seem en s2071 SIALL Jovoneang Vv 39D ‘HD Jeutod "Wd ONISSHIOUd STVIYALVW ur VNAWONGAHd LYOdSNVYA WIALY wal ary 2 yk660.24 F674 PREFACE Aion of Tw Minna Mes Matas Soy ‘Bocemamels Be rete Pi 6 Ganeme Transport Phenomena in Metallurgy was published more than twenty years ago. The need “hence a Mate upton este ‘Pipes nd ee ft doe oie foe yousrsinetedin purhaingacopyotihisbockorifyou woul iSeries toe lta TS pobienton clog plese wep ‘aoe? 22232933299%"eq sma pest anny dood spo om iro ep BLAU, eek Wi SReROM WepHON sem “BUERRNApUN IND UH KRMSBIIS oF paedined ayy My Injara® free ame 94 -suouures ugoid pr ial si oq BulA0Nduy Jo sem popiaard pu sods [ax outs (euomeinduco faru mo panied fay, “wopooweD ‘sey ed WOH gC 1 20009 poe 28190 "HL wopi05 soured "a Plata, 4661 Kronugeg F funanaco Zuoser par sats seat xp oR Bopsond sess Jo modus none BaD SHON PUR eBURDOL] one ‘sessgooud sjeusteu s30u18U 01 sem 19109 seausu 3 “erWe . wou 212008 sno sexo 9 shun 15 “LITHO BAoD HOW pes mo A ‘Suryo08 wr aanoe Apeasye ane oy asoxp on jes 29 tlm 4009 ain We 2doy 20 uy anaes yuan oxy adn pe rer eer ares atesteseeeE SINSWDGTTMONAOV peronep ‘usueut Jo seruodoud pur airusnas 9) usemieg séiyeveretas vouCONTENTS PART 1° FLUID DYNAMICS Chapter 1 Viscous Properties of Fluids 1.1 Types of fluid flow . 41.2 Neweonian fuids =. Bosee 115 NomNewtonian fuids - Chapter 2 Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation ilae 46 30 156 Le 16 in : : SES ai hn pan eeacargnd sees ST 2 34 Flow trough porous media oe 0 35 Fhidized beds . . waa plana gana 33923323033, 7"poua srotod yBnona woqsnyi + sao pedicuces 5 Et 88399 saysueay, soeyy aseqdionmy zy aadey ALHOMSNVALL SSVI Lava ‘worsen rearae ‘ae my 2240 uonssaog paato} ERTL thm aq tt wonssques pBDI0y im, Soups om 1 Vanes ie woonpao watse spros waredsven wy uone 09 [EOL $9 puoo Jeu. "9 eae sae Jo Aiationpuon fea 79 Tes anonpa0s peau pre ae] §,s2uRO 19 STeHeWEHN 20 AyponpuoD TeULOL pue MET s.zaINOI 9 sarder AMOUSNVAL AOWANA TIVE sonmBAEIEYD 2 TT eye WAH VORB TT s=deqD See ee ete aaeeee sis mmo mag yor ee eee eee i pee ioce pro MIA mw aclL $s pou STEN 30 woneSUIPHES OF sardeyD yom Bad ero et & ste 7 : s2amos BuNAOW 9°6 des se su2joid ooops apne 28 OE SL] smut seme ps ‘suoprpuco wwstsueLy 882 foeeee y “smaIEAS WaISUELE 6 wae S57 725 aus oats sepa Eo Ur sossof wons Tp Teese 5757+ wononpucs 195 uoneabs ABiau2 =. Te ‘81009 Jo wonPAsIEUOD Tp SPHOS UI WH 30 woRNpUOD 6 sade ‘MOLL PIMLE WI suoneONddY soumeg Csoug y soydeyD sum sunPlease insert this corrected page of Contens in your “Transport Phenarena in Materials Processing” volume. 13.6. Formation of surface layers -°* Poetic eaot (Chapter 14 Mass Transfer in Fluld Systems 14.9 Mass transfer in chemical vapor deposition = 22020 2.0020222537 (Chapter 15” Interphase Mass Transfer 15.1. Two-resistnce mass transfer tory eevee eee 387 15.2 Mixed commol in gas-solid reactions (2200222002222. 2 350 15.3 Mass transfer with vaporization oo. eee 860 (Chapter 16 Numerical Methods and Models 36.1 Fake ctecnoespprotnation 162 Turtle fow 392222979, cP aoe re ered ner ee ee err eee(0961 “HOA MAN." eueuouang vodsuouy‘oRNYT “Na pUR BRATS “a“M PE “Ge 21 bur spiny 30 ou out Smesaudeo pox Sree Jo sues anil potuenboy Swoa5y, © wepees 2 Jo} Ansscow a anenom ypigK s2\duex> sas Om Te aoe seq vwesodu 5 sxe ny Jo fuposspan ue ‘se 0/po8 23g Jo ajaven amaaxie oF ma, “onadea ae 204 seesoond nodszen sxe pow aay on pra Anew Oe sp Jo vaetoa LL “spn fommeo pus avin ob om arousdinbo jo sopmusivemn9 pox spiny jo sopradoud a Jo ga maBiany 2yew oF ge apa ‘sandy Fovaotoy om ut paasaad se squ prag Jo semsaurpATy an peessspat inogs ox spies wo wed, we aq 02 pannbat ou Ajrensn sj 32001909 syetsneUr ot UBMOXHTE Pie “saqiour 20 xgod ato 1 spy sta ep Busco SEO OH. “MSM! pany ‘onpord o1 warn azytnn pus aryndarear ceo am Yoru Aq spoupous a pure “suo pueD snares 79PEN ZO\AEIOq sem “sapadoxd opsuaaY aN “spiny KBE sep Ix SI Jo wed 1 2g SOINVNAC GIN TI ese NO LuVd1 VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS LA TYPES OF FLUID FLOW When fluids move dhrough a system, either ove of two different types of fuid flow may 1 Laminar flow. and accompanied by fluctuation in velocity. ‘This pe of fn srt in Figs 2, fn whch prt) shows he ere pth of 2 single 13293292999‘02 0 oH oy soy 1 Se ff *A00}86 BuEEaISeP 70 UoHoaNp 2p ‘SF SoU LrmauOW TER Uy ‘ys way 30} wonwanuo> paadasoe AeIDua8 an S010} SHU, "anpysod “ soyeur uate spa om Bau pap “ose SOY “UORDa31p-Kaanisod 9Ke| Jamo MN wo paLaysteN st umEaWON deg 208 sin sogat (ZT) “ba wus sno 94], -(UORD=HNP-3) pargpesuoD Bizaq TuBvOdioa ‘Ayporea ag pur (0) wodsuen wnaout Jo vonsenp SN of Jajel “2 Jo sduosqne ty cD st passaadra 24 eur pny Jo sr0Ke] una OM Sue usamtag "e ssans ses = pee Apap woIpER Aifojon wurisuoo omy stenbo ROWS 4A “TeauH aMyord AyDo|aA a Ua “=IES Apeore YY “sean {0505 1054 (Vig) eae un od 2a10y 39 poe “reags sind s1 poquosop se mais 2510) ‘ond yorezed waowaag pny Jo.moy seu yy “By a a ven 1 feconintt syeag “SRC om Se pineaie 5am Fo S]S0}4 mEINg pu UALR Jo BONGO aAHEHTEND "4 Ba —w ~famuomioderd jo wesuco = & pue sawed usomiog 2aUEIP = 4 aq hank wo fask Ae poss} 2103 a ‘mou seuse poe ‘y axe Jo sarerd 404 ‘aes Speans sy “aueid reuopms ax uo past st ‘0105 ssoddo mq renba ue pur ‘pause og ysnax 7 90105 & “A Ausoron oxp iim ono Uw seid soso amp dae on dpzo uy “yxy Ut “poqoeaN st Stes Apeas v paedeye sey um majouyns Jaye POR “wonNeWoW sures piny aq ‘spaooeed aw Sy “AIDO|AN YU Soy amd saddn oun ox uszefpe em opin “4 A30;26 v Muh sano sued ZOMO] aMt OL IISSefpe Pry ‘3p souH ‘sanjasuiogy soma ot se Ausojan aus am aney tla sae ax o1uDDefpe PI 23 tein mou am sououade wor “otez 2am ve A KZA ¥ lA GONOKR wy 1365 200 s9MOp 9 pus Asroopes 5 ad soddn ou, (yt 814) sre youezed ony uassiog Pyne BHopAsUO.) SIN NVINOIMGN 71 ‘ue Senreap voqys “Roy sw2]mqrT 20} ponoyd 5 ApoTon oRoLfesodus a. “MOY WU2}Ng:TY Po secrane] 30} “agra Jo sped an SsO1De AyrojeA JO WONAALAYP a SMOuS ET aml Ploy nw} s2omeqeasip Ssamfnor soups se sory pemiatxe yons 01 Bupuonse Aiea Aur wrsks “4 1oquiks amy wan St yoKy puR “3}20}2n podeianD ou 30 ‘wom yosochuns aon pom som ‘antta weaur StUOS shoge ATAOPUE: SaeRKon PIM 3 tod poxy ¥ 3 Apoojan 9 28 Sovensuowep (q) ured pu feaion! au swos BUND ape6 Viscous Properties of Fluids ‘he period berween¢ = 0, when te lowe plat i st into meson, an large, wea say sit ech cal be mon prod, Ding rant pd fe tionship for 7, ue a aay ‘This empirical relationship is known as Newton's law of viscosiny, and defines the constant ‘of proportionality, n, as the viscosity. "The dimensions of viseosty are found by refering to Eq. (1.3): 1° Ra Units of are: a - = Nem. aro a) {In keeping with the tend to using SI units, the units used in examples will be SI. However, since data are rill availble in ge units and English units, the ability to convert back and forth between systems remains important and some data wil also be presented in units other than SI. Accordingly, the English system yields the following units for»: ‘The centipotse (cP) is probably the most common unit tabulated for viscosity. It equals (001 poise. The viscosity of water °C) is 1cP. Thus the value of the In many problems involving viscosity, divided by is density p. Hence we define “Te Kinematic vicosiy is fonamenal quay, in that it is a measure of moment Tun hema vicoty menue ins wien ees ents axe cmon oh eins cal he ae Example 11 Two parle pas ae 1 mm ape. The lower pate tatlonry and tbe ‘upper plate moves with a velocity of 2 m's!. A stress of 5 Nm? is needed to mainiain he ‘Viscous Properties of Fluids 7 upper plate in* motion. Find the viscosity of the fluid contained between the plates in G@)N sm and (b) cP. ‘Solution. From Eq, (1.1) snd referting to Fig. 1.4, we have FA "Wy 2m wr = 2B he rex FIA is the stress: then SN eee his TTB = 250 x 10° Nem = 25 er. 1.3 VISCOSITY OF GASES For the purpose of explaining momeotum transport in gases, we resort 0 the simplest ‘weatment of the kinetic theory of gases. We utilize the concept of the mean free path, in ‘which the molecules are idealized as billiard balls, and posmlate a hypothetical "ideal" gas possessing the following features: 1, The molecules are hard spheres resembling billird balls, having diameter d and mass m. 2. The molecules exert no forte on one another except when they collide. 3. The collisions are perfecly elastic and obey the classical laws of conservation of momentum and energy. 4. The molecules are uniformly distributed in a concentration of n per unit volume UHroughout the gas. They are in a stats of continuous motion and are separated by ‘distances which are large compared to their diameter. 5. All directions of molecular velocities are equally probable. The speed (magninude of velocity) of & motecule can bave any value between zero and infinity. If we assume thatthe molecules possess a Maxwellian speed distribution, then the average speed V is given by, 7. [2 . saa 39292329099 ~ 4 € u € At selena1661 "BOA nO “1M POF Pew 09 fo omy eROHON “OH “aE PHI "9 “PRN Oe ‘HEN % CEIOT = (ae) abou preps, orp BE cox ores ssamssoid ‘MOI 1 sosef aod Jo Aysaosin xp 205 uonenbo Buymomoy 2m padojsap oxy ZONE ae urd ‘Tennznod sauoy-premzy] oy Sus “zteucrod Baoue aisuosrar4 a Pal 5.9 a+ e umasunm st ABsouapepuoiod ang Safsofou atm Jo vomsed ayy isu "9" “Big oy uMogs se ‘suogesedas Tews ve wossjndse fuons pow szomnap uomeredas of re vonseme sean Sumqnng Pw Ly atm) z 4a) vaasd Kysooet ome (C “ba) Aasoosta jo ae 5,UoLRaN 61 spuodseii09 psa SAL, cern arn arp orp sur om sauvew sep | “240g wou) s8019 1 af Jo uTuNauoUtr xp RunsengRS pu MO} OY Sax> i SIERO mutatourr om Bupoums 4q "axed en Busso wnauowoux jo ae iu ope tae 6 SPILL Jo srodoay sea "re asosent jo sued am pee yond Gsofonseasosons ap waoMng WORE gt a op “€ morea 405 ‘Kuerms ep $e g «fou = ho ‘5 '€ shoge umasomourx 21 am Sem 348 “pop ser Samy gory uw oueyd amp Jo onssioereg> sopfooyaA axsy SomeION MP TIE JE MON, 1 “Bea wt pacadop st “yop “oompes® Ayooyon ep “OND. 3p UL KOS wp nee = yuan ses in" on enbo pens 9 £ SeopoION “uorsHTOo 1861 Sr peur Katy WoxyNs we suKId-K oq mojaq pu aAoqe € aoUEIsIp aSeiaAe WE Jp spsusoemge mrowou Bayes se dere om Buon snot a tod fl 3yh ov au Z fa ‘ont opi avo mos Ca adap sso sqooqou xy tae un sod Koonbay SL ~ouonboy eb u 9p oq wo sued se xn J0 (wop atdecsosoe ot) onou ng * 2oae of sqman}oW Aq possoN Rug 6 YT co Son sa ey ay, 11s2}0u Aupoo sm 3 stoneNan Wop 2x9 Arsaptsioa kg padotoip santa fester artim ssys909 pee BOOT ae SPM Jo song OMAViscous Proper of Figs 11 ° ee 0 ee eee eee 9 aac eeee mmm eee 1c Oe ee een ea ‘Substance “weight, M oh Eley. K T.K__¥,om'/mol 0 Light elements ey 20s ma 0 & ios an cS ee Ne 20.183 “44 o s ed Pa 7 - 2 : i & 3 : 2 . Popa ues : < as 26 i Fie 6 Larue peil in eg e os Me nize Bead iim ie beara. ° B00 mo ba Rt & aor a Bes gaa tere M is te gamle weight iin pies, Ti K, and ois» stractesiic a or 2B BS aavetor ofthe molecule in A (see Fig. 1.6). The quantity Q, isthe collision inegrat of the HS 18.02 001 an maa ‘Chapman-Enskog theory, which isa function ofa dimensionless temperature parameter ns7e. $0, oo 354 430.8, 1222 Jn order to use Eq. (1-14), we need values of o and é/xg; these parameters are known for & a eH nas foe 3 oe hem penn Tae We cn en deerme the & Be io ebm aon inept sng Table 12. s a m3 at ima ‘Kxample 1.2 Compute the viscosity of hydrogen at 1 atm and 1364 K. ‘Note: The Angstrom, A, equals 0.1 nm or 10* cm. "RC. Reid, JM. Pasi, and B. E, Polig, The Properties of Gases ond Liquids, 4th eton, ‘Solution, From Table 1.1, we fod that McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY, 1987, Appendices A and B. eley = 99.70 = 2.827 A. rom Table 1.2, 9, = 0.733. F ‘Fable 12. Values of Dntegral for viseotey and of the viscosity function fee), ‘Substinting appropriate values into Eq. a tegrl for viseoney and of the viscosity function fle, LOBE 1267 x 10° sO = 2.38 x 10+ poise. (Observed viscosity is 2.44 % 10+ poise.) "Using Eq, (1.14) to caleulate 9 requizes know amilable, one may use a modified form of and lrg, When values of @ are not ), as presenied by Bromley and Wilke? 