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Ficks Law 12
Ficks Law 12
Copyright Theresa Julia Zielinski, 2006. All rights reserved. You are welcome to use this
document in your own classes but commercial use is not allowed without the permission of the
author.
Goal: To provide the user with the opportunity to explore some of the basic diffusion concepts via mathematical
models.
Objectives:
Explain the diffusion process using molecular concepts.
Derive Fick's Second Law using a simple one dimensional model.
Sketch plots of diffusion from a thin concentrated segment of solution out into pure solvent as a
function of time and dustance from the starting point of the diffusion process.
Describe how changing the diffusion coefficient affects the plots drawn in the previous bullet.
Relate several examples of how Fick's laws apply to cellular processes.
Explain the meaning of 'diffusion controlled' when used to describe biochemical reactions.
Compute the concentration of solute at any time and distance in the solution relative to the
sourse of the solute at time t=0s.
Use units effectively in preparing plots and in calculations of diffusion conditions.
Introduction
Diffusion is the process where by a solute moves from a region of high concentration to one of low
concentration. The flow of solute is called the flux, J. This flow is examined using a plane in the solution that is
perpendicular to the flow of solute. In the schematic shown here the flux, J, will be toward the right.
high concentration
low concentration
dx
x
Fick's First Law of Diffusion sums up this process in the following mathematical expression.
d c
dx
J = D
Equation 1
where dc/dx is the concentration gradient per unit length and D is the diffusion constant. Note the negative sign
in this expression.
Remember that while J is predominantly from left to right in this image there is flow from right to left. Diffusion
occurs in both directions. The flow to the right in this case is greater than that to the left.
The central region in our diagram experiences the following change. Material flows in from the left side and
flows out from the right side. The net change as a function of time is
c 1
J
= [ J ( x) J ( x + dx) ] =
t dx
x
Using Fick's First Law we obtain Fick's Second Law of diffusion.
c c
= D
t x x
Equation 2
c
2c
=D 2
t
x
or
Equation 3
Exercise 1. Given Fick's First and Second Laws, determine the proper units for D.
0
x
Here a sample is placed at the origin at time zero. What would be the concentration of the sample as
a function of x and t?
For this example of diffusion we can write the solution to Fick's Second Law as
x2
c( x , t ) =
exp
4 D t
t
A
Equation 4
A := 10
c( x , t ) :=
D := 50
A
t
exp
x := 10 , 9.9 .. 10
4 D t
100
c( x , .01) 50
10
10
Exercise 5. The parameter A is given by the following expression. Use this expression to examine
the diffusion plots with this more precise definition of A. How does the diffusion depend on c 0 ? How
does the diffusion depend on the width of the solute containing layer?
A=
c0 x
2 D
1 1
c( x, t ) = c0
x
4 Dt
2
e y dy
c/c0
-1
c0 := 1.0
5 cm
D := 2.5 10
xmax := 10 mm
t := 15 min
s
xinc := .1 mm
x := xmax , xmax + xinc .. xmax
1
1
c( x , t , D) := c0
x
4 D t
( 2) d y
exp y
X=0
+1
c( x , t , D )0.5
10
10
x
mm
One can find the value of c at any distance along the x axis and at any time by typing the following.
c( 1 cm , 15 hr , D) = 0.271
Exercise 7. Add several more curves to the plot above by specifying specific times (include units). How
does the concentration profile as shown in the plot change as the time increases?
Exercise 8. Tabulate the concentration at 1cm as a function of time. Discuss the trend you observe in the
data.
Exercise 9. Vary the value of D and explain how the curves in the figure above change. The current
value of D used at first is one that is typical for small molecules in noviscous solvent. The values for
biomolecules run in the range of 6*10^-8 to 1*10^-6 or so. Given this information explore the time
for a biomolecule to diffuse across a cell if the cell plasma is nonviscous. How would a viscous cell
plasma alter your conclusion. (Hint: Be careful with units.)