
3.92
4.43
4.95
5.50
6.05
6.65
7.20
7.80
) (b
Coefficient of skewness.
Cs .11-5
Cs = F . Cs
5-11
:
Cs = Cs
= F
) (
:I
5-12
F =1+ 6
N
III:
5-13
:
= N .
114
F = 1 + 8.5
N
) (2-5
Cs
99
2.322.182.051.921.801.681.561.461.361.271.191.111.030.970.910.840.780.730.670.620.580.480.90-
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.5
5.0
80
0.840.850.850.850.850.840.830.820.810.790.770.750.730.710.680.660.640.610.580.550.520.450.39-
95
1.641.591.531.471.411.341.281.221.161.100.050.990.940.890.840.790.740.690.650.61
0.56
0.470.40-

20
50
0.84
0
0.83
0.030.82
0.060.81
0.090.79
0.120.76
0.150.74
0.180.71
0.200.67
0.230.64
0.250.61
0.270.57
0.290.53
0.310.49
0.320.45
0.330.41
0.340.37
0.350.32
0.360.28
0.360.23
0.360.19
0.360.10
0.350.00
0.34-
) (3-5
Cs
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
99
2.332.182.031.881.741.591.451.321.191.030.990.900.830.770.710.67-
95
1.641.581.511.451.381.311.251.181.111.030.950.890.820.820.710.66-
80
0.890.850.850.860.860.860.850.840.820.800.780.750.710.680.650.62-
50
0
0.030.060.090.130.160.190.220.250.280.310.330.350.370.380.40-

5
20
1.64
0.84
1.69
0.83
1.74
0.82
1.79
0.80
1.83
0.78
1.87
0.76
1.90
0.74
1.93
0.71
1.96
0.68
1.98
0.61
2.00
0.61
2.01
0.58
2.01
0.54
2.01
0.51
2.02
0.47
2.02
0.42
115
I
5
1.64
1.71
1.76
1.81
1.86
1.90
1.94
1.98
2.01
2.03
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.02
1.98
1.95
1.79
1.60
1
2.32
2.48
2.64
2.80
2.97
3.15
3.33
3.50
3.69
3.88
4.07
4.27
4.48
4.68
4.89
5.11
5.35
5.58
5.80
6.10
6.50
7.30
8.20
0.1
3.09
3.39
3.72
4.08
4.48
4.92
5.40
5.91
6.48
7.09
7.78
8.54
5.35
10.15
11.20
12.30
13.50
-
0.01
3.70
4.20
4.72
5.30
6.00
6.74
7.66
8.66
9.79
11.00
12.60
14.30
-
III
1
2.33
2.48
2.62
2.77
2.90
3.03
3.15
3.28
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.78
3.87
3.95
4.02
0.1
3.09
3.38
3.67
3.96
4.25
4.54
4.82
5.11
5.39
5.66
5.91
6.20
6.47
6.73
6.99
7.25
0.01
3.73
4.16
4.60
5.04
5.48
5.92
6.37
6.82
7.28
7.75
8.21
8.21
-
0.001
4.27
4.84
5.42
6.01
6.61
7.22
7.85
8.50
9.17
9.84
10.51
-
0.0001
4.76
5.48
6.24
7.02
7.82
8.63
9.45
10.28
11.21
11.96
12.81
-
2-5
5 20 100 1000
I III
:
74
18.5
84
65.0
m3/sec
83
70.8
75
22.0
85
30.1
76
35.1
86
27.0
77
19.2
87
21.1
78
28.2
88
32.7
79
51.0
89
18.2
80
16.5
90
24.1
82
13.2
92
31.6
81
18.3
91
22.4
)(n = 19
= 565 = 29.7 m 3 sec
19
Xi
n
Standard Deviation = S
i = n
2
X i X
i =1
= 16
n 1
=X=Q
== S
Coefficient of Variation CV
16
= 0.54
29.7
= CV
Coefficient of skewness Cs
3
= 1.47
N n X i
1

i = 1 x
= Cs
n
1C 3V
N
F = 1 + 6 = 1 + 6 = 1.3
N
20
C s = F C s = 1.3 1.5 = 1.95
III
C s = 1.425 1.5 = 2.14
116
F = 1 + 8.5 = 1 + 8.5 = 1.425

N
20
I Cs = 1.94 :
0.1
7.56
1
4.01
5
2.04
20
0.62
4.08
5.08
150.9
2.17
3.17
94.2
1.10
2.10
62.4
0.33
1.33
39.5
1000
0.1
6.11
100
1
3.66
20
5
2.01
5
20
0.59
C s = 1.94
Cv = 0.54
IxCv
II + 1.0
III X = Q

I
II
III
IV
V
C s = 2.13
Cv = 0.54
3.3
1.98
1.09
0.32
I Cv
II
4.3
127.7
2.98
88.5
2.09
62.1
1.32
39.2
II + 1.0
III
IV
1000
100
20
III X = Q

IV/3 V
III 2.3 = Cs .
:
)QT = Q (1 + 0.8 log T
Q = 29.7 m3/sec ,
t = 19
T = 5, 20, 100, 1000
Q5 = 29.7(1 + 0.8 log 5) = 46.3 m3/sec
Q20 = 29.7 x 2.0408 = 60.6 m3/sec
Q100 = 29.7 x 2.6 = 77.2 m3/sec
Q1000 = 29.7 x 3.4 =101.0 m3/sec
III
Perssons Coefficient type III
20 30 III
Pm% .14-5
Qp = Q K p
5-14
:
= Kp
Pm%
T = 100
Pm
:
.1
.2
1 = m = n) n = m (.
:
5-15a
)(C= 2 Cv s
m 0.3
= Pm
x100
n + 0.4
5-15b
)(Cs > 2 Cv
m 0.5
x100
n
5-15c
)(Cs < 2 Cv
m 0.4
= Pm
x100
n + 0 .2
= Pm
Pm = m x100
n +1
5-15d
117
.3

.4
C
X Cv Cs s
.5
Cv
Cs
Cs 2Cv
) = (P, C s
K p 1
CV
K P 1
CV
.6
Kp .16-5
.7
.17-5
.8
Kp = 1 + Cv
5-16
Qp = Q K p
5-17
.9 Cs
Cs
(Pm =0.01%) I Qp
.18-5
xQ p
5-18
a Ep
n
= Q p
:
= a 1.5 0.7
= Ep .4-5
-5

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
% 0.01= Ep
0.25
0.45
0.64
0.8
0.97
1.12
1.26
1.4
1.56
1.71
1.89
2.06
Qp %20 Qp = Q 'p
.19-5
= Q p + Q p
5-19
Q 'p
N N>n Q
Cv 20-5.21-5
n
N 1
Q = 1 QN +
Qi
n
n
i =1
5-20
5-21
2
2
Q
n Q
1
N
i
1
= Cv
1 +
1
n i =1 Q
N 1 Q
:
= Q N
118
= N
n
Q
=n
QN
= n
QN N Q Cv
.22-5
n
N 1
Q = 1 Q N +
Qi
N
n 1
i =1
5-22
2
5-23
n
1 Q N 1 + N 1 Q i 1
= Cv
N 1 Q
n 1 i =1 Q