1.0, Mirshfeder, C.F. Cun, and RB. Bud, Molecular Theory of Gases and Liguids, Wiley, New York, 1954 OLR. Bromley and C. R, Wilke, fad. Eng. Chem. 43, 1681 (1951).‘sans o Bunpark Jo Aangndes 40 wdaowoo aay ‘sseyd eatap e aussanda [ps simod Sanjouajaqn ze spenby aemeoeg, Tr amide wy possnasp are {21s ot pounsve a pb gs pemoosseaurjox eax9 mp aio 7 suondme Bp 0 area“ ‘soos ax Jo aouzpuadep ammeiaduey xp Smotpasd oy uroeA 20 Soy Mare smeRoD pry ¥ ye senso yTYA “Coo oy aay “Poon Sad Kinionns op jo sae uy "sapIo suL se|UaIYSP snoust sus MOIR, stoK, “spmbu Jo sensodoud poatssqo amp 405 uoaoe ov ponyasod Uaoq ausy Stony fssnas “soos oy aqmun“Aipides sararsep suomsod SaINDIT 40 ALISODSIA #1 on 1 Asap a Kap Joe $5318 pram Jo kasoans 29 {a0 10N “soonzpueo saton pin apm UR A Lape 2 stoped 2230} os[ou9I ‘same swjoduot o samisoatia 1) sbg_ ‘snes op, E '2 . 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The temperanure dependence of » may then be described by an equation of the form oan [2]. as) where 9 = viscosity, A = constant, T = absolute temperature, K, R = gas constant, and ‘AGI, = activation energy of viscosity. ‘The constant A is the object of much of the theoretical work done on the structure of liquids. "None of the theories to date gives satisfactory equations, based on fundamental peramiters, which can be used to accurately predict values of A. "The closest is Eyring’s Theory, which predicts A according to the equation aa, -- (a9) Vaca mx in which N, = Avogadro's number, 7 = molar volume, and h = Planck's constant. For molecular liguids in which the bonding foree is of a van der Waals type, we cin predict the activation energy of viscosity from the vaporization energy AE ng: AG? & 041 AE... 0.2) Equations (11 20) are not valid for liquid metals, which are not molecular, nor are they val for tbe caine morales, and should not be sed exoept a 4 ast, resort itis surprising that he viscosities of many diverse liquids, in terms of bonding nature in the solid state, are very similar, To ilustrae this point, Table 1.3 lists groups of various rraterials under general ranges of viscosity. The viscosities sed are those ofthe materia in the normal temperature range of interes. ‘naustal Heat Transfer, sixth edtion, Wiley, New York, 1965, ad Handbook of Chemistry and fae a De etna he ; v0 | to any specific model of vement of particles bast ober particles, we can start by- considering the 0140e961 5H0A s2N ‘tHE “vo Suna “H.'f wong) snoge 21@R amp 998 serempi000 eee ney « (1-314 yap asa 40y sereurpi009) spinbs o saprsoon 1 Spm yo spundoay sna, 0} “yoogpuny sixeu8ug josr4a¥e “o¥p) "uur |e sprbir Jo SaEOOHA “Bey Ct ‘Monga sag Kusiorun ‘ypibry fo cay, Toawg y "wD SH po weR Hy “PE ld "weRD ‘7 “POOMAEN'D ov TT 4 pe (ca) pee i ae wp us poe acy “GDI = sa) ot ‘quant 51 demuonetarjeconouny 2 AIS “4A SOENYOA poe qf axMesadunon paonpas 2c Jo Woncony wt yoru “aK Aaysoom paonpar « axe ‘ny wrap Sounauae £4 oe “re, 29 uo wpe Aporon Busod 44 Fou DONOR Feessome ICG stn one “suoye waniog suSeEI eit Jo aBeiae au at voy oRoHdKD gains © BURNED Ke ‘vous 2x Jo Ae 20 somsoosta 2 ‘op swney “2Aoge pauzsaid sues ‘910 dn uaye ase Suyssoaid se spodse apaods auoyy “spinby wou: som jo spusdoay mH, 9al or ig. 19 The vissosiecof liquid mele and tet dependence on telgersie. (From (Chapman, tid) ‘The variables used are: 4 intermi dstnc:in te eowcd era 8 0, A, ‘The parameter 5 is taken asthe interatomic spacing forthe close-packed crystal st 0K. ‘he energy parameters pein he gest iil, ahve ben desired ine flowing "RC. Ling, J. Chem, Pips. 25, 609 (1956). o Viscous Properties of Fide 19 ° o e a a o a oO o Fg, 1.10 Coreton car or vse oid mle (rom Chepman, id) : : ‘able 1.4 Empivcaly determined values of fe (rom Chapman, bi.) 0 oO oO oO oO oO © 4 ‘The fact that, by adjusting an unmeasured parameter, it i possible to correlate all these i n a single curve, might not be taken as significant, except for the fact melting temperature, and an excellent correlation has been observed, leading to the equation = 5207, K. 25 smelting points, this may be used to predict viscosities, as no further data icy of liquid titanium at 2120 K. The following data are M = 47.9 g mol”, p (density) = 4.5 % 10° ke m?, andi 4 16 None95 961 VN "AUC “WPA Benouazes sof Kampoyoounuy "WHEY “A PE S60) Tae ‘ABT @ “sueaE oy aaTOg "4c pe 861) 666 “Le MIOHHE Z “HEARONN TH, ‘961 “dpe ENDNOTE PE, yP 2 wong wy puny 29 ue Kore Are 30) wp Kast -eysoomy vo ony Arar waulqe Suyéore ue Taye a seas oF wmBeIp osm 3 wo posodunadns ane ‘rag ‘wanes Aretg mUOdEN Ue opsostA MN "THT BIg OL “paspous Ainyaneo 99 pANOWS SD (62"1) “bg Boidde v1 0s «sopoduoo pax ammerodun Wpoq Gua Art o1 puny seu rates 2 "uals N-TY 9M 30} II YY "ep opuREApomy BouDEA ven) moe. pene ‘Apres 29 vouse> oF soumjon aun pa Satsujaco Kyanoe sanbos (6z'1) by J 98 UE, als fae ‘Aled’ + isle = "6 pu Ape somes vet “10 4 sdoqpe a Jo aumjon sejont on 1 vorenbo aanorpadd s,psmeony, “amenns stem on shor Area Jo Kys0o9: ap ates o} EpOU © yUOS Td RTM alg Todas ot ‘80a 001 St nq “AusoasA so O ornbo reoRojoumOUNNE F aN yun pre {YoU "wesBep oseyd etn ov pater sumone Jo sUoReATNT wl auos 29 Mew use YARONRTE ‘Paranop 2 pinoRs wonsodwwoo op wadsar iam SoMISoONA moRUNUCSSIP MOU Tap ECL ‘Aagmios ps Jo sy pur sonnea on BcrPUOdsatIo> suonsodwon ve SaBNEyD KOA snojemaue mogs ssumawos stoi pinbiy Area 30 KsooH. an HOM PTE | OY aK “fueve = Tov (a pre us a1 9 "e684 sts Joy pu “ paispnod ‘su Jo {nfs sndenbe ue st JO1eHoq need rgfong Rupaigre pny « Jo aidurexs uy *s spaooxa seams mays a Uae AO, ag Pe um so] 5 sams 2s a atm ps SIN prey 249 “som JOO UE “AOL eT OF a A) a eR) aba Ss urge PP Ym ‘30 ‘onary « st 4" yom amp ate spiny teRouRay od ‘ory seKR0 om GQ “Ast oxIMD tequonney 29 J0 aos ayn 9 Jo weopoadapay 5 7" ye np snolago om SuTenecoNeP “sping, uemwounan 30} ponotd osie 5} ayes trensssans Jo samo ayy “(OIRE Ape Te ép7'ap-symbo 4) 4 crens 0 ars a season panotd sy Seas eh aay “BET Bi OL arussoudassusomed eovaryog 29 Jo 200 moo} Spy weRUoNADN-BoU Jo Joqu oBse, vo spites Jo soyanyoq urens-ssans auseya pUE puEY 2u0 249 UO spINby pu FoFES HETUCLNON, Supa ae ‘spinby ‘sore Jo soraryoq jequeyoou ay soesedwnoous AZO[CorR, “ABojonys se umowy 9002195 30 auydsip 438: 30 Med 5 MOY UETUOLRAN, J0 Kf ‘avout se yons sooumagns =pmisuy pus sp aqua afr © Jo ZoIARUEQ 2p 2q12K9p 100 s90p “spon uoquosnay pow2y axe—op spiny sow pue—seoUeW sO suouiSjoduou areyd-a(Sups ye 2) pu Sse 30) ann poacid 0p uaIpEAB. KID} ‘ap snsran ponoyd “Ms srans mays omy (—°T “ba ANORsA Jo st] 8,UoUNeN oD BuIpIO23y SIN NVINOLMAN-NON St m9 WOH aes SHOU] REVO HARA TTL 6 som ye sapiadong soos, : (2961 0k mn em 04s \ Yoram noon setts 3 ane he ta st ou Lyon, Ff o/, los 2 Pee Ky PR = ett ee fooe oor WE Gor BAS oos BoE FOF Ofd ‘O'S-Odd women GSS ae eae oT) FT ae, SURE Jo spundeag eon, 92Sein a7 Fig. 1.18 Stree-staia rte curves fr time-independent Aids Hier, k is a measure of the Muid's consistency, and m is a measure of the id's departure from Newtonian behavior. For 2 = 1, Eq. (1.32) reduces to Newton's law of viscosity with kena. For < 1, the behavior is pseudoplastic, whereas ifn > 1 itis dilatant, Aqueous fuspetsioas of clay, lime, and cement rock are examples of various fuids described by the. power law. ‘Since the Ostwald power law is the simplest model to describe distant and pseudopastic RB. Bird, Cam. J. of Chom. Eng. 3, 161 (Aug. 1965). ‘Viscous Properties of Fide 31 Sr e TS Fig 119 Rec effet in viscosa id Fluid on the et i # GNF; tat onthe ight fs viscoelastic Md tap he te te amy rem don mus Ot, a Tae ie arse backward, It does tot, bowever, ret 10 is original poston, reeling ony NEA) = STV. 3322393393393"= MHL . TAL See ar lor an a) = Ww {0d J0 aatBop 2m pow 1y8}an “ba Jo asn axeur ues aq “woKmos fom # g0°90r = Jou 9 2MMOTED ANY 94 08 OP OL, “BT AIEL ose WeROMON sy ORE tO 31 20 301, JOU! # 01 30 (7) eam spo sfesaNe ue sey aERIGRAOG 9 dU 1a ae cue we sec 5-05 sz eae ores sit ast srst aus sa}peng - 08 reoetknatiog uc ter am ooegauytnotieg eco cots ome arene we ue amomyigoasiog me exoingonciod FEF EPD- or EEO wet pa SIA es ays on FunBunyo uo sypurZuusped Jo Aysoosia uf aSunyo wediad ap sun OTT {Buypd09 aor Jo 1seq a1 Wo synsas mK UEIExD nok ur) sawas8 S| UPRIMA 3 OOO J SET PUR 1OFT Jo sonIsoasl. 3p aIUNEG. ST"T 9 Joj aorgesaduia won smen See oa ETT 23050 (Rens LU “88 8 OOK 11 OOS 1 fat 8 N07 Aso vey “UD Pa or Ausprooce arveodun ym sea sees eo fisoona ayy rep SUR TL x ELL 1 Be FOFTY 357m OF ‘ORD 9-18 06 ota an amuse ‘porau Ang Rus. "worsado Sussaand mn oy sda we “Aysoosta se qons “Bus mn jo soquodond urmiao arate) “sm, ‘wopeiado Busted op way panos are santas aoe “aueapeas se yons‘suoneado Bussooid pa foe, Ce 2 ELELW fort on 30 dasoasia am syeumso ‘woueuuoyey si Busf, “a2 9 30 frsooe ote sures sua 3 Ezzr 1 put g> J0 ysoosiaw sry 2 oy-nD Jo Youd oy, ‘sommstp oquomsonn ur 4 1, “Susuep four 30 GOA W ELCz We Axon Hy sewn 991 a feisdao ut 84 OSBE “Mt C6z 18 Ausuap ty, Oss “mod Supp Stam a ep Rao) SUE 0262 soem wore flow eso sooner uafomm-suegow Jo fasoonn smog “aus KOT Sa 3° Aisa om pun ‘SOE A G1 x 9% HCHO) sue JO KasSaSn aah eG ae ae FMD mpaaTeag ROTA oe ~3 2 erect esereeeeeees Cees eee a LAMINAR FLOW AND THE MOMENTUM EQUATION In discussing Newtoa’s law of viscosity, we have described fluid motion as flowing parallel layers which, because of viscosity, establish a velocity gradient dependent upon the shear foess applied to the fluid, This velocity gradient has been regarded as a potential or # *eason® for momentum transport from Layer to layer. this chapter, we cal first derive simple differential equations of momentum for special cases of flow, for example, flow ofa falig film, flow between two parallel platrs, and flow rough tubes. To make it possible for the student to participate in developing complex formulas, these derivations make use of the concept of a momentum balance and the 2.1. MOMENTUM BALANCE” 'A momentum balance is applied to a small control volume of fluid 10 develop a diferental ‘when their solutions comply with the physical rie relationships which can be used £0 system, The solutions give the velocity ding the shear stress atthe fuid-solid ‘Chapter 3, the shear sess at the Nuid-sotid ofthe development in Sections 2,1-2.6 are simular those found in Chapters 2-3 ‘Slower snd E. N.Ligtfoo, Transpart Phenomena, Wiley. New York, 1960. 9322993933399o ‘9 + g morte = roik oy parexfonm st aonenbs seu - “g s09 86 =» oo ep ‘mersts sno 01 mound uorenba fepuata|sp axp padoyenap snk 268 ov x 01 reas arm “2 J0 anmentap ry aM JO UOLap agi pazTuSocal MOU AA 22% 2 co “9 s00 80 = 7 a 7 - Atorugur 9 08 pomsorre st xy 31 “paR xVM £9 pOpLAIP mou 20 jes su une pe pan 2 “lo}su, Jo Mopaadepay Sn aan pee 49 Ss5p a 2} Jou Soop gam ame pou gn Jo wed yn ck PSSA are Sim SNE dD F809 Sere $ Tee ~~ "Neoeva T= PT 238 96 “oumag mnnoMOM oH Pasa are I oF TE OAR, “zaiy pasa? © ibn Sap aze 2 ap aren Aus an—saans seo es ‘Aouams—om Suse we at"? Supra ‘ary Bon #70 MOLE We Bat Hy opendg umpeomeyy og pu MOLE seURETT padopon Spy wos 21a Kes 9 fo "a pow GY = ’n 12g uot 9 UL, 4J0 ER 9m mq ‘powsenp-x s} uodsuen soos Aq UI WILAWOU! WH sKOKS TZ EMNEL "5240} pasaap-7 ave “ow ay xa SIFU “sap Uy SUN Ye ED sO os|y “Z HHEM Area ou Soop sunssand xn ssneoq ueAofat ane Seouoyaunssaud ama “waqqoud semaine si Uy (9 500 3aNceVHT) Piny wo Sune 2005 Kase (wopodt pny o1 209) 7 *1Caayeorwn) = 2 re soeins some © ennarw) 0 = Ze s0epns ssasse ‘oF MMESWOW Jo 217 soo) se at (1-2) “ba ur pasn sui ou, -2Bed ain on renoxpuaduad ‘a som © spina jogs 9 JO PEA 9 7 WBE] ae XY SUID € WN I WIL ONITIVA ¥ 30 MOTE Tz -pondée Boroq sj 2omereg {2210} © yep pasmsreas st 2830 2g “saprar ap sosayaoo aoupyegwuraU=ROU WUD) 2m 3 STL “soe mar spin 2 Ut oso 3 ou = 4) 0} AEDs sa wo 99 ( SRS) (es sy souereg wimuauion ap “Moy anes Apeare 304 ‘woshs © yfnonp Zaxmoy.KBiou9 jo vonrsodsp ain Burd up weed Kian 5} 20e}20 open umnaMOy, a PHE MOIg ZEURIET OF‘ero ata Tiquid-gas i stance to liquid flow, which res BCL z=, 1,0. eo “Substitution of this-boundary condition into Bq. (2.5) requires that G, = 0; hence the ‘momentum Mx i a = pee cos B. an If the id is Newtonian, then we know hat the momentum Mux is related to the velocity gradient according 10 28) _Subttting this expression fr rin Ba, (2.7 gives the distribution of the velocity gradient pS as é 7 Integrating Eq. (2.9), we have ase (224) eG, 2.19) ‘Another integration constant has evolved which is evaluated by examining te other boundary adam namely, that at dhe fuid-oli interface te fuid clings to the wall; that is, Ber axed y= 0 ean Substnting this imo Bq. (2-10), we determine the consant of integration: Cy = or cos BPA). Therefore the velocity distribution is ey an is parabolic. Onee the velocity profite hasbeen found, & amber of quanti may be calolated. i) ‘The maximum veloc. Vi, is that velocity atx = 0: van, 288 CoS ven = ey o_O Laminar Flew and the Momentum Equation 43 iii) The votone flow rate, Q, is given by the product of the average velocity and the cross- section of flow: @.35) Critical value, depending on the liguid’s flow. Of course, when turbulent flow ‘Example 2.1. A viscous molten glass covers metal, and together they flow slowly pu p= cE arms MoU Padotersp Airy Jo woHBaL S297 “padoranop Ary Wamp st aoGy a pu ‘2ouen ap eu aera otf 30 aaptodop saueseq 27yoHd KsofoA oep ‘souenia ap WOH weansumop coup sates TY TEI IY CF so ping ap asne20q wazo} yom suaipeLE Koon ‘sossasBaxd Mol) 20 Se “pue sO} 5 ream aap 18 AysoyaN au, °2'z “Be soe jqreed waom9 PEN JO OL SHY 9PISIOD SLV Td THTIVEVA NEGMAGE MOT GRLOTIARM ATIN €7 eee gee Large (9-99 aa ly vs] hoe _ 9 500 8 ie ‘ ~ ee gmt % ane sypsar au pmo 3a san G09 VoRRaU AOIBA Ap IH OF pamNAAIP (9q ue2 squmsu0) sap amp “(eqa3{e JO Souy] pu SeUI[ PU) suoRIpUCD saNp seq MONT opi EEMERINOWY 9g PUR AOL UIENET yySo Te eee eee eee eS ESSEC CECE E TSS er 46 Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 2.4 FULLY DEVELOPED FLOW THROUGH A CIRCULAR TUBE {In tis section we derive the momentum balance for steady flow through 2 tong eplindxical vetonian fluid and then for a aon-Newronian lui, using an empirical equation spplied to polymeric melts. 24.1 Newtonian Fluids ly developed flow of a fluid in a long tube of length L and radius R: we specify oped ow so that end effects are negligible. Since we ae dealing with = ‘pestis convenient to work with cylindrical coordinates, Therefore the shell in Fig. 2-3 is cylindrical, of thickness Ar and length L. Momentum aby New Pressure Pe @rtr)|, ‘Note that here we include the area factor C2#rZ) in parentheses, This is because the area as well asthe shear stress is a function ofr. ‘Rate of momentum out across surface at r+ Ar {ve 10 viscosin) Qrrbz dle sa ‘Since we are considering fully developed flow, the momentum fluxes due 1 flow are equal; hence these terms are omitted. Gravity force acting on the cylindrical shel Qxrarkes eevee eg ee ‘Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 47 Pressure free acting on surface at 2 = 0 axra/P, Pressure force acting on surface at z= 1. sarranP, ‘We now add up the contributions tothe momentum balance: Qurtrl, ~ Qxtbrale aay * 2rArkoe + BrrarP, ~~ 0. 2H Note that all terms contain the however, since ris a variable, it should not be ‘used a5 a common divisor. By dividing through by 2xLAr and taking the limit as Ar goes to zero, we develop the differential equation 4 Rome aa) gea-| r al negation yids =P riG 2.26) oon er ed ‘At = 0, te velocity graien ence, the shear sess) equ zo; this can be resid tecaue ofthe symmeny of fo. ‘Thos for eis cae, BOL | are, a0. e2n ‘Tperefore, C,= 0, andthe moneansm fx i given by Poo r 2.28) ree [REE +8] F Subsining Newon's aw of viconty ee BS am snd noting 230) ‘we obtain he soution forthe veloc distbu : ‘ean As befor: 3) ‘The maximum velocity i a r = 0, and is given by am |e 239) ve = { rt tol 939903993399wen [3] a 1] alee oy Joyas@ want 29 Ue (462) “ba WN Os | [lee] ¥]-= seo eco ton 5 peo = 4389 Soyee nape au, “font ~ wont] [LE] [[~- se] ®]-* ‘Paunge 5 wonnquasIP Arso[en on “y= 438 Q = "a Mp SeHeNBeNY oro wea ay, syout opsuftod 30} pan vayo st 58 “(¢¢°1) “Eg “a Jad 1 4 one ot nex aways amy pow ssons faays ay oman QRSUOHN 2 Te SUSY 38 “Gz'2) Fa oda 1'9°7 wonoog a sv sures xp Aossends aovEeq UMUESRTOW! aa “C2 “Bi 430 Buses ap YB PING METOLADN-U ¥ 30 NOY TEURHON an 3ept00 om ON Spry wequoynoy-nou sey saMOg 74° “RaW 5] MOY BN “GOTT > 2x aeneo0g vu Sx eorxoot| weorxei| sf yy a7 T TS yorx etl op “soja, tax. Hehae) _ oe ~ “ong = ™ ‘unoy annewsone 2p ur woe 2q eur soquuny sprowkey an eN Os GF _sopenbey umwnyy 2p PE MOLL SEE] “jo wonsamp xp ut pry stp Uo 198 10u s20p An1vesB Jo aa105 rae HOE yg or 74 ony 4 sy aa” aa ‘O91 > 241s worn ayn “7 sideus uy patopoou Sy equ spjoudey ap Bupenens Aq “sem sy mOYE AD JE ADDND LOM PIAOYE 2A VEAL O1 x FET = (Or x HE1)(0t) = Oe 5] 5s Moy Sse 9 RA 995 2m sag 3 cO1 x oR0'T] fs} uw 18 (O01 x ET = Ol x 9 x80) | * [N 006 =3 ‘qo om ‘sone wy Burymnsqng “sjannsadss2 “eH BY OL PHY AIOE N COT X 080°T 8m O57 FF soTEM Jo AysuaP POE KySOOSIA aU, “9. [4 |-2 ay ae 5 a1 Moy auInjon ax (H6°2) “ba 01 BUIp100g8 OF MOLE as 5 WY “uomos ‘Sqm an nop 20 Mot} seeU! aN ULE “I}9 pd ‘yea 0 UB] BUa}IyyOs BULARY 290 40 peas “wr amasiog-uaBoy 291 Lal[eatal-° eo W-9 5] s2e1 moy sumjoa 24L, (1 eT}. papsa teed al a a on 5 faysoyen 2Be1088 24, soqnenba mamomory om) Pu MOLY ZEUTUFET gy50 Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation The volume flow rae is oe frnar eter ffs - o- [4] er aan ‘The average velocity is simply ean 2.5 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY AND THE MOMENTUM EQUATION In the previous sections of ths chapter, we determined velocity distributions for some simple floor systems by applying differential momentum balances. ‘The balances for these systems ‘Served to illustrate te application ofthe momentum equation. tn general, when dealing with ‘complicated problems. However, and exact solutions can be found primarily as starting points for solving problems. ‘The equations of contin TInlified to ft the problem at hand, Altoogh theoretically these equations are valid for Taminse and turbulent flows, in practice ubey are applied only to laminar low. 2.5.1. Equation of continuity “Consider the stationary volume element within a Muid moving with a velocity having the Somponents vy yy and, a8 shown in Fig. 24, We begin wit the basic representation of ‘the conservation of mass: meauines ) = (ate) 5 oe ‘Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation St ‘Stmulrly he cate of tase ou through the face atx + Ax is AySa(ouIy + ag, We may write seslogoss expressions forthe other two pairs of foes, and then ener all the terms hat aaa for te fluid entering and leaving the system into the mass balance, and leave the Secumulation term to be developed. “The accumaation isthe rate of change of mass within the control volume aciar i “The mass balance thus becomes auiyas % » apts + assy 24 “Then, dividing trough by AryAz, and taking the limit as these dimensions approach 72, wwe get the equation of continuity: ‘A ery important form of Eq. (2.44) isthe form that app! age densi For ths Zase which feequenty otears in engineering problems, the contimity equation reduces 10 (or in veetor notation sy 323939393993so ‘ae roast seams © ut ego am gory “swauodkuoo7 pow ay wo wet. (vB. @. a2]. ws ae e e e (tise 28 5 ie @ 5 rene a). = Gees e stogeba ‘umutomour om jo msuodwon- a ueigo am ‘osse ypeoxde conn ye se muy ox) Sap pow "zpcory 4q Yinonp Binpinp ‘souepeg umzacoKs am Om (IE Zep 2) bq BULENT aso [ 1s) sso 5 wwomsye oun ummsatoU 4 wonemanace 30 at ag “Ane °F yo wovoduese an 8 “F SH Aaanowdbor oso “ayeexy'ae por wo ela = “aleve@ fare sonog asap ‘uonamp-x am uy “8 sseur yun sad 20405 jevorTAeL8 a ue g amssord am wy Suse orp ave uersis am uo Hupze S200 3 “s2Fe9 WOU “peteeayicg ay + (RL "aay S200) XIS ayp S80U38 2tuJON ‘oHur ROY uNIWOUT Moss Jo 2IRs YOU SID *KTeUNS £5 _wopeaby umwawoyg op pu ous soup] wo > dvr, and the simple rate Ea. te used for 1,25 an example with ahigh degree of accuracy rather than Eq. 2. 2.5.3 Navier-Stokes’ equation, constant p andy “The continuity equation for constant density is given by Eq. (2.45) of in vector nation, ve =O. 2.62) Regarding the momennurn equation, we can write Eqs. 2,52)2.54) with constant and 9:" “Tht development i the subject of Problem 2.1. 3999 a a o o oO oO‘oteruod 6 pemdy “16-c8 BEd 0961 HOA MON “Ka ‘wiououeua Hodruoes “womRBYT'N “A POE “URRSIS “I BIE GH WOD ale ere see en #8 gus 2 gues (had) 82 OE 5g ays tngy 88 00 o 0m (ad) OE + gs tay OE Ce 28 oun! « tag? a) 0 Cd) + (4) 22 + (say? he Sed tareare wi 12 + caoy38 4 2 (24%) soreupogs sejtueisoy —_———__- ETE ‘ings FaeupiOND SIP wy wOHeNbs ARaNOD ALE OL, 15 mopenby ammmmoyy 99 Pew wot SERIE] & szirapo09 wroupuéo 40 jeuyEs pM HUoIe ‘aIoq parades aie mnfumet ut tou atom §°z uonaeg ty wonOW pur hnanwo9 ana “prog 2 Aide por aquosap ov unex uaeq asey pinom 3 'AUMMAS. "« puts JO won Poweyjduoa {94 ¥-wooq aury pltoa ' “peo posn tq pe ssjetpog nnfort Ase pepo BuyKocs fq a agssea ays Koo Jo uonoun © set fOToN Teas ap poqustop am ‘p'Z wopras ur pormop wo|gondemmnasiog-oadeH amu ‘tduENS Joy “suaygaud Bake 305 esr Jou are SsNUNpOCD seNESAL seaeiut AE Uy SALYNIGXOOD ‘AVANTUAWND ONV UV INONVIO NI NOLLVNDG WALNIAOW HHL 9°2 80s aah ga = La oo ako dae = 32 _sro00q (59°2)69"2) “tba Yep 08 “saaryeauap penimsans ‘amp 18 saxdt ueo voneiou auo ‘erau38 uy “suonDp-2 pu ~& ath 30 1a SUOrSSaNGKD smodojeuy “saneauep romvossans a9 se ig/'aq “GD0[%4 Jo AANEALIIP SUI Sp 0} J9}a2 a0 ‘age 2m ua 22.84, 92, nel wo, - uso 29 6 8 ag * 30 4p * I ng "a7 '8 pouyep sf uoneioj9oce Jo mauodwon-r axp aous pak sy ey Bang ne” fp Jopisod pur summa Ays0]eA 9 Jo mouodoe- Seu OU Laue 2oeds uF Butsou! pny Jo atomjae Toswooesap|u0D “wowiane nous suoTENbo 93% Jo apts yo WO stl para aut open umomoyy ey PRE MoH ZEON 95‘Table 2.2 The momentum equation in rectangular coordinates (2) Table 2.2, The momentum equation in restangular gvordinates fs Y.2) In terms of: seonpornt of nSte yon] reomponent of + SE 9 G+ 2) peomponent La * Ma + ay + Be Den, Be — (4 Be Ae) (eee E) +m eomponent 9% +0, B+ 4 5 | we OE romper [Bea gien Bon] = 3 = fe Boy be ~ (Fes Be Bre In terms of velocity gradients for a Newtonian fuid with constant p and n: poner offs ube Bt ena) = ZF [2% Oe yy Se = oP soomponent ofS hast + ag +8 Gr)” 5 + Ph eal Jom cy © ‘Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 59 ‘Table 2.3.‘The momentum equation in cylindrical coordinates (6, 2) In terms of ¢ somponent® eo 1 yg Ltr Se — (H2eng + +2) eo 0 Lege t +S) ton tn ers of velosty gradient for Newtonian Rui with constant p and = afte a neg ey 028 2 reomponentt olay +p ty Br Ge] or 2/12 4) Lee Daw, Ber +of2(t2ees) 52-254 F] +08 Gl ol) + agi ae oe] tO a0 5, 26y Oe, Oe ‘component ota nGee Soe at e ww GSReeeAEe TERE ECS Fhe term pore the conrigl force. c gives the efeive force inthe r-Siesion resting from ‘und moto de @diretion Thi ter aries automatically on ransformation from rectangular 0 ‘plindrea coordinates; it does nt have to be added on physical ground He 933339393999 oO oOoak 2c) = o [+-a4- Sz} [eat-in [ena sSef = (E77 Sap POOP WORN HE a JO HUNVORIOD FT HNL, £+o+E- 9 * fag eg [$+ }--5-4 8 @ 2 0, * 2M owen @ aes 2 o esata = oO [e-a¥- Se] [eat =p = [cat ac}e =n BC Siero I URS WORE) SAAT a Jo RUVOGMOD FT HTL 19 wopenba umeaMoW ap puR Moly ZEN] ee ose, ard a tid + POE cet wale OMY at 4 f2 0M, wa 2, Roa te usuodinon vag (82 Orthet _Oetibet OH og AM EL Ie gmmr ag gS AI TG » ia ae oe EE See enc mmeneeinnie en ep ts notesde ag fom PO 2 254 Bb menting i. us (gtd BOE soon BM sey Be] -2E. w beie-$ 2 yo su21 uy 7) Sepoos FONG wy UORRTES UMNO PL FT HAE, uopentg umwewogy ap PLE aot seUNT 9962. Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation “Table 2.7 Components ofthe stress tensor in spherical coordinate (7. #) ‘Table 2.7 Components ofthe stress tensor in spherical corsinates @.