T .24-5
100 n
mP m
5-24
=T
:
= m n.
15.
7-5
(
: :
'f + Q
5-25
0.28(H t H o ) A
ts
= Q max
:
= Ht T
= Ho
=
= A ) (
2
= ts =
= f
=
' = Q
5-25a
5-25b
5-25c
:
= t
= T )(
119
T = ts
= (ts + 1)0.2
H = Ht = i.t
= Q N 0.28HA f
ts
5-25d
:
= QN
f = 12
4 + 3
5-26a
= = 2 2.5 3
4 .
) = 1 0.7 log (1 + o + 0.2 o
5-26b
:
= o = .
= o
MoA
5-26c
= M
1000
= Q
L/sec.1 km2
Q
L hr
3 .6 V
5-26d
= L
= tc
km
= V m/sec
5-8
) (

5-27
A 50 km2
Qp = 16.7 it,p . . A
:
= A, ,
= Qp
P%
= it,p
P%
)/(

it,p
-1 t = 5, 10, 20, ... 1440 min

hday
h1440 hday
-2 Ht
-3 ) Ht = f`1( P
5-28
) = f 2 (P
P%
) i = f3( t
P = Const
120
Ht
t
= it
)(t=tc
= tc .P%
3-5

19
70
-
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
18.
5
86
27.0
35.1
19.2
28.2
51.0
16.5
18.3
87
88
89
90
91
92
q m3/sec
13.
2
q m3/sec
70.
8
65.
0
30.
1
27.
0
21.1
32.7
18.2
24.1
22.4
31.6
:
-1
-2
) (

Xi
=k
k1
(k 1)2
Pm % = m 0.3 100
n + 0.4
1.915
1.414
0.514
0.033
0.010
0.0041
0.0002
0.0025
3.6
8.8
13.9
19.1
24.2
29.4
34.5
39.7
0.0083
44.8
50.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1983
1984
1979
1976
1988
1992
1985
1978
70.8
65.0
51.0
35.1
32.7
31.6
30.1
28.2
2.384
2.189
1.717
1.182
1.101
1.064
1.013
0.949
1986
27.0
0.909
0.091-
10
1990
24.1
0.811
0.189-
0.0357
11
1991
22.4
0.754
0.246-
0.0605
55.2
12
1975
22.0
0.741
0.259-
0.0671
60.3
13
1987
21.1
0.710
0.296-
0.0841
65.5
14
1977
19.2
0.646
0.354-
0.1250
70.6
15
1974
18.5
0.623
0.377-
0.1420
75.8
16
1981
18.3
0.616
0.384-
0.1470
81.0
17
1989
18.2
0.613
0.387-
0.1500
86.0
18
1980
16.5
0.556
0.444-
0.1970
91.0
19
1982
13.2
0.444
0.5560.022
0.3100
96.0
565.0
1.384
1.189
0.717
0.182
0.101
0.064
0.013
0.051-
5.2196

Pm = m 0.3
n + 0 .4
121

X = Q , , C v
Q
=Q
= 29.7 m 3 sec
N
X 2 (k 1)2
= 16
n 1
== S
(k 1)2
= 0.54
n 1
= Cv =
X
29.7 2 5.2196
18
X 2 (k 1)2
=
n 1
= 15.99 16
== S
C v = = 16 = 0.538 0.54
X 29.7

Cs = 3.5 Cv
Cs = 3.5 0.54 = 1.9

Cv kp k p Q = Q P% Q )
Cs(
) P = 0.01 % (I
Qp
= 1.5
5-29
E P0.01 %
Q0.01 = 157.7 m3/sec
Qp ,
E p
n
= Q p
Cv = 0.54
Ep = 1.03
n = 19
1
.
5
1
.
03
= Q p
157.7 = 55.88 m 3 sec
19
55.88 %20 Qp %20 Qp

Q = 157.7 + 157.7 0.2 = 157.7 + 31.54 = 189.24 m3/sec
P%
0.01
0.1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
7.98
5.77
3.55
1.99
1.31
0.63
0.22
0.07
0.29
0.48
0.64
0.79
0.92
0.98
= MP
Cv
4.31
3.12
1.92
1.07
0.71
0.34
0.12
= Kp
1+Mp
= Q
5.31
4.12
2.92
2.07
1.71
1.34
1.12
0.04
0.96
0.16
0.84
0.26
0.74
0.35
0.65
0.43
0.57
0.50
0.50
0.53
0.47
157.
7
122.
4
86.7
61.5
50.8
39.8
33.3
28.5
24.9
21.9
8
19.3
16.9
14.9
13.9
6
kp
122
9-2
Statistics
)(
)( Probability
variables -
) (
continuous
discrete
: . :
) ( ) (
.
:Frequency distribution ) Q (
22 1920 17 15 1418 15 12 18 15 20 19 19 20 17 :
.18 15 15 13 1120 14
13
12
11
14
15
17
16
19
18
20
xi
xi
fI = 22
fI
= range
range = xmax xmin = 20 11 = 9
) 5 (15 10
= = 1 10 9
4-5
:

28
33
35
37
31
35
45
26
31
31
32
37
43
35
38

45 49
40 44
35 39
30 34
25 29

44.5 49.5
39.5 44.5
34.5 39.5
29.5 34.5
24.5 29.5
44
33
44
30
38

47
42
37
32
27
38
25
39
27
30
38
34
33
36
25

3
7
14
19
7
fi
fi = 50

(1 N = 50 7
) (15 5 5
123
39
42
30
41
34
32
19
26
36
31
%
0.06
0.14
0.28
0.38
0.14
Pi = 1.0
30
37
32
34
39
29
31
40
31
40

3
10
24
43
50
(2:
Range = 49 (max) 25 (min) = 24
(3 = Class interval = 5 5 24
= 49
49 = Class limit
= 49.5 = 0.5 + 49
= ) 5 49.5 ( = 44.5
= 45 = 0.5 + 44.5

44.5 49.5
45 49
= 47 = X i = 49 + 45
2
= = 45 49
= 3 = 0.06 = 6%
50
fi
N
Cumulative Frequency Distribution

X 35 ) (
3 + 7 + 14 = 24 yr
= 30-5
0.48 = 25 12 = 50 24
)f(x
)f(x
2-5
:
Averages & Measures of Central Tendency
)( Arithmetic Mean : }.{37
124
Xi
5-31
= N
Xifi
5-32
X1f1 + X 2 f 2 + K X k f k
f1 + f 2 + K f k
=X
=X
:
= X1, X2, ... Xk
= k
= f1, f2, ... fk
N1X1 + N 2 X 2
N1 + N 2
5-33
=X
N
Xi X = 0
i =1
X1 = N1
X 2 = N2
:
}.{37
5-34
N
NiXi
i
X = =1
Ni
:
= N
Geometric Mean : .
G = N X1 X 2 K X N
5-35
f
f
f
G = N X 1 X 2 K X NN
1
2
k
N = fi
5-37
i =1
5-36
Root Mean Square

5-38
5-39
2
X
N
k
2
Xi fi
X2 = i =1
N
= X2
:Median :
) . (.
125
:Mode : ) .
(.
:Dispersion or Variation :

)( Mean Deviation (MD) :
.
5-40
5-41
Xi X
N
= MD
Xi X fi
N
= MD
)( Variance (S) : .
5-42
5-43
N
2
X i X
S = i =1
N 1
N
2
X i X f i
S = i =1
N 1
) ( Standard Deviation () :
.
N
2
X i X
i =1
N 1
5-44

)( :
5-45
2
X i X f i
N 1
== S
== S
)Coefficient of Variation (Cv
Cv =
X
5-46
.47-5
C v = 100
X
5-47
)( :
)Coefficient of Skewness (Cs
3
5-48
N X i
1

i = 1 X
= Cs
(N 1) C 3v
Cs = 0 Cs > 0
5-5
) (
126
Cs < 0
60.1
61.0
61.9
63.6
69.1
68.3
)(
60.4
61.8
62.8
64.1
68.2
67.5
70.5 70.2
68.3 66.2

67.2
62.3
63.1
65.2
67.4
69.3
68.2
67.3
71.9
64.1
63.7
64.4
66.3
69.4
70.2
65.2
64.5
65.7
64.3
66.5
71.3
64.9
71.6
64.7
)(
)(
) (
)(
)(
.