@.8) 2.7 APPLICATION OF NAVIER-STOKES’ EQUATION Inthis section, we show how to set up problems of viscous flow, by selecting the appropriate ‘equation of motion that applies to the problem at hand and by simplifying it to manageable be used to arrive at a more simplified, introduce other tops, suchas the boundary layer 2.7.1 Flow over a flat plate Figure 2.6 depicts the velocity profile of a fluid lowing re assume that the fu Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation -63 Fig. 26 Velocity profite and momentum boundary layer of flow parallel toa fat plate ‘veto the fact that in this region v, is essentially uniform and constant, being equal 10 Va. in Table 2.2 reveals that the pressure m3 2.70) “Thus u, exists and we should consider both the x- and y-component in Table 2.2 For the steady-state case with constant density and viscosity, Eqs. (D) and (E) in ‘Table 2.2 redooe 10 em Hy, Py en ccna Boe wo ge ‘When we remember that we are primarily interested in the region y = 5, at thi point it is convenieat to define some dimensionless parameters" ‘hich was brefy introduced in Chapter I reappear here agnin. Also Jools fen occur in 92390993995 a melee gates ce cess se csgggoasC21E1 2808 661 tuapt WORE VOWN “SSE °H 325) "99UEM UY panos 9 pRO> (Te) “ba I PSACHS UF, wo OL aap = a se possaudya og Cour vonauny means ain Zep SAOYS ,nauaBio GuPmun y Me, @ 20 Sore ase. fe” fe te” he fe 'preuk(18°2) ba ons (06'2) "ba BmUNSANS ((OL'Z) ba) ‘Snaryuoo soya Aqeonewomne pur (192) bg SouT|dum, seoneny was 3 Jo 959 2, iat Ban ovo te m he 5p vosanf uss a aeyep a8 (82) a Ads 3930 4 nwekm COE ‘onke 108 sorypco Krpanog a 20 (2) bal as 0 passant nou 294 wpe sinssid tee wil sida © 305 GonEbD 120 Krpanog 20 FU Bae Ba, Bn ng" "Tog" * Tee oro aro ao {py feo rap an aon 3 nue sun Ase Yon sy Ayp07e4 am Jo wauodmoD-x om Supajoauy woNENbs sp PUB AA AE/AML ain pue *(21°2) “14'2) “shal ont sxasurened asaq Sunmnsqns Bs Thay tet Te Ae Ta < ‘open umeauo,y 24) pow MOLE FeURET 4965. Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation where oe Lan asx) From Eat. (2.90), 2.92), and (2.93, 4 MB Ly gS wea By faa aw _ilm) ta 2.95) oo ta 2] (a 4 Then Eq. (2.91) becomes “ 2 Bno. 2.96) ‘Mathematically, th use of and f has reduced a partial differentia! equation to an ordinary ‘ifferential equation with the boondary conditions also taking equivalent forms: net wena seo Boo: as net aa-m, Ben. a quaon (296 ty te ave by expressing) na power sere, tats, f= ae “The technique is too involved to develop here, but the sotution conforming tothe boundary ‘conditions becomes ost ot 1 oat sep et head) 2.100) @.101) [Note also that as a result ofthe analysis, the Reynolds number (Re, = ¥. inthis instance we give Re the subscript x in order to emphasize chat i is ‘Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 67 oor fe ig. 2.7 Solution forthe velocity distribution nthe boundary layer over aft pate (From L. Howarth, Pree. Roy. So., London A164, 547 (1938)) the characteristic dimension x. We can also calculate the drag force, which is exerted by the ffuid om he plate's surface. If dhe plate has a length Zand width W, the drag force Fy is no {{ ha] on tm other words, the shear sess atthe solid surface is integrated over the entire surface, From Fig. 2.7 we find that [ | ise: 2.109) owing hearin na, 2102), we can now perform he iepraon, The rn 8 e105 Fy = 0664 ppbWVE “Tis isthe drag fore exerted bythe Mid on one surface only. 2.7.2 Flow in inlet of ereutar tubes 222022293993933999 5‘One-SEC S88ed “pst HOA MON “UNEE-MEIDD “MOC PImy “290 “A, wo om [LE ELE om [Emcee | Bian sla) san hionieue punos o sary susuodwo> Ay20}94 poe uonnqunsp sunsaid“uonaaurp my ENON sty oro on gm MOMs. yet 8 (9) ba) vonenbo fanapuo> ayy tsa, [O20 _ oe 4 o= tos -2 ee mala, ws. worn [ tng 4] a susuodusg a 105 poe ‘sous ps © oge py #30 mY ap BuNguoHP oy pean Mas aUIODD Gz “BLE : an smyeejompey 69 Sopenbg wMIEEOLY oN PU MOLE SUA ro) eS-Se¥ “6 ONE idly seeNROTT TH tons [pion At nt y ae Pact xe gt 2 tetez suauodnos aan 30} Bingo 20 +2 AHL, I) por (q_) “hg wey. “smpoon IeaUOEE W339 ping 241 “(6'z “S14) stands pros & moqe piny. afqissaxdumoouT Ue Jo MOLY 2k 2APISUOD aun pos punowe moy Beas E47 "Sq Jo Boose qu ai UY ol FURR 3 BORMEENN SIROTA BLL “not BadoqeAap Ary 2m 30 =qyoud ayoqeed an 0 apn 203 pba 8 Ly et4ea) seo Apvewpxondce jo (7 = 2) wpuay sew we SLL tn paysgess tou st oy padojanap Airy «Te smONS reUE SIH “BZ se ‘woyqaud sa 305 wopnjos am padoranap seq eeyBuey “aod BuES oa) ‘xy presiopun pynogs 200 nq ala Cant you st (S012) “ba Jo wonnjes an ong fa 2 ¢ : oro Tate lca es pcos oy mete to #)24,24..24, 24 Gorn fhe boa ‘aye gat ame am poe “om 2er'e mp oF “qg:s2u 51 oy o1 Rs wonsap ap 3999 snoNIA a HRY ogni uONOWY 9g PER MOLE THEI 970 Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation wef aja ‘We can check the validity ofthe results by showing that Eqs. (2.107)-(2.109) and the following conditions are satisfied: BCL atr=R y= 05m ana 8) ane BC.2 arse, 42 Ve In Bq, (2.111), the quantity pis the pressure in the plane z = 0 far away from the sphere, -pgcis simply the hydrostatic effect, and the term containing V. resu ‘uid flow around the sphere. These equations are valid for a Reynolds mumber (DV~/¥) less than approximately wait. a ean eine he et fe Wich ere yh i one aan og be al fc due foe om be ee coe Te afi Eg df epee By 1 wa ae Rent Pe We pee m= te nkend- 4 5e ant. “The z-componeat ofthis pressure multiplied by the surface area on which it acts, R? sia @ dbl, is integrated over the surface of the sphere to yield the net force due to the pressure difference: ae 7 nef] [rentonn- 3% ont] ons ei) goion 2.1) neg, ys on ems: Few baton ata, ans be buen fee an fom drag omen a eae Geeta ear on ang ety, i We Is the foree acting on @ unit surface area. The z-component of this force is -1,)sin sin 6 dd; again, integration over the sphere's surface yields rf From Eq. (2.110), we get an Sin BYR? sin 8 dd 3M. a 0 thatthe friction drag results F, = 4mnkv, an Fa § aR pe + rik. uy -rpese two terms ae designated as Fie force exe even ifthe Audis stationary) and Fe (Ge force associated with fas movemen). Thus these forces ae 4 Fo 5 Ree, Fy = SrikV,, fuid’s viscosity Example 2.3 Apply Stokes’ law to the falling sphere viscometer and write an expression for the viseosity ofthe liquid in the viscometer. Solution. A force balance on he sphere, as i falls through the liquid, is made according ¢© the diagram: ee Here F, is the buoyant force exerted by the Tiguid ‘and is therefore directed upward; Fy is often called the drag force and as such always acts in the ‘opposite direction to that of motion and is therefore directed upward. The only force inthe downsrard ‘ $ arog orty, =f eting 0129 here p, is the sphere’s density. By solving Eq. (2.120) for m, we arrive at 2Rie, - Ae a @21y “The result is valid only if 2RV/v i less than approximately unity. © o. a e a a o o‘styosd oj ap 30) aniog (qh 2 5} supe Anno an pe “ps sy em sumssy “7 Bua Jo SHI 205 N GOT X 84°1 shabooma 3m 8X 2e"T sASUEP :y 68x 10.20 fo souiadaig mod rein ve 3p) :mjod yp 18 19 it pus d wonsuos) uopenba .soyois-saaeN 247 30} mov0dwoor ‘29 dojenap “(2s'2) "ba) worenbo wnauiour ap jo wauodwoo-r am ys BUNS T1°Z fea "am 97 Jo ua © pee ons 9 Yo Wptee “la z go ssougong wey yoru “une op Font aed e ufonn porta 5] “sc0 = PU EEN OF x Z'1 = % aumaoo seq gz wagaid Jo JaUaded me] Jonod MAL GZ saved aqyoud Ai20124 24 404 openbo ue 9449p somod € smojto} 3M BW IH2UUsjod 8 JO °Z Fayered u2ewieq mou 30} 211 moy ausnjon “rer urens se2us sacon Sasi Je ‘wonerbs oy 0} weuoduoo-« © asaq st (2 rides ¢.podoonap Anny, ous ott 51 xnapu0 om jo pre ap UB x = x78 ‘uvansunop samued (a ‘ae svans rays ain pur (e EL Wopenba amano, 8 pee MOLE AUR ‘una soupins wos 2ouBsIp se pu Fm Ya 4 (E] us 9 ='0 fq von te = 2 oyeud Aesop aay “sons emoma0H a 8 0 HIRE SHOU (i N OT AISOORA) STE LT seas ok o fies a v0 HD (4 Gel S N Ur Ausoosta an 51 18 84 01 X 9°¢ 5} s0EY Moy SHEET amp po ct By OOCT St ‘ansuop ony, “c°T uta 67 pus Buo| mn 9 ogra ywamsa ® YBFOA BOROL ‘Suave jo wonzamp 2m 01 g offae we re sod x9 wou MoU Ing yz WoIQaLE We $'Z “(ELD pue (OR'D) ‘sha HM suowssaxdxa mos atdiboo ‘mes Moy auiROR a (a ‘wonngensp Aaojen agp Ce ‘suruscrep pu mous podojsnap Airy z9pisueD “gz Jo soumsIp ¥ £9 poreredos ame smd ou, sod pqfered yeoman ussaiog piny & Jo mol 2 205 suorssaudye dopo. $2 1 wbnon ea oF cmon re nog cumin an Jo ones a saa yong None ‘we aausap pur sjeuuey> Tog UI Moy Padolansp Ating omnssY “mM >> OT LM MIPIM pure oz Sn} 308 © A, POE SpE pla aN 5 Veo), FaUNeMCST AT 30 Sppaueyp jeoq9n pus joijered om ySnastp A[snosueTNUNAS soy PIMbyY WeUOMON Y £7 ag" "194 Jo MPLA fh Ho fet 34 296 “ASU HO “se “um gO io shee uy Yo one SN. 90) xu By 07 poe «ws BY Ze 15 reset JO Asoona 2 Be ES NT ES Jo Iso a, "Te Sag Jo AL HNO PA TE swatwoxa wopenby anADMOG, ap PU MOLE ARITEY ZL74 Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 215 “2 Consider a very large'fat plate bounding a liquid chat extends to y = +0>. Initially, the liquid and the plate are at rest; then su plate is set into motion with velocity Vp as shown in the figure below. Wr pertinent differential equation in terms of velocity, for constant properties, ‘mover, and (2) the appropriate boundary and initial conditions. The solution to these ‘equations willbe discussed in Chapter 9, ‘ena Time Foe ') A liquid flows upward through along vertical conduit with a square cross section. With the aid of a clearly labeled sketch, write (1) a pertinent differential equation that escribes the flow for constant properties, and (2) the appropriate boundary conditions. ‘Consider only that potion ofthe conduit where flow is filly developed and be sure that ‘your sketch and equations correspond to one another. 2.16 Molten aluminum is degassed by gently bubbling a 75RN;-25%Ci gas through the Imelt. The gas passes through a graphite tube at a volumetric flow rate of 6.6 x 10* ms? 2.17 Glass flows through a tmall orifice by gravity to form a fiber. ‘The free-falling fiber ‘does not have a uniform dlameter; furthermore as it falls through the air it cools so that its viscosity changes. s) Write the momentum equadon for this situation. b) Write appropriate boundary conditions. 2.18 A liquid flows upward through a tube, overflows, and then flows dowaward as a film on the outside. ') Develop the pertinent momentum balance that applies 10 the falling film, for steady-stale laminar flow, neglecting end effects. by Develop an expression for the velocity distribution. 3 TURBULENT AND COMPLEX FLOWS In Chapter 2 we discused only laminar flow problems where we knew differential equations describing the flow, and could caeulate the velocity distribution fr simple systems. But more ‘often than not, the flow is turbulent, and then experimental information aust be sought. For ‘systems into two groups: flow thr ies, We also introduce the readers to flow through porous media and in ‘uidiaed beds. "The fhvtuating nature of turbulence and an introduction to turbulence models are reserved for Chapter 16. These models are being increasingly used in commercial software packages that are used for solving industrial low problems. o © o e al e oe a o 6ore 5 wonpuos Krepunog ¥ pu o-2%.[{2.)2e eo z [fi Zile ee #1 ore 9 de nus 40 wonusmo> an sy vents wap sy sap ane og ial ‘juno “ton ar a sygereao aes pr aun Jo ua xn Bune soap seseden oe pens aoe ie etc ie migceie tie a |S a sLL,Yom ea sar nt tog “Syed a sore soon oy poe ‘seca ava ps eon ae. mca an en nord 3780) Buonpep Jo ppl Tou Sou puoubuap on ies matt JPR woRD|sy 20j NEKEUE yeOOIHMN HEE em a rou uotan ou seu UF soy westnqu Jo} wonmauNP ABSOIDA TE eaaay soon 11 suet x09 pe wom, oo watt og ean 298 28 °(5"¢) por (T°e) “sb FoI wo (asfnmos = a © samy am “7 mut Jeera ok uate SY PAR “TBE UES PUAN amp 29 OF UTE St “SHNPUOO UE AOU 20k 3 poeta 51 f oy asad ‘sn sy ng “woHSOSTP HoywoHO) e or OAS SF sHLL “odoNs [RouIaOAS UoAIE #305 sejahe spousey sioquorseaulp a Jo Auo vonztry «sf neq wORUYAP iOyaRN © st SLL oo a = E «o (a= Wer =r suo} aaqveussnye oe uy Ay aysm Keur am *(z'¢) “ba Boas yen 2p re Ao suogmpuo> SoyEods SE mo wayega oj mea ote (2) wen, wo osp aaresad 2 yo soso) ut 2 s210x9 teo am (G72) “bg 01 BaNs020V “OL Gogmou snowand Jo sUI0 Ul ‘30 “fea oxy Te sians JaKs oop SE POURP st wo ‘$401 NI MOT HOd SYOLOVA NOLIN FE swojg xaylues pw wsynamt, 91178 Turbulent and Complex Flows the conditions which must be satisfied by these ratios, we write Eq. (3.8) fog ow & i equivalents in Eqs. 3.7) and (3.10), then we can [al] 2 -> em “Multiplying Eq. (3.12) by Kp/K?K,, we finally obtain: (kels[34 [al] -[E]B-- °” ces consensus pantera atti systems must obey the orginal differential equation, then K, Ky pre dea RR, * Ke o Divie, _ Da¥ios ey mm aud Diuiidc) _ Dyers) ae av at K, = lta then the boundary cortition, (Eq. 3.9), applied 10 both systems, yielés KK oP, Pa ato Sta RR mh Ys ‘Turbulent and Complex Flows 79 Dividing by tbe Reynolds number, we obiain G19) which are equivalent to half the friction factor (Eq. 3.6). Now the dimensional analysis is Complete: it has been shown that for flow in the two arbitrary systems having geometric ‘Similarity, the fiction factors are equal vhen the Reynolds numbers are equal. Thus for flow in tubes, the fretion factor f may be correlated as a function of the Reynolds mumber. 3.1.2 Experimental results for friction factor ‘Experimentally, fean be messured by noting that if Fis eliminated between Eqs. 3.3) and @.5), then ean feparate vales of D, V, p, and 9. The lower curve in Fig. 3.2 gives a plot off versus Rey for smooth tubes. This curve reflects the laminar and turbulent behavior of fids in long, smooth, eicular tubes. For he laminar region, 72, a9 ih cane dy sng Hagen eile developed Caper 2 "The turbulent region has been established solely by experimental data. The entre turbulent curve closely approximates IWF = 40 tog (Raff) - 040, oe and a simpler expression exists for 2.1 x 10? < Re < 10°, namely, . f= 0.0791 Re ox If the tubes are rough, then in turbulent flow the friction factor is higher chap that indicated for smooth tubes. The relaive roughness, the where « is . 4 then the values may vary. greatly with age, dependi ‘deposits may substantially reduce the inside dismeter. Therefore we must ‘our judgment in estimating a value of ¢ and consequently off. o o o e oe o o a o oatoqciam ty 20 7 may ares ag) 5} NS po ap g/Y m Sy teNN ey Kg paces 31 *seoumSK} (fons Uf “ZaT9uRp mapearnbs ump somes Yy suEs ¥[Nespiiy amp od Jat sxe ayo AUR, aco: Ad _ smouued pan ihe Wy ~ “ea mop x pF : “equim spouonyan sooeeat J semmump sponta we va “Ssx9 Moy wajoqim pow se}raND Ye ale 94:8 ah SLINGNOO NVINOMIONON NI MO 7'¢ 8 ter = £] a 40[+)- pasero [] ola “4 51 Af 5) Moy sseu an ‘xojaren, wees =e [202] 4 I “ais pasani09 5A FSD GUM "STUY, -Z500'0 = FsenI8 soquIMU sploukoy sHYE, “uoMDuAeLddD puores Ol x avz = BAIL SN,OrXsss | mys | A a, NTI a [oor [wort Puree = Hg =“ ‘aaquunu splousoy Suynoqy 2p 2418 Aso} partuss 8, ores uonouy ay pe soquinatsprouay amp jo ateurea puooDs v =xEW mk AON, “8 arog = {test x ov) [120)} =a suojaout, oF rll OLX ee = Boor | y NOt a SMIOT LOI x 6 = PUPHEIOO'D = GieuaWM so0'0 = f'z'¢ BIE UL “uoNDUOLddD 11g 1g seo1g xapluwD pu yo, { wos | ©) ws 22pu0 Wn ato pu # NDF = nese ‘pi ung ff ssanm pou.p 24 HAD 4 "oAaROHL "4 sO; Be 20 295 Boos poe (L1°0) ba Ban poos 29 eo wafgud sn OF woUOS a 100'9 5 paveumso 4 did a Jo 979 ssouynas anne: SRL “28 N OL X $°¢ J0 dosp amssad & sopun “un auaey “add yeworu0 430 12 81 HBIOND WOOF 8 seN JO (.F BH) as MOG SHEE aT SMI TE aduTEK, xe Tae wan TD os eee a0 ‘ou te papeedsy owe ad peop ae ‘wou non 20 fet ISERNOD uso “Bq moun gona eee eee ee ‘moxaz unds ego “see “pet “09 “BNR Uae a wa Sey # SOHNE ONTO ATA TE OTL, Cast soot ‘69 Bed ashy pax ‘(ry 119 '99 INSY “AZ “KpOOW “477 ON PxEEPY) “SARI UY HOY Jo] HOME) NONNHA TE AL dane be peels cy Oty cs oo i fae ran fare snot eo¢iuey poe mREME OFflow, but ‘flow the results are poor. For exampl spacing 2 ‘och fess than the width, laminar flow has a parabolic distribution perpendcu ‘walls. This situation closely approximates flow between parallel fat plates, and we can show the friction factor to be ro em ‘Tis expression, of cure, differs rom Eg. (3.18)wbich applies to laminar flow in circular Pipes. Yor laminar flow in a rectangular duct of dimensions, 2, Zp, the fistion fcr is 16 $7 te ex) Here we evaluate the Reynolds mumber using D,, which for rectangular ducts is 08 6 is given by Fig. 3.3. The laminar-‘o-turbulet transition for noncirular conduits is ‘ll normally taken at a Reynolds number of approximately 2100. Fig3.3.Values of for liar low in rectangular ducts. (From W. M. Rohscnow and. Y. Choi “Heat, Mass, end Momentum Transfer, Prerice-all, Englewood Cifs, New Jersey, 1961, page 63.) 3.3 FLOW PAST SUBMERGED BODIES 3.3.1. Turbulent boundary layer on flat plate tm Chapter 2, laminar flow over a flat plate was analyzed. The force exerted by the fluid on ‘one side of the plate (@rag force Fy) was calculated for Iaminar flow, as Fy = 0.668 (pakVE e108 : ‘Turbulent and Comples Flows. 83, From Ea, (4, F pn, G49) where, for this cae, the characters area is conveniently defined A = LW and the ‘characterise Kinetic energy K = bpV3,. The fiction factor for laminar Mow isevahated by combining Eqs. 2.104) and, ina ow: regs eRe ee ng lle ten eee sy wna bboom* sound ot by passing trucks. The resls for turbulent flow can be represented as 0.455 - 5 3.29 > prey ae ‘hese equation valid fora ft pate te nine the Now providing separation joes not occur. "Most tents on fluid mechanics use the term drag coef considering flow past submerged bodies. When the form drag is entirely spesifie term, sn fiction coeicient C, i sometimes used 90292722229933399‘suasgy oem warngim & pur “surss0 wonEsedos “mol, 0} AyewoU Pano sopurtka © 30 ‘eve 20 siaaioo daews uum fpoq ¥ 30 feo om UT “Samus 1 as1du09 tous fees mn “Sep 8 ap Jo ed soleus an sus Kuo ou Besp wONDLy =i “2%9eog ¥ jon etm aueldne Ree 3H © ot ported oy) Apoq pauyuneans-ToM © UL “Soup wif ain pre Bayp worn ‘sued on Jo pasodioo st ‘eo Bop amp pomar veyo“2ato} sm Ip puns one aie one “aula = *y carayds a wo payor Peay 90 J 2005 aaa an anN8 pm ‘routs ved moy seu pezdie ss nolo cy ‘spafgo padsomqns sano pue asayds w ysed wo Tee Ewe 9090 ar Nere = a | 01x sz|-weo | a Torx THT rt Tweo | ao mu “SU oF = peel | morse | eo) gw wary or] a T TSN cor x TT "$1000 = Son8 ¢"¢ B14 ‘or = "oy soa (ru [2] (Z]-- [ove #2) emis = (249 Jawad = %y 8 om jo SP (eg wo nora Buin ae £9 pouo¥D 29%05 Bxpuodsat09 xp aM Ue 3a He poe a a = 4 snaqea A PUROS 2 UIE 39 Jo YDOFDA SUL “4 pUE YY Jo sas SuIpLedsoLIOg sine ua Pow Yt Jo sanita as00y2 01 omUantoo Hf totgaad sen I -uoymos S#_swotd xo¥8m05 ue awaygmmy XW €-0 ‘suoysuounp Se1y $2 ‘umnaramge Jo husuag 1] “womme 50 sxsoas1q, omg sor 9 en sasseduooue mo MaINgIM TE atinssy -s>eLITy sta Jo voRod tenet FUE eayou ax Jo Aix20]94 a 0} 2a40y tA Soejau PED ey jouNue> © aredand ‘monot PNY can Sets am U0 pentaxa 3010} Poppe tg asnseaKy of apeu! aie suo¥tsoud JY 920000000 09: 20; paneer “moj any 3m potordp ge ‘preadn soy rerum sioqa aoeuiy ap 50 ued pend amy posed Pr card Teme © ur pled sf Bey UL, “Soyf Toois asm aM ‘2omumy LONINpLI UE UI Fawteuo® amuange Jo w9eq vayou = o; votoe Buyer xp APRs ex po Uy Z'— spdOMELS, Cra sed "ys61 B04 MON “AON “oOroN2e9y Pm Gece em, wos) md ay Rd mo 0} ty wot FF Toy Ol Ol ora s9I0qn OT SERS Pa HERI FEeee eee eee eee eee eee ee 85 Turbulent and Complex Flows layer is laminar or turbulent, as depicted in Fig. 3.7._In tum, this location dete size of the wake and the amount ofthe form drag. After this brief introduction, let us now ‘consider sone of te avallable data. o o ‘Fig. 2.7 Separation of boundary layer and irae formation witha cylinder or sphere Ang tid wn) ding una ye ani. a) ing vn For te pesenation of data, we use Eq. G4). AS we come scrote the feson factor again, let us repeat the expression = UK 64 Ks tein V7, bt fr pes ha ern cine, lie re es area asthe projected sea normal wo the flow. For example, for low pas sphere, Fe takes the form eee Fg = (er ove 626) From Stokes’ I, whichis de result ofan analytical solution for creping flow around & Splere, we can wite the following equation by searanging Ea. (2.119): am snd Complex Flows 87 (drag coefficient) for a Fy exmptog £5 (829 a 6.29, we eine Teinar ow pest a sphere 628) i Copetent flow but, as you may suspect, Eq. (3.28) docs not apply forall ve experimental correlation is sought ia the form of f = i exertion Tor spheres, as well s for some other geometrical shapes. We also $er39 wo tndkete otber possiblities. Note hat Stokes’ law applis up to Re = 1 for spheres. ‘ig. 38 Friction factors for submerged bodies. (Adapted fom F. Eisner, Proc. 3d vem. Contr. ‘Appl Mech, 1930, page 32.) : However, when the body is ‘are measured while the body is stationary may not ‘because during free motion the orientation of the body may cha © o 0 e e ° o o 0 eSUPT = “4 ‘qr a 30 worod papueds a U8 a Jo Azoqen a oF speed popuadins See a Je aituep an saa na yd ¥ au apa von 5p awry snoousBowoy on srtdde +10 84 00D PUR Sy = S'9°E Bld Wosg “7'6 = Poy 198 om “5 wT 9A 305 uoMunOLdd Ifo Lisp ea “spied ene wep aaneey Por ur or = af opm Bums “pom porch sous peje ss] ued 18s 103 "me! MOU UaniB #2 papudsns sajred ‘roped 5 Jo zis ap mou 02 Aaess2000 51 9089p ST 10 {fey 305 prea 300 5} ey SeH0IS Su Og on dn sIaRAEI taba sofoRsed Me 405 poeadax operedo eanceye am 30g aque Sues © oT 99 wee suoneynarea amon "-sooned woes op Jo} ao] YP SOTERA] SOHOIS WN OF sound ea. tuaop pre wean are xn aude 3eq 4 sponse 49817] “sony Jo 20157109 9 of pe prendn popes Seibig eoe Oe) Cece eae an ssiaump Joyews Jo sopued fe pow 2m arrestee ” Fe | {auf eo spd poadns ooo wai ans 1 &2y Jo angen Surpuodsanio> 24, i =” ome ay ‘snogusfowoy sresedes oy modu st x ‘sispmod 8 201 x ITT = ano Saha | enyunuao 20 Sunes 204) Aq poute® sy uonesedas axosaray pu ‘Saumur snoous80s71% 305 pos 100 seop Buse. “eroval uy -paxyand are spoxnenn TeBryncs9 20 Sunes 2ay ‘sezs - eas o samen Sore 30) Yq “Boars 6a porendotoq sm sareTa sos0oFOWOH aw _ Tad 2 (ze aed “0861 “wo dd wer bye abu) ‘wang pig “2044 ‘s2usy “4 WOH} padepy) “so4poq peBrowGns 30} sore) VON 6'E “BLA sx 405 se oe = = PR om En EEE Paediatr aqui spjousey om wBnaa y poe : fe Pree : eo pores (90 “basa 944 “POE Fe Ky = pe nD ISP = saan = Beet90 Turbulent and Complex Flows We sce tat a second approximanion, atleast, s esded. With V_ = 1.35 ms", Rep = 12.4 and f = 3.5. “Another recalcula v= =133ms4 Which is very clove t0 our assumed velociy of 1.35 m s'. The procedure is repeated for particle diameters ‘up to 280 ym. The results are tabulated below. Panicle diameter, Velocity, = = 10 20 40 0 140 200 205 250 265 metal e ‘The flow of fide through porous media is not simple, espectally because ofthe effect of the complex geometry ofthe solids on the flow. Therefore, we rely largely on empirical inane of system parame, krown a he permet, of en ensure of 3.4.1 Darcy's Law Ifthe flow occurs under low pressure gradients, that isi i slow enough, then the rate of flow is proportional toa pressure drop per unit length of the porous medium, AP*/L" 6.29 "AP" i AP pL, depending on te direction of flow. po z ae 3.30) mez, ¢ where 9 isthe viscosty of the fuid, This makes P specific to the geometry ofthe solid phase only; therefore we can make predictions of the flows of other fluids, regardless of Emperature. Actually P is almost slays used, rather than k, ad itis commonly called the permeability instead ofthe specifi permeability. "The units of permeability are m, but some of the older data are inthe unit called Darcy, defined 26 1 Darcy = 1x 10° mt. Unformnately the reader might even encounter a different Darcy in the British Standard ‘Specification (BSS), which is 1 Darcy (BSS) = 0.987 x 10 m* ‘As a stating point for analyzing unidirectional flow in porous media, Eq, (3.29) is usually writen in terms of a pressute gradient and a superficial velociry, which is defined 25 1 UA; ten v2 (Zo). ean tek fow is not uitirecoal, then th sper veloc has composts 4 ty and tp ‘Components aP/2z, 4PI2y and aPr2z, and the body force has og With Vector notation, therefore, v= Zor ox ‘by Darcy isnot realy svalabe, but a reproduction is in M. K. Hubber, The ‘Theory of Ground Water Motion and Related Papers, foes Publishing, New York, NY, 1969, pp. 3-1 "The orignal