1
2
3
4
5
6

71.9
69.9
67.9
65.9
63.9
61.9
70.0
68.0
66.0
64.0
62.0
60.0
69.95 71.95
67.95 69.95
65.95 67.95
64.0 65.95
61.95 63.95
59.95 61.95
6
7
7
10
5
5
40
70.95
68.95
66.95
64.95
62.95
60.95
0.15
0.175
0.175
0.25
0.125
0.125
1.000
15
17.5
17.5
25
12.5
12.5
100.0
6
13
20
30
35
40
)( k = N = 40 6
= 11.8 60.1 71.9

= = 2 6 11.8
= 71.95 = 0.05 + 71.9
= 71.9
= 69.95 = 2 71.95
= 70.0 = 0.5 + 69.95
2
71.9 70
71.95 69.95 2
69.9 68
69.95 67.95

)( )( = 65.95 = 65.7 + 66.2
2
X 2641.8
=
)( = 66.05
N
40
127
60.1
63.6
64.9
67.3
69.3
)( ) (
)(

61.8 61.0 60.4
64.1 64.1 63.7
65.7 65.2 65.2
68.2 67.4 67.4
70.2 69.4 69.4
64.95

62.3 61.9
64.4 64.3
66.3 66.2
68.3 68.2
71.3 70.5
62.8
64.5
66.5
68.3
71.6
63.1
64.7
67.2
69.1
71.9
N
2
X i X
S = i =1
= 10.22
N 1
= MD
Xi X
N
S =
= 3.2
= 2.7
0.0484 = 3.2 = = Cv
X
64.95
Cv = 4.84 %
= Cs
X
i

X
(N 1) C 3v
Cs = 0.087
Probability
)( Event : .
)( : )
(.
)( : ) (
)( : .

)
Q
...( )
(.
P
5-49
) (3 ) P( X = 3
P( X = 3 ) = 1
6
= m
n

=P
)(3

P( X 3 ) = 3
6
128
) X < x (

P i = Xi
x
) F( x ) = P( X < x
) F( x
) F( x2 ) < F( x1
( x2 > x1
( x = -
F( - ) = 0
( x = +
F( + ) = +1
x )) (Pm
( ) Pm = P( X > x
) Pm = 1 F( x Pm + F( x ) = 1
.50-5
h x i
5-50
) (
P X i = Lim
n
:
) = P( Xi
X
.
.51-5
5-51
) f( x
h x i
= ) f (x
) F( x ) = P( X < x
5-52
) F( x
x
F(x ) = f (x )dx
F(x ) = f (x )dx
5-53
129
x
f (x )dx = 1.0
: .
)( . Normal Gaussian Distribution
.54-5
2
x x
2 2
5-54
1 e
2
= ) f (x
<<x
x a:b
P(a x b ) = ab f (x ) dx
5-55
) f( x x = x
x = x x
:
x

) x (
)(
.
)( x .
)( x

x ) (
1.0
x = 0
=1 .56-5
X2
1 e 2
2
5-56
= ) f (x
X x

Z= xx
5-57
:
= Z ) Standard Variable (
.58-5
5-58
130
Z2
e 2
1
2
= ) (Z
X x
x
.59-5
2
Z
e 2
5-59
= ) (Z
< - < Z
Z )) (Z (
.60-5
5-60
2
Z
2Z
1 e
2 dZ
) (Z
5-5 Z) Z (0
131
5-5
Z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
0.00
0.3989
0.3970
0.3910
0.3814
0.3683
0.3521
0.3332
0.3123
0.2897
0.2661
0.2420
0.2179
0.1942
0.1714
0.1497
0.1295
0.1109
0.0940
0.0790
0.0656
0.0540
0.0440
0.0355
0.0283
0.0224
0.0175
0.0136
0.0104
0.0079
0.01
0.3989
0.3965
0.3902
0.3802
0.3668
0.3503
0.3312
0.3101
0.2874
0.2637
0.2396
0.2155
0.1919
0.1691
0.1476
0.1276
0.1092
0.0925
0.0775
0.0644
0.0529
0.0431
0.0347
0.0277
0.0219
0.0171
0.0132
0.0101
0.0077
0.02
0.3989
0.3961
0.3894
0.3790
0.3653
0.3485
0.3292
0.3079
0.2850
0.2613
0.2371
0.2131
0.1895
0.1669
0.1456
0.1257
0.1074
0.0909
0.0761
0.0632
0.0519
0.0422
0.0339
0.0270
0.0213
0.0167
0.0129
0.0099
0.0075
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
0.0060
0.0044
0.0033
0.0024
0.0017
0.0012
0.0009
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0058
0.0043
0.0032
0.0023
0.0017
0.0012
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0056
0.0042
0.0031
0.0022
0.0016
0.0012
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.03
0.3988
0.3956
0.3885
0.3778
0.3637
0.3467
0.3271
0.3056
0.2827
0.2589
0.2347
0.2107
0.1872
0.1647
0.1435
0.1238
0.1057
0.0893
0.0748
0.0620
0.0508
0.0413
0.0332
0.0264
0.0208
0.0163
0.0126
0.0096
0.007
3
0.0055
0.0040
0.0030
0.0022
0.0016
0.0011
0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.04
0.3986
0.3951
0.3876
0.3765
0.3621
0.3448
0.3251
0.3034
0.2803
0.2565
0.2323
0.2083
0.1849
0.1626
0.1415
0.1219
0.1040
0.0878
0.0734
0.0608
0.0498
0.0404
0.0325
0.0258
0.0203
0.0158
0.0122
0.0093
0.0071
0.05
0.3984
0.3945
0.3867
0.3752
0.3605
0.3429
0.3230
0.3011
0.2780
0.2541
0.2299
0.2059
0.1826
0.1604
0.1394
0.1200
0.1023
0.0863
0.0721
0.0596
0.0488
0.0396
0.0317
0.0252
0.0198
0.0154
0.0119
0.0091
0.0069
0.06
0.3982
0.3939
0.3857
0.3739
0.3589
0.3410
0.3209
0.2989
0.2756
0.2516
0.2275
0.2036
0.1804
0.1582
0.1374
0.1182
0.1006
0.0848
0.0707
0.0584
0.0478
0.0387
0.0310
0.0246
0.0194
0.0151
0.0116
0.0088
0.0067
0.07
0.3980
0.3932
0.3847
0.3725
0.3572
0.3391
0.3187
0.2966
0.2732
0.2492
0.2251
0.2012
0.1781
0.1561
0.1354
0.1163
0.0989
0.0833
0.0694
0.0573
0.0468
0.0379
0.0303
0.0241
0.0189
0.0147
0.0113
0.0086
0.0065
0.08
0.3977
0.3925
0.3836
0.3712
0.3555
0.3372
0.3166
0.2943
0.2709
0.2468
0.2227
0.1989
0.1758
0.1539
0.1334
0.1145
0.0973
0.0818
0.0681
0.0562
0.0459
0.0371
0.0297
0.0235
0.0184
0.0143
0.0110
0.0084
0.0063
0.09
0.3973
0.3918
0.3825
0.3697
0.3538
0.3352
0.3144
0.2920
0.2685
0.2444
0.2203
0.1965
0.1736
0.1518
0.1315
0.1127
0.0957
0.0804
0.0669
0.0551
0.0449
0.0363
0.0290
0.0229
0.0180
0.0139
0.0107
0.0081
0.0061
0.0053
0.0039
0.0029
0.0021
0.0015
0.0011
0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0051
0.0038
0.0028
0.0020
0.0015
0.0010
0.0007
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.0050
0.0037
0.0027
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0048
0.0036
0.0026
0.0019
0.0014
0.0010
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0047
0.0035
0.0025
0.0018
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0046
0.0034
0.0025
0.0018
0.0013
0.0009
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
132
6-5
Z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7880
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9019
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.648
0
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918
0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9972
0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9987
0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.999
7
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9764
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
Z
) F( Z
))Z(1F(Z
1.282
0.90
1.645
0.95
1.960
0.975
2.326
0.99
2.576
0.995
3.090
0.999
3.291
0.9995
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.002
0.001
6-5
3.891
0.9999
5
0.0001
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
4.417
0.99999
5
0.00001
3.49 Z 0
6-5
X 14 = x
6.4 = .
) P( x > 30 .
Z = x x = 30 14
6.4
Z = 2.5
6-5 Z = 2.5 = 0.9938

133
P( x > 30 ) = 1 0.9938 = 0.0062
7-5
) 950.5 ( x
=110
. 120

) P( x 1220
Z = x x = 1220 950.5
110
Z = 2.45
6-5 Z = 2.45 = 0.9929
) P( x 1220 ) = 1 P( x < 1220

P( x 1220 ) = 1 0.9929 = 0.0071
8-5
x = 70 mm
= 5
P( 68 < x < 74 ),
) P( x , 62
P( x > 79 ),
Z= xx
)P( x < 62
Z = 62 70 = 8 = 1.6
5
5
6-5 ) ) 0.0548 = 0.9452 1 = P( Z < -1.6(

74 = x
x x = 74 70 = 4 = 0.8
5
5
P( Z < 0.8 ) = 0.7881
) P( x > 68
68 = x
x x = 68 70 = 2 = 0.4
5
5
) P( Z > -0.4
79 = x
Z = 79 70 = 9 = 1.8
5
P( x > 79 ) = 1 0.9641 = 0.0359
P( 68 < x < 74 ) = 0.7881 0.3446 = 0.4435
Poissons Distribution Type III
Cs > 0
III
.61-5
5-61
:
= a
134
a
x
f (x ) = y o e d 1 + x d
a
= d
= y
2 2
5-62
= a+d
2 = Cv2 Mx3
N
M x = x = x i Pi
i =1
5-63
5-64
:
= Pi xi
2C v M x
5-65
Cs
2C 4v M 4x
c s c 3v M 3x
= a+
a + d = Mx Mmin
2C v M x
5-66
5-67
2C v
M min
Mx
=
1
2C v
M min
Mx
M min
5-68
Cs
Mx
Mx
2C v M x
M x M min
= k min
M min
= 1 k min ,
Mx
2C v
= Cs
1 k min
2) Xmin > 0
2) Cs > 2Cv
III
= Cs
Mx
5-69
Xmin
3) Xmin < 0
3) Cs < 2Cv
= M x M min
1) Xmin = 0
1) Cs = 2Cs
Cs 2Cv
III x
3 ) (Cs, Cv, x Xmin = 0
Cs
= 2Cv

5-70
= Ps C s
k p 1
Cv
Cv = 1.0
)(Cs < 0
) (

X
Cs, Cv
Z
5-71
:
= C, b
135
Z=bX
.72-5
a a 1e
(z ) = a z
) (a
5-72
:
= a =
1
2
Cv
2
) = (a
(a ) = Z a 1e Z dZ
0
5-73
Cs = 2Cv III ) (
:

Pm (% ) = m
n
5-74
:
= m
n+x
) (

75-5 .77-5
(a
Cs = 2Cv
(b
Cs < 2Cv
(c
Cs > 2Cv
Pm = m 0.3 100
n + 0 .4
m
Pm = 0.4 100
n + 0 .2
m
Pm = 0.5 100
n
75-5
76-5
77-5
.78-5
5-78
Pm = m 100
n +1
50% or 1
2
:
x Cv Cs
.

x
100
5-79
Cv
n
x =
c
5-80
136
100
1 + C 2v
2n
C
6 1 + 6C 2 + 5C 4 100
v
v C
n
s
5-81
:
= n
)) (%15 10 (
) Cv = ( 0.2 1.0 %15
x 100 20
Cv 45 23
Cs 3000 350
x Cv Cs Cv.
:
:
: .

x1, x2, x3, ... xn n 5 x
5-82
x1 + x 2 + K x n x 2 + x 3 + K x n x 3 + x 4 + K x n
,
,
n
n
n

:
: . X
T .83-5
5-83
137
P(X x ) = 1
T
) (
Hydrograph
1-6
)
( .
:
. :

. } {342930
Base Flow
.1-6
Q t = Q o e t
6-1
:
= Qt
= Qa
=
= e .
:
)(
)(
)(
) (
)(
) ( Unit Hydrograph
) ( } .{34192930
} .{15

}.{4102930

) :(1-6
.

138
) (
.
1
Q
2
3
1-6
t
1-6
3950 /
3
1190/3 .
( .
( .
-1 : Qt Qa 1190 = Q30 3950 = Q10

3
/
-2 :
Qt = Qo*e- t
1.2
3950
1190
e-10 = Qo
= e-30 Qo
)( 1
)( 2
1 2 0.06 = a :
-3 1 2 Qo:
0.0610e(603950) = Qo
= 120/3
-4 :
Qt = 120*e-0.06*t
-5
4:
Qt = 120*e-0.06*t
0.0690e 120 = 90Q

= 0.54/3
-6 5 :
0.06150 e 120 = 150 Q
= 0.015/3.
2-6 }{28
:
)(
139
)(
.
.
3-6
:2-6
(
: .
( : ) (
) (.
(
: .
:
.
)(
)(
) (
)(
t
2-6
4-6
.