paper 2330333999(Wy = 5 asym ’bg Jo soremouap one | 74 a Td, _232mzed pana jor aco Fi ~ ‘ou 0p aigeese sumo =¥ 7 49843} Jo wary © uy ‘sou trunyo> 29 30 spxe aap oF feun0N uuunjo> a4p Bron aos © kg pa ‘inU ap waainiog aur aepunog yen aBesane ayn uel am "s2)aUOd pa = umd pa eso ay oro ¢- ae ee + se pauyap st (ze ‘ba) zewerp mayen eq yas peonposm sem smo stpmeapty a 30 dasue> oa, -(Ksai0d 10 aBeplon poyfe> ose) Uonseyy ploa — © aI3q fuieTan tas wero aeav ug wero voy = A “ours. “are Moy amon a 51 2 pu uuuryoo ap Jo Hate feUONSOS-ssaI9 ap SY BIO "Vi = 4a rouyep 5114 we soypeS "4 mou Aypensn si2ouBUg ‘sors eysades sin a = %4 281 Gem “tonsaap-x am wT puE yeuONZoTPIUR si Kol) JY "wmypoR snouod ‘Jo soos a UF Koen aBeIONE = 4 pUE “KteUoHOdeLd yo TUCO = Ny aay pn Weacate opaque 8 “ONSNOHL “ne, gauge Aeadus OF 9 ae 8G ‘woprenba sunBsg pur A10oWp apungoqns, Ze 6 song ado) pure maINqaT3, OL X FO OL XZ 99 PIDOM anita THoIdKi w ‘sous Burpiom 30} WAY 29 ot palopIsHOD sy Mqeouuad Sta, “2 OF x GUL = aor | | ea Dawa eT aT ete z= _1 SU Seem eet iu gseaige wei |eloor [eal Ey Sea teaser Tro 7 %-% sst| woe) 5,0 X 6 = (con) ‘sums ap Jo re soup $321 08 “af TEREIED 1 5 oO mo Lean Kade Ho, way poresed 51141 Syne on feeed 5} moy omy asmeseg synsax uBls sou aa, wet lta -G)é sansa UL, “7 = x28 7g = g pO = wey = qf ToMsu0D o Ks poresBom st STU, lerh-3 ee ve @ boon [ws B] s-- aor *8- = "3 pue “Kora 5 mo 3, (1€°9) ba tom wes ue am os euonoarTpUN 9 dures YBnoan oy aul ‘voHMes snout xapineg pow MENA, 25“94 Turbulent and Complex Flows ‘The factor Si the total surface area of solid per unit volume of sotid, while Sis the total surface area per unit volume ofthe column. From this, 639) 40) . which is the form of the pressure-drop relationship for low through packed columns, is valid for the lower range of Reynolds numbers (creping flow region), ‘where A" has been found to equal 4.2 Insertion of this value imto Eq. (3.40) gives 1 Pt oe wong TF oan wich the Blake Kcey equation, Note ths ste sre athe Dacy equation, wire ao - 2 fe 4.29530 - 0)” Ga P= ot (3.43) wea “ese equtionscoptasize he et hth depends on he properties ofboth he fl and Tia she dsees ony one popes of esol pe Scathtog soe ow teaver Wa end convection systems,» ld veo i eve eee Syed whi mint Tow no loge reve, Unt ese conto, Sr dean of Peon inser whgh cnn be corrlied sly 8 fnton of {TRebolds mer Fr gute beds, te modi fen for may be mesic By ape : : 3.46 f° Tapia = 6) cea “This is analogous to Eq. (3.17), We utilize a modified Reynolds number for packed beds in the correlation Nene ee ENTREES C SECC OHSS SESE EEE ESSE eet ‘Turbulent and Complex Flows 95 - ‘When the flow exceeds that for Re, & 2, then Ea. (3.41) no longer applies and we use Fig. 3.10. The equation, 7 _ o2me¥iset - 0) ea Siete Ss exes te nice sly ean wo on eH deers he ese ee nln tmnt pe #2 vom oan Bw J 3 B : 7 notes Pros. density of the gas asthe arithmetic ‘wen applying his expression to gases, we tk aed it however, it is better to spply average of the end densities. For large presru to express pressure gradient inthe dif 49) e o o e a e eo a oO o oO oO o o“jon curs ap ayn azzuds © J eae amps 2p pop wate aoeME amy se pauyep sf 200 pose vey semouy “Afojomootaazed wt posnssore aes 2090 ave aoe e sopeat oi) Late 294, caus) sapnied 2 wiopimuoy mia eas HO-) Natost dv smpuod a wefan nose wonenbo sunBig yo suoy spo pu “y/"g 30 ye a (ye) “ba Mc BoE “HON eso ‘i Ze sed '6e61 HOA oN ‘HE mae Busia iain fo rydpunid “ope WY 5a paws fea THEA ‘It val 80 Op6h "HOA MON “FORTIN mus ‘mere ine 4 PY 4 9 en ‘Ucen sst “5 8g wong sm ‘104 ‘wea 2 “gk pstsd ep mo PONIES EA, at PRD agén omg suo armas sans98 sn pur ‘ajoined a jo uojsiatap anstizereyD v 14g a29HL 46 smog xdine5 pre reaimgmy, oso ua “ety = 5 yen Zun0N oso se PoULRp “‘s2rouyp unow aoobin-uoyon an patio st aura Sup 04 Jap aRTE aBE:IRE aL “TRuotees eon tp Jo Asuop om s“¢ pur ‘pain suns jo Joquina aut sw 134 dd on «so wipe’ omy “win waamiag paDaTO> “ey ‘woney sem Boypuodsauna ayn Auuyap susaios om a Jo sBulUDdO ayy Jo UTE ‘nunpue an se om 51 “%q “uonoesy a ype Jo s.aup a Pu “pousaio [eorel 20 51 “(eojonued Jo seer Jed ware soepns) #5 “amaxtm a) Jo 2oejts ayo 3 WOH, oxtaunap 9 Ae “2pz0d fous o seuosoq (69) ba “ue SSaUOISUDUIRLL “AON = mtg = te aso aquinu spousoy au» pur oo98 “Turbulent snd Complex Flows that the Uterature in this field abounds with confusion. ressure drop, prior to ignition, across a bed of sinter 0.305 m deep (o = 0.39) for air flowing at 289 K and with V, = 0.25 ms. The surface area S measures 8100 mt. For air: p= 1.23 kg m? and 9 = 1 s AP = (2.38 x 10°)0.305) = 7.25 x 10° Nm. 343 Wall effect It is probatily obvious to the reader thatthe container diameter must be & good deal larger than the mean particle diameter ofthe packing, in order for the above equations to be valid . be larger than the bulk value of w. This wail which shows that the container diameter should ing v and because, in some instances, the flow of a fiid erough @ (Derived by HL B, Rose and A. M, Rink, Proc. Ist. ‘Fig. 3:11, Correaion factor for wall ‘Mech. Engrs, London, 60,493 (3950)) porous sitered metal partis important. Set-ubricatng bearings and porous meta fiers for fir, water, et, can serve as examples. ‘Morgan? sed the followig form of the Ergun equation for steady flow conditions through porous sintered metal: where 6 is called the viscous permeability, and & the inertial permeability: Vpn, and are Waimed as before. We should compare this equation with Eq. (3.46), from which it appears that e ?- CRE 5 WW, Moegan, Symposium sur la Metallrge de Poudres, Ediions Metaux (sponsored by Socitte Frongalse de Metallurgie), Patis, June, 1966, page 419. +R. M. Geeman, Ponder Technol 30, 81 (1981. e oe o e eo o o oe oO o oO o o oO oO(0361) #96 “19 FUG eID HED “SEE “°C PER WODERE HD (6961) Sest "VOR ¥ S01 OH “saqUALL "DHE PEE OD 'Y “TURF ET HRUON Vy (0661) St "ANE “RUE “HON “sqUEMpE "AD PEELED "1" SUNHE“S“O PME dy “Uso1) Sot ‘AST “04L “TPA “Oy -294j 30 year axn st Yo “payoesy st auoqe Supe apzed Buss @ uoddns 40 axreyeq 01 den on sou somd soe poy Jo wad [LAUT rT of "3ePOn Pew DN Fret at wey svesd fqn Poe uoRENuoES po: oxy ¥ Tense 9 Jo Bored Byatt ost 3 0 Spundenon ‘mm “ood SNe Urey lon au Pam 39 1 ye pr "sys 9800 00 |p 2 “fod SRD AV “3A Woe ana AO 0} Opp "Wim rans pny ah pauoddns suosey spnued rene ah poe AS Tk ‘aa 9 eed wreaes un ae Wo() Buses Wom Apes foFezm Doda aI foip asnseand uy serencen Apes pon one vo ser AOU yf seed Fapisuoo sm 12] “svex MOY Prnyy ax7 Jos sis}x2 yum 2addn we “uumjoo pexsed yexp-dn we 207 SamE GAZI $¢ {BANE ps voryoe fq uan 5 “samonns snosod Katy AuRanmed “ep snonod saan Wino moy 2) wep Angel jo aAaLaNHSHELOY “FO = P= IZO sou aqqedde =) (65'S) vonmbg “sow Sag mo snmotpuadiod moy 205 eo q u2ni8 Ausouod oxy Jo wonrouny © 5 (pe J9qy 2p Jo SIE StH Fw atayN ‘sae soqy 2K 1 Jae MO 10} wo [Ur- Aero o- 1) SD ag ssay ‘AL pus arenbs w uo poroo| save farezed yim “snonunuos axe si2qKs ayn eu Pause st 1661) Tot “ot van “afsuouy rey pooLeuMY “xo “Dt pu JeOG "a “TEUNEPEN “Td, Rio) eH sewed “Ha IE UTED, WAL hog NOMA PHO ~F1 *EIED “WA, me” ae . uj ‘uoneebs wauauow 2p asuduco ‘wie woqper8 ansaid ap pu wut aos Kpog a Bm Buoqe "WIS 2 0 seman sat fang = '9'0 > aay au0e Aes aN Jo OHNE] “T= 9) sor usage si uy Surewes pnb Aw sap stay woxBat ap 02 2UOE Sena! JO soar 291 aopoeneo amy uy Monten #205 sayy (Te) “bat 30 TN a, one wuuaatour =p Jo seated ufo sop or pen aun San 0 5 (9) Fa 9S ef 90 vo mar se a, -APoFan erodes mo smavodmo> oxy area poe “n gt, ~Rf. ave yh oe | ag” Tae te ae ‘spasooud oneayipnos se Aesoduan pee Aree soe (pron 430 wore aumjos 2p) © 2p o6j xp Bug axoidwod aoe taEe xapdtH09 Kian ssh UL “nonpoud seo ty uoneBaxfesaioea jo ose sofeus © 5} eene99q oNDeAUOD sehiers 01 agensop 31 pur “nisentoo pynby atm resaua8 uy “piaby oMUpLApIA, pT PHOe upuap Busuawoo auce Kyo v sas “sKoureached when w approaches 1, and from that point on, the ‘of fluidization schematically, Fig. 3.12. Schematic representation of he relationship between the void fraction inthe Muidized bed, the tuperficial veloc, and the pressure drop across the entire reactor, for particulate Nuiization. particle fess the buoyancy fore, it 4 Plo, * ale r-4 Siege ‘| ae I-bed configuration with a) and (2) the the bed, where «= 1. He then pointed by a plot of f versus Re, itis possible 10 °F. A. Zen, Perl. Rfiner. 36,147 (1957). iocities particles are entrained and blow out of the reactor. Figure 3.12 shows the ‘Turbulent and Complex Flows 103 orm new dimensionless parameters ‘that contain D, and Vp separately and express the same data, These new dimensionless parameters sre 3.65) (F ’ 7 [ ina 6.6) In Fas. @.65) and (3.66), fs given by Eq. (3.64) and the Reynolds mumber is defined with Yas the characteristic velocity. When the data of Fig. 3.8 ae ploned in this way, a single ‘curve corresponding tothe terminal velocity at y= 1 is found. “Applying this same methodology to tbe experimental data of Wilhelm and Kwauk’ and! ‘other investigators who determined Vy, the superficial velocity at minimum fluidization when. partcalate Quidization oceurred, Zena found a generalized empirical graph that describes the ther boundary ofthe particulate fiud bed regime. For void fractions as the bed expands ‘From wy, to w= 1, otber experimental data alo can be explained by the same correlation. ‘The resulting set of curves is given in Fig. 3.13 with lies of constant void fraction and Re sive, ‘Leva et al." give a relation for calculating Va 9.0007 (25 - o7)D3 ao 66 Voy as Re ‘This canbe rearanged t0 Rey _ Rew a (Fy a © wich fas esenally on the line for w= 04 on Fig. 3.13. Their daa are for O58 sg 005 and Re <3, The dan of Frame can similary be shown oft rey” _ me ae (3-3 a oe © ) e oe 0 o o 0 © o o o oO oO oO oO(9c a8ed “9961 ‘AN [HOR MAN “dOD “Tang ploy ‘mUDEKS 2pHUEg Pin PUD Nee ‘seam “ad Pu mio “y "a worg) “opEDINY a¥yRoqLed jo NONeIaLeS PaRKOUS ETE BL teh o a @ 1 ra TTT TT prt iu mrt 2 mre pit rrr put ty rt ism TT Witt ue td ed dt S01 suout xe pow seayageny, p61 “sg Aysoaten afpqum “oping pay “WOSIIEH °C PUEUOSINCG “fy 9961 "YOR AON “HIV eo ON "US aks Bong “Big MoD “Boqompey ap useg PERE “OA HA POEVRA A Dy cu By se8 99 30 45099 2 9174 pur (x) ayo mn wrong se a 30 fporen afesant an 51124 “PLE “a OL e1-¢ id Woy ence a wt SUMP YN sou an wosy pa out yn J uo auRE ES) I Zid = soinqunstp up 38 Ja1UEIP 21qqnq FEAT AP = MT pe “zany 29 an0ge 7 Big ZOD ofQGNG a FT 3a ecg 2 “a 0+ sro = ee s0+ at ta se passanda 29 uta diguonepx sry, “aeeasep 3 2xoge pag emp Jo sunssaid oxy se spundxa smu 199% ind vse ax “pq 29 OF Uonsod Jo voppury w se passa pnw." “A pag Bunga say © noma “cu fq “rosa jo sygana yo 3) asi Jo aes asa ag = Faf12"% poe 810% “hesopn eraysodns re (w) pog yo ago = A “sur 4 “hysoja ope waz! (a) poq 30 Ba = "Fy ‘dayn porns 2g hew oopenpmy aaneBou8Be wi poq 2p 0 vorsueds ous ‘aonezpiny ste|nansed nan spaq prlos-prnbu paw "wonETPIN sardacte naurn son pure “Agen pod oo} awa sed jo setae ‘uowenpiny ore woswey pur vostxecr Sfoquiru oapfes © 350 yA PuUE U suolg xa,8weD PE MEIMEINL 101105 Tusbulent and Complex Flows a Ly. tare i —] rr) | rei So ze Pr Pmt Oe det =D ont ey TZ, 14 Jet penton nt uid pace media: Frm. A. Zar, Fdation end Fué-Prie ‘Sion Ves Poun-Corp. Po, Nesavile, NY, 1969, page 116) " with the design of fluidized beds, Tuyeres, For an excellent discussion of this ris refered to Zenz," to Cheremisinoft EA enn, Fiction and Fai Particle Stems, Voll, Penm-Corp, Publ, Nelsonville, NY, 1988. 1X. P. Cheremisinolf and R. Gupta (ects), Handbook of Fluids in Motion, Buterworts, Boson, 1983, Chaps. 