. . :
.
Qs
Qf .
Qe .
5-6
Base Flow Separation
) :(3-6
.
. :
Qe > Qs > Qf < 0
. . :
. . :
140
Qe > Qs < 0
Qs < Qf < Qe
. .
:
Qe > Qs > Qf > 0

Q
)(
Qe
Qf
Qs
Q
) (
Qe
Qs
Qf
)(

t
Qe
Qf
Qs
Q
)(
t
Qe
Qf
Qs
3-6

. % 10 .
141

)(

) .(4-6
Q
D
G
t
F H
4-6
. B A .
. F BF .
. G H
.D
. DE D ) (
)(.
: :
:
A .AC
.
ABC
AE
= N )(
.2-6
6-2
142
N = b.A0.2
:
= A ) 0.8 = b
)Q (m3/sec
N
(1 = b
40
30
20
C
E
)t (hr
30
A
25
15 20
10
10
5-6
:
)( :

)( recession limb .
.
.
N .2-6
N = bA 02
26N
6-6
143
)( :
.AB
C N .
N
C
B
6-6

.
)( :
AC N .
)( :
.1
)7-6(.
) 7-6(
.2
.
.3
) (2 log Q t
.
.4
)7-6(.
144
a
e
f
Log Q
c
b
)7-6(
)
(.
.5
master depletion curve .
)7-6(
.6
. .
)7-6(
145
6-6

6-3
tc
tc = T -tr
:
= T ) (
tc :
1.4L
1/ 4
S QP
6-4
1/ 3
= tc
:
= L )(
= S )(%
= Qp ) P (
tc
1.15
L
7700 H 0.38
6-5
= tc
:
= L
= H )(
tc ) A ( ) L(
) H( ) Ho(
4 A + 1.5L
6-6
0 .8 H H o
= tc
tc .7-6
L
3.6v
= tc
6-7
S > 4%
Q1P/ 3
1/ 9
v = BS
S < 4%
Q1P/ 4
1/ 3
v = AS
:
= B = 0.14
7-6 ) (
Unit Hydrograph
"
1 " .

. 1
.
146
.
. 1932
:
) (
.
.
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.
.

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Simsons rule .8-6
( )
A = x y o + 4 y1 + y 3 + .... + 2 y 2 + y 4 + .... + y n
3
6-8
:
= x
= yo, yn .
= Y1, y3 .
= Y4, y6 .
.6
) . =
(
.7
:
.
147
2-6
198
.
.
.
.1
.2
.
.3
.4
.5
.
) Q/3(
8
8
12
30
51
74
99
127
153
143
131
117
103
99
75
62
50
40
32
26
24
22
20
) t(
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
.1
.2
%10 ) yo (
. Q Q
) ( . A
= yn = yo :
148
( )
A = x y o + 4 y1 + y 3 + .... + 2 y 2 + y 4 + .... + y n
3
A = 1 [0 + 4(3 + 40 + 86 + 138 + 114 + 84 + 54 + 27 + 7 ) + 2(20 + 62 + 113 + 17 + 99 + 69 + 40 + 16 ) + 0] = 1101.33

3
Simson
' sarea = 1101.33 = 110.1cm 2
=A
scale
10
= 10/3 1 = 10/3 3600 = 36000 = 3

= = 3960000 = 110.13336000
= =
.3
0.022 = 6 10198 6 103.96 = H = 2.2

Q Q1 ) (
) t(
8
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
0
3
20
40
62
86
113
138
127
114
99
84
69
54
40
27
16
7
0
0
0
0
) Q /(
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
.4
8
8
12
30
51
74
99
127
153
143
131
117
103
99
75
62
50
40
32
26
24
22
20
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
24
22
20
Q1

Q1
Q2
= )2( Q1+Q1
0
0
1.5
10
20
31
43
56.5
69
63.5
57
49.5
42
34.5
27
20
13.5
8
3.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.75
5.75
15
25.5
0
1.5
10
20
31
43
56.5
69
63.5
57
49.5
42
34.5
27
20
13.5
8
3.5
0
0
0
37
49.75
62.75
66.25
60.25
53.25
45.75
38.25
30.75
23.5
16.75
10.75
5.75
1.75
0
0
0
2 = tr Q1 Q1
.
'
Q +Q
( Q 2 = 1 1 ).Q2
2
.5
)( 18 = T 1 = tr = tr - T = tc
17 = 1 18
149
2-6
70 .
20 :
)(
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
)/3(
0
3.8
11.2
12.3
11.1
8.2
5.2
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
.
Qav :
Q aV = 82.5 = 3.93 m 3 / s
21
=
3
Q T = Q av t = 3.93 m 21h 3600 s = 297000 m 3
s
h
=
runoff depth = 297000 = 4.24 10 3 m = 4.24 mm
70 10 6
150
4.24 .
3.93 = 21 82.5 = Qav :/3
)(
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
)/3(
)/3(
0
3.8
11.2
12.3
11.1
8.2
5.2
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
0
0
0.9
2.64
2.9
2.62
1.93
1.23
0.85
0.75
0.66
0.61
0.54
0.52
0.5
0.47
0.45
0.42
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.33
0
Q = 82.5
8-6
151

: : t2
t1 t2 = n. t1 : n : . 8-6
t . 2t t
t ) (
2t 2
2t .

5
4
2
1
0
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 t
8-6
: :S S

.
:
-1 S
-2 S t2
t1
-3 S S
t
-4 ) 1 (S S
t2
t2
:
4 = t1
3 = t2
t
10
)t (hr
4 hr
49
58
68
79
93
106
91
66
36
)t (hr
21
0
20
1.
5
19
3
18
6
17
9
16
13
15
17
14
23
13
27
1
34
11
41
4hr
hydrograph
)t (hr
hydrograph
4hr
4 hr
152
unit
unit

S 4 ) (
=
= 5 = 4 21
)( 1
)( 2
)( 3
)( 4
)( 5
36
36
66
66
91
91
106
112
93
36
129
79
66
145
68
91
159
58
106
170
10
49
93
36
178
11
41
79
66
186
12
34
68
91
193
13
27
58
106
197
14
23
49
93
36
201
15
17
41
79
66
203
16
17
18
19
20
21
13
9
6
3
1.5
0
34
27
23
17
13
9
68
58
49
41
34
27
0
91
6 106
36
93
66
79
91
68
106
58
= 5
1
2
3
4
0
6
206
206
207
206
207
206
S
- S S ) 3( )(4
S S S - S )(5
t
) 4 1 (S S )(6
3 t2
153
t hr
4 hr
S - S
3 hr
(S S) 4
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0
6
36
66
91
106
93
79
68
58
49
41
34
27
23
17
13
9
6
3
1.5
0
0
6
36
66
91
112
129
145
159
170
178
186
193
197
201
203
206
206
207
206
207
206
1
2
3
0
6
36
66
91
112
129
145
159
170
178
186
193
197
201
203
206
206
207
154
0
6
36
66
85
76
63
54
47
41
33
27
23
19
15
10
9
5
4
0
1
1-
0
8
48
88
113
101
84
72
63
55
44
36
31
25.3
20
13.3
12
6.6
5.3
0
1.3
-
3-6
t1 t2 t2 .t1
.1
t1 )
t1(.
.2
t1 )
2t1
1(.
.3
2t1 2 ) 2
(9- 6
5
) t(
10
) t(
9-6
155
) ( .
.
Tg Tg
.10-6
Pe
) t(
S
)Q (m3/sec
Tg
Tg
Tg
10-6
9-6
IUH Instantaneous
IUH
) u(o, t ) .u(t
. .11-6
St
St - T
dS
dt
t
11-6
(1 T t
S t T .9-6
U(T, t ) = t S t S t T
T
6-9
156
) = u(T, t T t
T dt
.10-6
dS t
dt
= ) u (0
6-10
dS t
dt
.t

.
10-6
Synthetic UH
:
Lag time .
: .

.
Synder Lag basin
)( .11-6
t p = C t Ll ca 0.3
6-11
:
= tp )(
= Ct 1.8 2.2 ) 1.4
1.7(
= L
= lca
) ( .12-6
Cp A
tp
= qp
6-12
:
= qp
= A
360 = cp 440 qp
= 0.15 0.19 qp 1.
.13-6
tp
24
T = 3+3
36-1
157
:
= T )(
= tp )(
tr .14-6
6-14
tr = 0.18 tp
:
= tr ) (
tR .15-6
t tr
= tp + R
4
R
tp
= t p
R
6-15
tR
158
Flood Routing
1-7

. " " . .
.
}.{38

} .{1929 )(
. Inundated Area
. ) ( .

)( ) ( .
. Flood routing
.
}{9
2-7
:
.
.
.
. .
prism storage ) wedge
.(1-7
B
1-7
159
3-7
:
(
Invariable Discharge-Storage Relationship
Puls
} .{19 :1-7
- = 1-7
I D = S
t
7-2
:
= I .
S
t
= D .
= . t Routing Period
} .{19
.
3.-7
7-3
0.5 (I1 + I2)t 0.5 (D1 + D2)t = S2 S1
.

. 2-6
4.-7
0.5 (I1 + I2)t + S1 0.5 D1t = S2 + 0.5D2t
7-4
)( Routing ) (S2 + 0.5D2t

D2 D2) . ( S2 + 0.5D2 1-6
.
S - 0.5Dt
S
S + 0.5Dt
S - 0.5Dt, S + 0.5Dts
2-7
2-7 S 0.5 Dt S + 0.5 Dt

.Dt
1 2 1 .2
160

)(2
)( 3
)( 4
)( 5
)( 6
)( 1
(I1+I2)/2
S 0.5 Dt
S+ 0.5 Dt
x1
y1
+ 3 5
x2
(x1+x2)/2
y2
x3
)(
y3
(I1+I2)/2 .3
S 0.5 Dt S1 0.5 D1t D1 .
S2 + 0.5 D2 t
.
S+ 0.5 D t D2 .S2 + 0.5D2t
S1 0.5 D1t S2 0.5 D2t D2 S2 + 0.5D2t

S 0.5 Dt .D2
D3 3 .
( Coefficient Method
.5-7
7-5
)S2 S1 = k (D2 D1
4-7 6.-7
)0.5 (I1 + I2) t 0.5 (D1 + D2) t = k (D2 - D1
7-6
)D2 = D1 + C (I1 - D1) + 0.5C (I2 - I1
7-7
:
7-8
t
k + 0.5t
=C
= k = .
(
: . :
(1- Muskingum
.9-7
7-9
]S = K[XI + (1 - X)D
:
= S ) ( 3
= K = )( = .
= X ) ( . 0.5
= I ) / 3 (
= D ) / 3 (
K. X
161
I
kx(I-
)D
D
= kD
3-7
9-7 .10-6
7-10
])S2 S1 = k [X(I2 I1) + (1 X)(D2 D1
9-7 10-7 .11-7

7-11
D2 = CoI2 +C1I1 +C2D1
:
t 2kX
2k (1 X ) + t
t + 2kX
= C1
2k (1 X ) + t
7-12
= Co
7-13
2k (1 X ) t
2k (1 X ) + t
7-14
11-7 .15-7
C 'o
'C1
'
I1 D1 + C17-15
I 2 I1
= C2
D 2 = D 1 + C 'o
7-16
t
k (1 X ) + 0.5t
7-17
0.5t kX
'
= C
1 k (1 X ) + 0.5t
'
= Co
k X.
k .X
.
.
. t
2kX .Co
X . X

.k
162
(2-
The working value method

I .D
I
O
D
4-7
4-7 .O ) kx(I D
) k(O D 19-7
7-19
O = XI + (I X) D
1 2 19-7 20-7
)
)
D1 = O1 X I1 O1
1 X
D2 = O2 X I2 O2
1 X
7-20
7-21
2-7 22-7
7-22 S 2 S1 = 1 t 1 I1 + I 2 1 t 1 O1 + O 2
2 1 X
2 1 X
S1 (1 X ) + 1 t I1 + I 2 1 tO1 = S 2 (1 X ) + 1 tO 2
2
2
2
7-23
S1 (1 X ) + 1 tO1 = R 1
2
S 2 (1 X ) + 1 tO 2 = R 2
2
1
R 2 = R 1 + t I1 + I 2 tO1
2
7-24
7-25
7-26
R1 R2 . 19-7 8-7
27-7
6-27
S = KO
1 2 28-7.29-7
7-28
7-29
S1 = K1O1
S2 = K2O2
k .X k
k1 = k2 = k
k k1 k2 .
163
I1 I2 D1
O1 S1R1
R2 O2 D2 k2 D2
D2 . D2 .

.
(3-
Lag method
.
.
successive average lag method .progressive average lag method
) (1
Successive Average Method
:
) (
1 2 ) 1 (I1 + I 2
2
2
.

.
.
.
) (2
The Progressive Average lag Method

.
.

.
.
.travel time
Graphical Methods

) (1- ) (
Simplified Muskingum Method
X = 0
ds = k dD
dt
dt
7-30
1-7 30-7 .31-7
164
I D = dD
k
dt
7-31
.
.5-7

I-D
5-7

k
.D ) k
ds
dD
(D k .
t .
.k k
k D.
) (2-
Working-Value method
R . 1
t
) (R - O O :
27-3
O = IX + (1 X) D
37-3
S = KO
347R = S(1 X ) + 1 tO
2
165

1-8
1-1-8
(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
: .
(8
(9
(10
(11
(12
(13
(14
(15
e :
. .
(16
(17
(18
(19
(20

(21

(22
(23
(24

166
(25

(26
(27
(28
(29
(30
(30 .
(31
(32
(33
(34
(35 :
.
(36
(37
(38 :
(39
(40
(41
(42 : .
(43 :
.
(44
(45 .
(46
(47 .
(48 .
(49 : .
(50
167
2-1-8
(1 4 10
2.4 3/ . .
(2 25.3 .%75
.
28 .%70
(3
3000 15.54 .
1300 . .
.
(4
(4
)(
312
454
443
304
386
)(
333
391
362
)( .
(5
)() () (
)( 16.9 18.5 23.5 17.8 .

. 23.5 :18.3
30.5 36.5 )() () () ( .
.
168
(6
.
.
)(

)(2
52
21.8
33
43.6
28
19.6
55
54.5
10.9
36
28.3
43.6 )(.
(8
900
)(

)(2
1.0
2.25
3.0
4.05
2.35
4.5
7.5
6.75
9
171
162
171
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
.
(9
27
135
117
108
:
)(
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
) (
10
20
90
100
50
20
169
(7
(8
)(
) ( A
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
12.1
41.5
51.9
66.6
13.8
21.6
)( .
) (1) (2) (3 23 49 34 .
)( ) (1) (2) (3 610 802 689 542
. .

4
3
2
1
250
1060
1155
1270

(9
740
770
850
.
(10
115
:
)(
)/(
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
18
20
30
15
10
8
4
61.
(7
55 .
)(
80
66
12
27
( 19.
( 19 ) . (0.9 = k
170
(15 5.5 .
:
)(
6.5
4
6
5.5
3.5
( 18.
(
18 ) . .(0.92 = k
(16
20 2
23 17 1.5
.
(17 590 .
80 . 1
0.4/ 1.3 .