23-26. =D, Koni and O, Levenspel, Faidizarion Eng Boston, 1981 14 Edition, Buerwonhs-Heinemann, Turbulent and Complex Flows 107 would gas alone, so they itpossible ro coniaet pow are used to produce to build up ceramic Example 3.6 Consider elements by Auorinating (90% by weigh The properties of the mat i) sm) Udy 83x10 = 7 Ai9, 39x10 = ha xi Jedowm eas saci! Since the bed is primarily AL,O,, the gas flow must be enough to exceed minimum ‘uidization velocity forthe ALO, yet no beso high as to carry out the U0, particles. The ‘question is: What size U,O, particles will stay inthe bed? Solution. Since the ALO, particles are uniformly sized, the void fraction at minimum ‘uitzation will be just above that ofthe bed at rest, which would be about 0.4. Assume p, x10 (7Re}!” = ——+ __, = 12x 10) 7 = 322 lea x 1057 20,0, 7h WOH HEB — O85 Enwesing Fig. 3 URE? = 3.32 and w= 045, obsiin a vahe of (Reif = 0,009 from which Vag canbe called: (rey? = (4 stay in the reactor. Ata bed operating velocity forthe Us0,, (ney = ——__076 gigs {a\9.8f3.4 x 1048300) v0.47 ° e eo ° © o 0 o o o 0 o oO“souas oj pafueam sBued waroyip oma sosuduios poq say 2, uramumys am 10H) septx0 Ass01p sxourE (01 1api0 ut sazoyds ‘OFT Jo paq ITY [NMOZUOG e YBnoMA passed s| UMUC UNION. E1"E ‘Besant By 2'T = o puR WHS N 501 x L0'7 = U ame se podorenap Ayman uy sod ayy nett umogs oxty saipmis Temouodo ArmUMeld Tre “uma gt = “a ‘sto = © 2a s0f 11q mm 94 = “0 “OO = © 2 20f 270 yexand svompuos moy wayeqita “s10u=yUR 201824 2p moyBoonp waoyan axe Kysuap se# Bojonpss pu aumedodiny amp yD POLE 29 eu apr rest whom sooed yrs SeB Suronpas jo Yonoes} mM SEITE “RA OE X ZL'T 2 oy t donna an auned om o “EO x 6°91 PETERS PQ 9h 1 BY S09 5131008 pur amssoud otroydsoune ve se8 an Jo AUS SUI N OT X €1°p #31008 1 roger, -amsesodway cums ay) se a E> oR 5 BY $6 30 MR! EE PE 3 COB Je pogo Jo dov ap sans seb Sunpas y “(wu ¢ = “q) seed apr0 Tmeut (Ue {oye powoed 5 ‘o;ou U O'S PUE WY w O'ST “sORAL-wonoNpar Faq PEE V OE nt 49 5 24 apdnooounata Jo satan BY goog seu su J0 Asap et SN . OE x 78 Asoo ut "aa op Jo exe tp 0} sejnpusdsod BUEMOU SF YD Uw UY Stage four 84 g'gz Jo wy 2einsefour 598 yeopt ur se sonny ae rn assy “134 QODE 5 ANBUAD 0S N. 0°75 Ays038 3 ooct sf amueraduay, yaw sof ww sse8 049 Jo aoeyns don aun ojea aaue 40 vottoury © se ajqqna an Jo Aioojan sep azzma[e ‘e299 UoMEI2,2008 songs dor ap oj09 2ozEp at Jo uoHouny 2 se 2}Qgng ayp Jo JIU ‘oyster 2oeans a Jo 2snas2q 2]4Qnq ap UTI asTsIaNd poppe DajTIN SUT aoxjms dor ay wojaq 20mm am} Jo WORDEN se aggna a UE amssasd ap = yo wonog 2p ye ty 30 Jerourerp Tews are Aon papracad sciods pals C01 suous xoxo pow yoreqin, yan 2g Kew spnbyy oom osu eM Sage $e ‘ease een jo ones an map sea 0) 1 > Su en assy (> 5p Appoae ap Susp ot fan en sein ale SUH Ye 1 ot snp sosoyds 305 mp Buzequiowas “met .sox01s faqo or paredxa 2% pinow WEN FT°z WoIqosg ut sjonsed euMNE IsSSIE| am Jo SAE OM SUMS SE aojoumep 2qma nj} doup aunssord a ut afurey> waned ain SHINS “OI > 2H > OT x TZ 30) (07'e) “ba Aq waa sy soI28} ORM om (ITEM WoOUS) soqma UE AOU 304 EE ‘sotpuo> Suto) 9 40) (Um Q'S Ls Q'OE) tonp seinBioss paqueared jo wifuay wi o¢ rewvozloy e ui dosp amnssaud a nenqenal ZC ‘mou sn soquedoace eq eg uy doupainssaud San ef pe Moo Tog waa aa snow YERON Beleoy =) HOE He TOA TE swvaTEOUd ‘2p ypees Koy ue poq amp Jo Ino pataze 9g SN UR w 01x TP = “ofa ye spam seyems om “OFS “ST = PWS soy xadenoy pum ymOMAINL, $04110 Turbulent and Complex Flows - ‘The first packing encountered by the flow captures large drossy panicles, and the second packing captures the smaller drossy particles. Given L, = 0.7 Ly. «= ts, Dry Dray Compute the ratio ofthe pressure drop through A to the pressure through B fora) very 1ow Reynolds numbers, and b) very high Reynolds numbers. 3.14 Derive an equation for the pressure drop through an isothermal coluran of a porous Imodum, ta ecompans te flow of compresive ft. Anune ht he gu follows a 3.18 For unidirectional flow through a column of a porous medium, show that Eq. (3.61) reduces to Ea. (3.31). 3.16 In a falling head permeameter, the permeability is determined by measuring the difference in height between two liquid columns. In the apparatus depicted below, Hf decreases and h increases 28 liquid flows by gravity through the pofous medium of length. Derive an equation that gives h as a function of time f, assuming that ‘P is uniform and constant. Zz cao at GZ YY, a L 3:17 The tube bundle theory for permeability predicts o ga - oF ‘where K is a constant. Assuming that Eq. 3.55) applies, does the tube bundle theory fe ‘given by Eq. G.59)? Pe ©.63) and assume that the aspect ratio of the fibers is ven in Problem 3.17 predict the permeabilities for 3.19 In the produetion of and the following reaction le ore (Ti0,) is uidized with gaseous chlorine To, + 2Cl, + Ticl(@) + 0, ‘The rate of this reaction is controlled by the removal of the oxygen by reaction with coke particles in the reactor, according to © +0, +00, ‘Tarbulent and Complex Flows 111 ‘The rutile ore, prior to being placed in the reactor, was analyzed according to size. The following ranges of panicle diameters, D,, were found: 150 SD, < 180 pm 6.2% 106 SD, < 150 jum nam 18. sD, < 106 wm 14% Using the above data, calculate the possible chlorine mass flow rates needed to fluidize the ore in a eduction reactor tat is 1.2 m in diametes 3.20. A bed of particles of uniform size is fidized such that the bed voidage is 0.6 when. ite Reynolds number is 10. A-second bed, similar to the first, contains partcies with a ‘ameter equal to one-half of the diameter of panicles inthe first bed. Both beds operate ‘with the seme superficial velocity. What iste bed voidage inthe bed filled with the smalter particles? 3.21 A fan delivers air to two fluidized beds, A and B. Bed 4 is operating at a minimum 2) Calculate the superfictal velocity through bed A. 1) Calculate the superficial velocity through bed B, ) Calculate AP across bed A. @) For bed B, prove that = 0.7 when iti fidized to twice the fixed bed volume. ‘91.4 am (uniform); p (Solid) = 4808 kg m?; 0 = 1 id) = 4006 kgm; i ) = 0.7.‘exgim 8 2 “sours Busssudua 2390 vy, 980p HOM otn St PH pu “worsKs an o1 poppe ea aN “Uw 21 58, wou} BUIO wy ABrous peasy uy Buns ap 7 “A n-O=aVv “ano}Q 30 20 pecio Aqjeorueyseia 9q Kew Moy ing 2p 8 48224 reared per 8209 sn 51 Yori “SotESpoU Jo mE 1 2 1p 99 D1] “AOU DINE suygoud See Surzstene 30} T}od SumTEs ap | uoKONbS yay “vonenba KBsau2 yequsyoaus ay) (PSUSSUAL oA IN) SPINK Away “HSK 2poqN =p on sxddE Gon “uorenba sy Jo AREM I, = 499.6 pes [Hl ps ap % vinnie? Li our png wi swoneoildy souepeg saw laa + de\ern)) cout (#id)p Burpuedxa pu (6's) ont (Or"p) “bg Bunransans oy on woysasuod youonof s0 180} SSou trum aed 6810u2 [oO]Moysau I 5 /IQ UN orn “a9 + (OiN)ed - «OP = AP aan go wastes uogs © Wnana sossed 11 se pny Jo S5eur ym i 20) 800 tr sfuego ap iia 208 8 (g'9) Pa WoL uovzOnbe ABiau> poownyreu 3D 8 loneaea 8 st Nol) pny os uote de 40} suejeq ABsav9 aqp Jo uo} WouTWtOD 21008 Y ‘epanog wssass aun ss0u08 pouajTuen St YS 209 on sasavdas Ayaan se) ang eHUaLA ans fou Stat eH soeLSUGEIND .Q Aunoeasd o aah ‘ = D9 - PB + a+ [Z]>- a7 « o- worm (ielo. (f a Coe al als a Seta ‘ale. le Ty eae (alee) ae on ee A 4 sang iow jo 24 mao om $d + 69 FY ssanea 2m json “warshs am yBnonn So\soY PING 30 Se un od soiova ow ave sauna 18 AGO} 54D UL A/D = oD PUR AIA = aH SIH ww spas suonpuon sans-Kpeans 1 (1°p) “ba om (6'r) pas (s"p) “sba SunNEAS wonenbs s,nmmowsog “vopenbs Aso PEM CTY ow avi = “TV (2 - him = “rw ‘Adans 5 Buen118 Energy Bolance Application in Fuid Flow [Example 4.1 A fan draws sit at rest and sends it through a horizontal rectangular duct, 1200 mm 300 mm and 55 m long. The ar enters at 289 K and 750 mm Hg pressure at & rate of 0.472 m? s'. What theoretical power is required of the fan if the air discharges at 750 mm Hg? (Pressure is commonly measured with manometers or barometers and given as column of Hg supported by the Normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hig to ‘that 760 mmm Hg = 1.01325 x 10° Nm?) Solusion. Consider the system below that is defined by placing planes 1 and 2 where shown. ‘The mechanical equation includes M, because there isa fan inthe system. * eae P= 750 amg. deaf dP = 0. Alo Y, = andar = 0, Unter these conditions, Eq. (4.11) reduces to” Bie Be Now 20.2 x 0.3) m? P= “Cre tm ~ 04m sas ype pie mH, ey 2 Pe v= [Joa - 20m cx ni pion ti toi yn bi i cpa rea vent ‘The Reynolds number is now determined: D,¥, ee PeBP _ 290-9729) 1 97 x 10%, 7 {1-78 x 10°) “By nating that P, = 750 mam Hg, we ignore the exit los which we shall discus in Seton 43. Energy Balance Applications in Fla Flow 119 ‘From Fig, 3.2. = 0.0042 (smooth). Because a-2[E] ee the coergy balance can be written a For turbulent flows, 8; = 1 20 that ~=-[} 35 el ue = -[} +ereoam [eS] rer =» _ 150m? | Net [1 Ws [ie [iNm Recall M¢ is work done by the Oi tht “Mis work done bythe fan. Now we multiply “Me by the mass flow rat through the sytem to get the power. 0.150 kW 8 | 0.472 m | 1208 _ 56950 iw «Ts | = F = 150 W 5 kg. Power = For straight conduits, Eq. (6.15) gives the friction loss E However, in most flow systems there are fittings, bends, changes in cross sections, valves, etc. Therefore additional Fesistances must be included in E, for the best application of Eq. (4.11). The following. sections review some of the methods used to calculate such resistances, 4.3 ENLARGEMENT AND CONTRACTION ‘The fiction loss associsted with & sudden enlargement ora sudden contraction Fig: 4.2) calculated by using s friction loss factor e,. The friction loss forthe particular geometry that ‘pts flow in conduits is evaluated inthe following manner: i 5 = ep 19) 1 | { eee t db ee o @ ig. 42: Sudden contraction and enlargement. CEC OOQC ETA 999990999309999999‘Peupow oq wea (ssouenas) uonoeauc> 30) “akamoH -poplNas are souo9 sup Laxjm UO ‘paadap ou so0p uoisnedxa 2x1 sage ssonon yo vost ap Jo RAD UL “Z-y Bla OY, ‘2p Buunayy 6a woos aq wea se “(oqdexBezed Butotoy-xa uy possostp suoITEdLa feapeld soy sora) sadeqs xa feo yom Aitenbo Ade sqoaweBsequs o oreo axp > 6j esata (Pa1 wopuer pee Shey wor) vonoesao® LappME 36] JO] SOF UOKOLE Hp Aa ee “oy meqeqma Jo omar amp wy saqu spoaAon Te 01 Aye oy porns enema 2 pamssnd ep “KpratbomO Fy Pp Bl Us 9 se A 1 20; 1p 01 sigs vo otREA 10} % Jo ones om eMORE Sy ambi “A NTROTTAE i 121 Mota Pre m moERY comme Oe SSoee een eriereres one eral Ot122 nergy Balance Applications in Fluid Fw ‘Example 4.2 In Example 4.1 the entrance and exit losses were ignored. This time we repeat the calculation and include these losses. reduces to : Me += 0, where s-2[é] Vr deW- Lear wits V the velocnywidhin tbe dct and gy andthe ener loss coefficient forthe entrance And the ent, respectively. Now, we solve for * we [boedeea[é] #. Valuer of the Reynolds mumber,- velocity, factor and LID, are all found in Beample 4.1. With Re = 1.27 10° and Ay/d, = 0, Fig. 4.4 gives ¢n = 0.8. With 5 ‘Then Ally = 0, Pig. 4.3 gives eg = al} Power = 0.0924 KW. [By carefully accounting for the additional frictional losses in the systexa, our estimate of the power has increased by 8.7%. 4.4 FLOW THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS ‘To evaluste flow through valves and fittings, we usualy assign an equivalent length to the finture such that the pressure drop is given by Eq. (6.15), where Lis replaced by Z,. B=4 gh aap i i i t t _-Boergy Balance Applications in Fhuid Flow 123 xtere fis vated for Re withthe pipe diameter equal to the fting diameter, and L/D for were [sow of varius ftings is gen i Table 42. Thus, when evaluating the fiction turbotgh 1s sysem with figs, he sm of the equivalent lengths ofall the fing i ‘ed to the length of the pipe; Bis then detuned by using Eq. (4.17) TW M, Rotseoow and H. ¥. Chol, Hear, Mas, and Momentum Transfer, Prete Hall, Englewood Gin Ne Taso), 1961, p. 64. Amore comple lst isin RH. Perry and C. H, Chiton (Es), eee tnginears" Handbook, fin edion, McGraw-Hil, New York, NY, 1973, pages 535 10 38. For example, ifs pipe nerwork contains 6 m of pipe with an inside dlameter of 21 mm, ‘wo clbows (90°, medium radius), and a wide open gate valve, then the L/D ratio to be ‘ubetiited into Eq. ($15) would be G)- LG GL 4.