15 . .
(18
8000 .
:
) (
7
21
15
14
10
14
26
32
171
(7
44
20
.:
( .
( .
(8
30
20 3/ . 2.4
380.
(9
30 15 .
40 90 1.3 0.7
3000 . .
172
2-8
(1) Raudkivi, A. J., Hydrology - an Advanced Introduction to Hydrological Processes and
Modeling, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979.
(2) Linsely, R. K.; Kohler, M. A. and Paulhus, J. L. H., Applied
Hydrology, Tata McGraw-Hill
Pub. Co., New Delhi, 1983.
.1995 ( 3)
) ( 4)
. (
( 5)
.1986
(6) Rowe, D. R. and Abdel-Magid, I. M., Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, CRC
Press\Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 1995.
(7) Raju, B. S., Water Supply and Wastewater Engineering, Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Co.
ltd., New Delhi, 1995
(8) Wisler, C. O. and Brater, E. F., Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2nd Ed., 1959.
(9) Wilson, E. M., Engineering Hydrology, 4th Ed., Macmillan Education, London, 1990.
(10) Hammer, M. J. and MacKichan, K. A., Hydrology and Quality of Water Resources, John Wiley
and sons, New York, 1981.
(11) Wilson, E. M., Engineering Hydrology, 3rd Ed., Macmillan Education, Hong Kong, 1987.
( 12)
.1995
(13) Paisson, M. L., The Water Cycle with Emphasis on Recycling, Seminar held at the College
of Engineering, Civil Eng. Dept., Sultan Qaboos University on 4th March 1996, Muscat,
Sultanate of Oman.
(14) DePaz, M., The Properties and Structure of Water, International Center of Hydrology,
Padova University, 1972.
(15) Fried, J. J., Groundwater Pollution, Padova University, Instituto di Idrauliga, 1977.
(16) Serra, L., Precipitation, Padova, International Center for hydrology Dino Tonini, 1977.
(17) Viessman, W., Lewis G. L. and Knapp, J. W., Introduction to Hydrology, 3rd Edi., Harper and
Row, Publishers, New York, 1989.
(18) Linsely, R. K., Kohler, M. A. and Paulhus, J. L. H., Hydrology for Engineers, McGraw Hill
Book Co., New York, 3rd Ed. 1982.
(19) Ven Te Chow, Ed., Handbook of Applied Hydrology: A Compendium of Water Resources
Technology, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 1964.
( 20)
.1993
(21) Penman, H. L., Natural Evaporation from Open Water, Bare soil and Grass, Proc. Roy. Soc.Ser. A., 1948, 193, 120-145
(22) Monteith, J. L., Evaporation and Environment, Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 19, 1965, 205-234.
(23) Horton, R. E., A Simplified Method of Determining the Constants in the Infiltration
Capacity Equation, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, XXIII, Part II 1942 p. 575 - 577
(24) Ibrahim, A. M., Likely Irrigated Agriculture of 2000 AD, (Unpublished report)
(25) Permanent Joint Technical Commission for Nile waters: Agreement between the republic of
the Sudan and United Arab Republic for the Full Utilization of the Nile waters
(26) Soghayroon El Zein, An approach to water conservation: Projects for reduction of losses in
some tributaries of the Nile, Sudan Energy Society J., No. 21 (1974) 1-16
(27) Payne, B. R., Isotope hydrology, Padova University of Technology, Dino Tonini, 1976
( 28)
.1985
173
) (29
) 1990 (.
) (30 2001
.
) (31 .1987
) (32
.1998 1997
(33) Richard H. McQuen, Hydrologic Analysis and Design. Second edition, New Jersey, 1989.
(34) Shaw E.M., Hydrology in Practice, Cornwall, 1989.
) (35

1998 .
(36) WHO, Water supply, sanitation and hygiene links to health: Facts and figures,
www.who.int/phe, 2001.
) (37

.2001 1
) (38
1994
174
175
1-
) (

)(
10-
9-
8-
7-
6-
5-
4-
3-
2-
1-
0-
0
2.15
2.32
2.51
2.71
2.93
3.16
3.41
3.67
3.97
4.26
4.58
2.3
2.49
2.69
2.91
3.14
3.39
3.64
3.94
4.23
4.55
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
4.58
4.92
5.29
5.68
6.1
6.54
7.01
7.51
8.04
8.61
9.2
9.84
10.52
11.23
11.98
12.78
13.63
14.53
15.46
16.46
17.53
18.65
19.82
21.05
22.27
23.75
25.31
26.74
28.32
30.03
31.82
4.62
4.96
5.33
5.72
6.14
6.58
7.06
7.56
8.1
8.67
9.26
9.9
10.58
11.3
12.06
12.86
13.71
14.62
15.56
16.57
17.64
18.77
19.94
21.19
22.5
23.9
25.45
26.9
28.49
30.2
32
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
2.29
2.47
2.67
2.89
3.11
3.37
3.62
3.91
4.2
4.52
2.27
2.45
2.65
2.86
3.09
3.34
3.59
3.88
4.17
4.49
2.26
2.43
2.63
2.84
3.06
3.32
3.57
3.85
4.14
4.46
2.22
2.4
2.59
2.8
3.01
3.27
3.52
3.79
4.08
4.4
2.21
2.38
2.57
2.77
2.99
3.24
3.49
3.76
4.05
4.36
2.19
2.36
2.55
2.75
2.97
3.22
3.46
3.73
4.03
4.33
2.17
2.34
2.53
2.73
2.95
3.18
3.44
3.7
4
4.29
4.65
5
5.37
5.76
6.18
6.54
7.11
7.61
8.15
8.73
9.33
9.97
10.66
11.38
12.14
12.95
13.8
14.71
15.66
16.68
17.75
18.88
20.06
21.32
22.63
24.03
25.6
27.05
28.66
30.38
32.19
4.69
5.03
5.4
5.8
6.23
6.68
7.16
7.67
8.21
8.78
9.39
10.03
10.72
11.75
12.22
13.03
13.9
14.8
15.76
16.79
17.86
19
20.19
21.45
22.76
24.2
25.74
27.21
28.83
30.56
32.38
4.71
5.07
5.44
5.84
6.27
6.72
7.2
7.72
8.26
8.84
9.46
10.1
10.79
11.53
12.96
13.11
13.99
14.9
15.96
16.9
17.97
19.11
20.31
21.58
22.91
24.35
25.89
27.37
29
30.74
32.57
4.78
5.14
5.53
5.93
6.36
6.82
7.31
7.82
8.37
8.96
9.58
10.24
10.93
11.68
12.46
13.28
14.17
15.09
16.06
17.1
18.2
19.35
20.58
21.84
23.19
24.64
26.18
27.69
29.34
31.1
32.95
4.82
5.18
5.57
5.97
6.4
6.86
7.36
7.88
8.43
9.02
9.65
10.31
11
11.76
12.54
13.37
14.26
15.17
16.16
17.21
18.31
19.46
20.69
21.97
23.31
24.79
26.32
27.85
29.51
31.28
33.14
4.86
5.21
5.6
6.01
6.45
6.91
7.41
7.93
8.48
9.08
9.71
10.38
11.08
11.83
12.62
13.45
14.35
15.27
16.26
17.32
18.43
19.58
20.8
22.1
23.45
24.94
26.46
28
29.68
31.46
33.33
4.89
5.25
5.64
6.06
6.49
6.96
7.46
7.98
8.54
9.14
9.77
10.45
11.15
11.91
12.7
13.54
14.44
15.38
16.36
17.43
18.54
19.7
20.93
22.23
23.6
25.08
26.6
28.16
29.85
31.64
33.52
176
1 -
) (

)(
-10
2.15
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-9
2.32
2.3
2.29
2.27
2.26
2.24
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.17
-8
2.51
2.49
2.47
2.45
2.43
2.41
2.4
2.38
2.36
2.34
-7
2.71
2.69
2.67
2.65
2.63
2.61
2.59
2.57
2.55
2.53
-6
2.93
2.91
2.89
2.86
2.84
2.82
2.8
2.77
2.75
2.73
-5
3.16
3.14
3.11
3.09
3.06
3.04
3.01
2.99
2.97
2.95
-4
3.41
3.39
3.37
3.34
3.32
3.29
3.27
3.24
3.22
3.18
-3
3.67
3.64
3.62
3.59
3.57
3.54
3.52
3.49
3.46
3.44
-2
3.97
3.94
3.91
3.88
3.85
3.82
3.79
3.76
3.73
3.7
-1
4.26
4.23
4.2
4.17
4.14
4.11
4.08
4.05
4.03
4.58
4.55
4.52
4.49
4.46
4.43
4.4
4.36
4.33
4.29
4.58
4.62
4.65
4.69
4.71
4.75
4.78
4.82
4.86
4.89
4.92
4.96
5.03
5.07
5.11
5.14
5.18
5.21
5.25
5.29
5.33
5.37
5.4
5.44
5.48
5.53
5.57
5.6
5.64
5.68
5.72
5.76
5.8
5.84
5.89
5.93
5.97
6.01
6.06
6.1
6.14
6.18
6.23
6.27
6.31
6.36
6.4
6.45
6.49
6.54
6.58
6.54
6.68
6.72
6.77
6.82
6.86
6.91
6.96
7.01
7.06
7.11
7.16
7.2
7.25
7.31
7.36
7.41
7.46
7.51
7.56
7.61
7.67
7.72
7.77
7.82
7.88
7.93
7.98
8.04
8.1
8.15
8.21
8.26
8.32
8.37
8.43
8.48
8.54
8.61
8.67
8.73
8.78
8.84
8.9
8.96
9.02
9.08
9.14
10
9.2
9.26
9.33
9.39
9.46
9.52
9.58
9.65
9.71
9.77
11
9.84
9.9
9.97
10.03
10.1
10.17
10.24
10.31
10.38
10.45
12
10.52
10.58
10.66
10.72
10.79
10.86
10.93
11
11.08
11.15
13
11.23
11.3
11.38
11.75
11.53
11.6
11.68
11.76
11.83
11.91
14
11.98
12.06
12.14
12.22
12.96
12.38
12.46
12.54
12.62
12.7
15
12.78
12.86
12.95
13.03
13.11
13.2
13.28
13.37
13.45
13.54
16
13.63
13.71
13.8
13.9
13.99
14.08
14.17
14.26
14.35
14.44
17
14.53
14.62
14.71
14.8
14.9
14.99
15.09
15.17
15.27
15.38
18
15.46
15.56
15.66
15.76
15.96
15.96
16.06
16.16
16.26
16.36
19
16.46
16.57
16.68
16.79
16.9
17
17.1
17.21
17.32
17.43
20
17.53
17.64
17.75
17.86
17.97
18.08
18.2
18.31
18.43
18.54
21
18.65
18.77
18.88
19
19.11
19.23
19.35
19.46
19.58
19.7
22
19.82
19.94
20.06
20.19
20.31
20.43
20.58
20.69
20.8
20.93
23
21.05
21.19
21.32
21.45
21.58
21.71
21.84
21.97
22.1
22.23
24
22.27
22.5
22.63
22.76
22.91
23.05
23.19
23.31
23.45
23.6
25
23.75
23.9
24.03
24.2
24.35
24.49
24.64
24.79
24.94
25.08
26
25.31
25.45
25.6
25.74
25.89
26.03
26.18
26.32
26.46
26.6
27
26.74
26.9
27.05
27.21
27.37
27.53
27.69
27.85
28
28.16
28
28.32
28.49
28.66
28.83
29
29.17
29.34
29.51
29.68
29.85
29
30.03
30.2
30.38
30.56
30.74
30.92
31.1
31.28
31.46
31.64
30
31.82
32
32.19
32.38
32.57
32.76
32.95
33.14
33.33
33.52
177
178

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1

-13.1 = zo 3.1 = uo : 3.3 = u 5 = z

Humidity, Relative humidity, & Dew point:

12 = 1000 = 5 10 = 5 10/2 = 1.36

Reclaimed and Treated water and

} .{17 Non-frontal Stationary front

) :Non-recording gauges (pluviometers

) ( ) :Recording gauges (Pluviographers

:Interpolation of rain fall records

-1 84 = Pb : 69 = Pc 52 = Pd 868 = Na 349 = Nb 605 = Nc

Aerial Distribution of rainfall

93.3 = 6 (107 + 181 + 121 + 87 + 74 + 62) = Pav.

= )= 100 (10107 + 33118 + 18112 + 2087 + 1174 + 862

= "2.61 = 626 1634

Evaporation and Transpiration

) ( ) Water Budget Approach (Storage Equation

)Eo = 0.291 A-0.05 u2 (es e

: Energy Budget Method

)EVa = C(es - e)f(u

)EVa = 0.345(ew - e)(1 + 0.25 u6

: = 0.6 20 = t 2.5 = u2 0.7 = h / -1 = D n

) (2- 20 = t 0.4 = D 2.3- = E1/

20 = t 0.7 = h 0.4 = D n 1.3 = E3 :/

20 = t 0.7 = h 2.5 = u2/ 1.1 = E4 :/

5 = A : 6 105 = 2 10.3 = u2 2 / = )= (6060) (100010.3

2.86/ 19.3 = 1.36 14.2 = es 15 = 1.36 11 = e = 15 19.3 = d

23.8 = tw ew 0.485 = = 22.1 = = 25.4 22.1

E = 15(1.155 0.778)1 + 4.7 = 8.3 in = 211 mm

)S = dS/dt = A.d = 9xd, Ep = Epx12/(30x9

-1 2.8 = Fc : 9.8 = fo / 0.55 = fc / 30 = t .

f = fc + (fo - fc) e -kft

Type Hydrograph Analysis

It =I0kt 1 = t .It =I0k :

I12 =119(0.92) = 85.3 mm

I12 =42(0.92) = 1.7 mm

Aeration zone, zone of suspended water,

Ground water exploration

7-3 x 8-3 .9-3

0.3 = k/ = 7.2 = 240.3

h2 = - Nx2/k + 0.146x + 265.7

dh2/dx = 2h(dh/dx) = -2Nx/k + 0.146

(euesta springs ) (Barrier springs ).(Desert springs

2- :Gravity contact spring

250 380 100 .

) :Cable tool wells (Percussion drilled wells

* ;;;; ;;;; ;;;; ;;;; ;;;;

;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;

(S) draw down )(

22-3 23-3 24-3

26-3 ) Theims equation (

r2 = 1 1500 = 750m , k = 15m/d H = 15m, r1 = 0.3 m

m/s R = 350 m h0 = 12 m r0 = 30/2 = 15 cm = 0.15 m

zero draw down

2100 = Q / = 2.1/3 = 3024/3

u xbyt v ybxt = Shxy

54-3 56-3 Thies

gal/day = 0.134 ft3/day

S1 = 5.74 19.95 = 114.5 ft = 164.5 ft

uhyt uhyt u h xyt h u xyt u h xxyt

vhxt vhxt v h yxt h v yxt v h yyxt

Modified non-equilibrium formula

) (S & T Formation constants

)Jacob method (Modified Theis Method

Well flow near aquifer boundaries