$ FLOW THROUGH SMOOTH BENDS AND COILS In curved pipes, te friction loss may rise considerably above the values for straight lengthg ‘of pipe, and the tarsition Reynolds number may be much higher than 2100. ‘The suaximar Reynolds mumber for laminar flow, or eical Reynolds aumber, Re, i given asa function ‘of the coll diameter D, and pipe diameter D:* : Bul po)" 2 4.18) weal oF “The friction loss for laminar flow in a curved pipe can be expressed in terms of the ratio of the friction factor for the curved pipe 1 that forthe same length of straight pipe. This A, Wo, Tran. ASME 82, Series D, 123-4 (1959) CAToeE TO Cee lT2ES59099029935999939999sn Avs 24 ‘SUO[pHOD MOY, [EHINPOR! UE (8 W 9: ‘atqnoypand tou st ™A/A_ asnesoq oper aq snus aeianen BOT > OM > Ox Te edu 2x1 up S—] 201 00 + 2970 = —4 ey Pag 4 “o1 > AG > 01 Moun sues woqnaim 9g 3 worfor asm © 205 por | tei ea a ee a J nop seem sos aque sot apo one Bo fa pes sa we (Koo Eauane ap) 4 Gy san a pane Koofn 3) Jo ones A sUORENIS AP OS Wea] We JO UTE & XQ popeoaid sustod we adid zwnam> a te pany etn Jo Aasoran xa plank on (oz's) “ba unas am “wsisks aq uy solaeyaq Teapmucu 0 aze9 Saxe Yom “> retsUoD UoNELETD ‘sdigsvonnas woopoueunp popuounsoass poe 2qru SIMSON Lp BIE SUL_ Ota pri BY swoMNORdSY souePeE Au Pu OM Hy, “9S 951 “AN OA MAN BOON ENN 240 PO HOHOLAAD Hy—wOeg, on) anty aim Ge suurans ap Buoye (2) suid naoAtog (11°p) “ba Buidly ‘wjod wsneusers amt pott spur “Summado agnt-onid 2p yo diy omy o} spuodsasioa ory Sime BORA T9y "3 Npuaddy wt paquosap are uopezyensia mou pu ruawainseaus “MOU 10) 291499 Jomo “(ET's) “ba BuNéydde vo paseq ame LOND siq Ut paalosep 3291409 SAL wonesqe9 yyoteo aumnbar sia am ‘spay sayssandun Jo ase xp UE AER 4 ‘mOU 97 amseaus uD suou ‘papseN AijNEN LORULOILY ayn sy YIU “aves oy-ssrut oxy eTus22p oF porn oq UR uN Jo Ie YBOWRLY “sIbIaW Fare 20 ‘siaiout eo “sioiou ioojan ‘aldazer9 Jo} ‘gerne saqsop BenseaM Jo AaweA 8st a= ‘npC0) Poso[s Moy Sunseam 204 “spIny Bormoy jo sauenb ap Buqussouo> vONeULIOp sabar ayo sdnos juowedse pur sosseoo:d Suysaouldu2 30 jonmoo pele doresedo WauI ~ ph 164 ay 8) SOND add wares cv-panano jo ona 3 Buys poe (¢1'y) “ba Ban fo moUy woqnaaM 405 $804 wONAU ap 2m ‘1 > 49) atarfBou sy oy seu ie 29} sore uondUy ays Yo sumMEAIND jo Moat Bue yBoqEE Ay wonKaHONd ® UF UDA St YOY y,C¥ETIGDeRt Jo UoHt=uny t Mold PIM uF suonmonMy soueteg CE 421 ANSWRIASVEW MOTE oF 9 < Caran 203nergy Balance Applications in Fuid Flow ompressible g85, WE may assum and the gas 425) 426) Example 4.3 A Pitot-satic tube is installed with its impact opening along the centerine of ‘ong pipe with an inside diameter of 300 mum, Air at 339 K and 8.27 10" N mx (gauge ‘ressure) passes through the pipe: the baromeic pressure is 745 mm Hg (9.93 * "). "The pressure difference measured by the Ptot-satc tube is 10.7 mm water. mass flow rate in the pie. he Solution, ‘The sbsolute pressure in the pipe where P, is measured is P, = 827 x 10" + 9,93, x 10" = 1:82 x 104N m* At this pressure and 339 K, the gus density is 2X1 Nm? | 273K | 2888 | Lie conversion between height of water and. pressure; it ‘Therefore ‘ wat: [at ‘To find the average velocity, We v yo = 902 +0. w _ 2.3900.6) m “nergy Balance Applications in Fuid Flow 127 4062 Head meters ‘They are 50 called because all of them place re ar esetlly te ypes of ead meter. Tae ae con lin, enng a focal intense i the velocity of the “We discus he term head in Chapter § © 04 © o o o © oO o Oo oO%10 9 tr0_ or fo one “arty = A pu lad = 44 30) suosasdes ase OL, (patpa arene) 239819 ‘A sowof osuodxa axa Barzun “sos yesoved asousv oY uoKEMbe sup AjpOUE MED aN “S210, 6cI MOLE PLAN] HOBEOAEAY soUNTER Cg eh (ae abel 9 = a “som ue (0¢"p) suonenba, cen 20 "aha = gym orn 29 Jo wo} yeu 2188 am sm, “onDMLIaD DUAR aA aaeid am Jo szump op ain our ous a ve pe yoru 85 swe ifoo> aBamonp & en tego am ‘se. ‘a9 uaoiaag amnssard uy souareyp amp Jo Suan Uy £4 se) POAlOn st (L2°p) “bE UKM HM) O$ een ‘MO PML UF stopRENMY souEEG ADEA E71130 Energy Balance Applications ia Fluid Flow 095 Coa z Dowratram presuretaploction in Fig. 412 Effect of tp locations on the flow oceficient. with Re (at the orice) greater than 30 000. (From Perry and is tobe avoided isa problem, land the velocities igh, which results in rapid erosion of the opening in the plate. page 394, “Fudd Meera: Their Te RH, Perey and CH. New York, NY, 1973, AP, = (1 ~ BIE, ~ PD 34 “The design ofthe venuri meter is such that a gradual restriction in flow area precedes the tyoat, whichis short, staight section; then the flow area gradually returns tothe original jaded angle of conve and on the the orifice than to the vemuri. 4:7 FLOW FROM LADLES {In metallurgical operations, molten metal is contained in refractory lined vessels (ladles) mt the metal to various points within a plant where molten metal is evaluate it by the method applied in Section 438) “The fiction loss, for this sytem is entirely due to the contraction nozzie, and we can 0999293593999399'#2) Sey orn | tae eo'p) “ba Sunessaw q ape] aq Adu Apdo o4 sum aI WEG Om STU ieee oto up orn jae 1p 0$ “p/Jax Jo wonsas Sou sejnayo eisue> © ney sojpe Acem ‘ose ‘aisuoo st > yxn pauensse Ajensn 53] ‘Pav 20) apm sod-wwoneg aROU-HIMS. Fy BLE ren a spa Keren rnb. study EL MOLE PILE m suopRDdy some Che By 7-0 en wy | o%y= Sem poe ym a 9 = 190m oR Su iepoe'y = 2 we tN ory = ven ot i ape ap wo SeRuRYOHEP ave OL SSE IY pr 2 suapny90d aiayosrp ayy anda we om “6¢°p) pu een) “Beh = "8 ) “sha Susedwos A jms yea € 01 2 waayya0o aBzeqoep © uBisre 0} ua pur “umwans 3x2 xz Jo Moos afaisod wnueeus ip smuasardar yz = Sarum szmfooar 0} sonsesd BaueoTFU2 UOURNIOD sf 11 “I2A2KOH, “soquun $9) 3 Jo dONsany & st yoy 2 se [fam Se aBuEyD Kew ‘g “sondwe ossan e sy “ROU yo) Sone YN “SesoMpUarEM UL ME Ap aenjeAd HED 2m “2]Z70N UDA 30,, smu pewter 2g Wo y AoW WHINE OD MOLE Es BLE ‘mold PLA u swopENAY sue SBs2U ze134 nergy Balance Applications in Fluid Flow Solution. Equation (4.48) may be uilized ‘Becauor ¢,and By both depend on the Reynoids number through the nozzle Fonction cf the depth ofthe melt. Let us first examine the manner in which C, varies. This Fnvolves calculating the fiction loss factor for flow through 2 contraction; hence We use Figs. 4.4 and 45. Completely Full Re is estimated by assuming Cp = 1. 9, = Var = 10)9.8,0. 20) = 409 ms Gy = 1 + 00677" = 097 [Nearly empry (assume only 4 mm sexe) _¥, = [2x9.810.006)]"" = 0.28 m s* (0.076y0.28)2400) = PTOI) 1.96 x Re = "275 x 1.0 ental 1 g=o5{3] <0 Cy = (1 + 0.083)" = 0.96 It is certainly reasonable to aseume that Cy is constant, so we can use Ea. (4.45). 'a) With dy = xDi/4, we can write: 2(D.1D,F | he Fe cae = ; [3] 200.914/0.076" O57 Mas lulated with Ea. (4.40). (ayo.o76" Ay = ge = DORIC” 5.54 10° 4 t = nergy Balance Applications in Fluid Flow 135 ischarge rate (1.22 m level): dw ie Bm Ap, = (4.54 % 1072400). 8940.97) = SLT igs? Discharge rate at 75% empty (0,305 m level) ay ay i fn [Hf 2 "(H'0 = 2) 2p fue paisa uonauy soz. “paEneHxa Buieq 1WorB9N, °D ‘aie AOU sUunfOn JO woR-Ty ese dy ‘aim ‘mol wey AUB 304 “pooy a8re © nf am Hog, ‘soroey worjatso9 ABs ansury stp pores 5 (p's) “bat WL pauyep se“ 30 eo0uda 24] Tp swataoud poveinoyeo 29 ueo siovouep Sumrewa ‘10 pannbos ayy weago or suseurerpadid aut Jo au0 Jo anita a pe 7 pe *7 "7 uaa urn . neq ce MOLE PLE wy suopeoyRidy serey Lou orn {a7 = ja't = ja" 50D = = 10 wm ove ap 99 01 snp so Gg yy a Mg ia ee aimee | i ‘a8 ‘ate Ber w 3 al ee FA ART pat ee —pe) UMAT a's poe TON HS “fasad HW wong) “spo0 eunsand wy fexs yo Bim pops ps ses SRG FP SHEL, WO ‘Aza Hy Moy) “at epee WAY AOU Pts suo Nd suey KBs O61138 Bnergy Balance Applications in Flid Flow er q 4.4. A blower draws air from a melting area and directs the ar to a "bag house” where particulates are filtered before the air i discharged to the environment. The melting area and fhe environshent are at ambient temperature and pressure (289 K and 1.0133 x 10° N m?, respectively). When the pressure drop across the bag house (AP"in’ the diagram) is Energy Balance Applications in Fluid Flow 139 of the pipe is 3 m. the water supply has a very large the manifold portion of the mold pipe, 9.14 m; diameter, 30.5 mm; 4 (expansion) = 0.8. the difference in height between A, and fy? X10? Nem; efD (relative roughness) = 0.01; Ln 999909595599999999(a- 27) oypauntaid sured an nyo pos 9g poo yom woneabs ue JPA (a s0u19j1p aisseid oy; Jo sua) wt ony sip WBno 2s snoy sseus Soni yay wonenby ue anu9p "(no <9) WoINgEND ATER S DUI MOH JO Ce seiawoueut ¥ oF arsouuoo ave y pu fg sd aumssaug “ayes MOU) SUNSE2W o} 19p20 UY IN| “IP LIK GOT ® Ut ‘2qma "ep un Og & patresu op-2yeyY “spy “su Peay v aseYaind oF SpURY aN SUPE] E1"p yy wu gs¢ s Supe sasuoury ua “ae sansioud Tet MOL BIOL HojENdaY sue Cou 5 OL X ZL'T SH Ted mous SIR ve 3.2200 yee svouse doup anssaud ayy pu "P67 (3 om! OL X 9p'6 saunas heads ye rmofaq partdap se sieads 2tem ont sopun Busssed £q pousoonb 8119998 [28 PALOTO TP ong rs paca pos Soin ‘mem sere => es ye LP ‘unsor x 16 = (samo)? Z62'0 = a) LVa2 nergy Balance Applications in Flaid Flow Fee ee eee eee ee Pee errr et “414 te order to slush cast seamless stainlessstee} pipe, a pressure pouring technique is ilized, as depicted below. Aimoumei este Tadish Ee ‘operation? dimensions: tundish, 24m x 24m X our srands beng cast 1.2 my degasser, 2 m x 1.2m x 2.4m, TLiguid-steei density = 7530 kg [Discharge coefficients for tundish and vacuum deyasser nozzles: Co = 0.8. ‘Vacuum pressure = 10° aim (OLN m°) 4.17 ‘Liquid metal flows into a permanent mold throvgh a vertialgating-ystem. If the mold his a uniform area (Aj) ad the metal flows through (A). derive an atthe top. Neglect the change of metal height Ly is friction loss associated with the rot be neglected. 4.18 Calculate the ime to fil the mold, a5 depicted thvel a plane Ais maniained constant and the time to fil he unper system Eigureds Data (all may be taken as constant: 9 = 465 x 10°N s ms J 0.0025 (runner; ¢(contraction) = 0.1; eenlargemes ‘enlargement for liga fevels above B) ~ 1-0; LID(0 4 tt fe cee 9290659235399935399‘tse Safed “6861 “AN “oR nay 0g GU cog “Bonny maD204 oF 2PEND 52280 ¥ COREE. (661 AN OUOA, MoM “901 IEG NPY ojom>ay womDMA-YBH “WHEE HL, oud Bunse-sjqnop aut—sdumnd wous>ejdsip-axnsod Suneoosdinas Jo $284 uour09 om sue any, “FunyioM axe foxn yas ssueSE-aON=E ‘uonryoxsy 20 syons Xio49 3e pny Jo suman =aTyap & sce ue ‘sod Amos 20 yeooxdnar On wSryus0 20 sdiwnd ysuz0e|d5p- “oqun 1'¢-vo4 pur vost ap wrecks am, ‘saopenbe Zupyo 2m cum Buoqe “Suyprocoy Heald ie sun ysTBu jo een oN atay V'S'A. om oF Ayenoned ‘aBuens Joyner aq ve> s2s0p Solsnpold-wEnnoer puT £22019 ‘suns “sdund os r pare soqtresogey sjsu vy pagn pue pasinbor Layo are yor seottep moypue ‘sdumnd ‘suey Jo sed Avet ake axa) img “wMOAE [2H are “ysl Uonns pur sof 4813 se yons “wnnoea puE mol SuIDNpOIM Jo sPOITaLE 2WOS sonpaid 01 moy os[e Inq “AOL sunseEW O1 moq so YOU MoU wn JeouISue sTrUSTEM ag] NOLLONGOUd WANDVA GNV MOTI sre delivery ofa relatively small ating pumps, as the piston i pulses. In double-acting Fig. 5.1 Reference the analysis of pump application. 1 the frictional loss within the pump ‘he work done by the pump is accounted for by a mechanical efficiency P then. 62) In the nomenclature associated with pumps the quantities inthe brackets are called heads, 1B, is the friction head, and s0 up = a, 63) Flow and Vacuum Production 147 (Ge. the right side of Bq. (5.2)). Each head, a5 well 26 Mf, has kg" so thatthe power equired by the pump from 2 motor (brake power) is where Ah the units given by i. Wah P= wy =, here Ws he mae How nko! and Py isin W. The over ssrbed by te Md (uid power) is 2, = War 6s) and, therefore, 1 gallon (U.S.) = 3.785 x 10° m? there is a limit on the net positive suction-kead that cannot be the fact that if te dynamic pressure ofthe liquid (+ 2°/28) falls ofthe liquid P, then the Higuid vaporizes, and no liquid is drawn, ‘nto the pump. ‘This phenomenon i called cavitation. For example, consider the liquid just before it enters the pump at plane (2) in Fig. 5.1. In order to avotd cavitation, oe © o e oe o o a oO eo$0 = woxo = ae a urate ae = oa ree ores a4 (2)a-4 [Se-ast=4 Aq ayeynui0y 9m 1x2 91 FN TL08%6 = «5 ] 241 UO Suu) 3K) SFENYEAD OD paanaid 20 MON, = ane va os = ea wnoset | ay cor sun J§ 01 U9Avo> 2a *Za)41 y LOL = «t= HEN SURIEIS eg we Le ¢ ae jenba Afsouo jeowurypets ay asojarag 5 BY OOOL = ¢ = “= 0 pur t = ‘df 2 'F = 7 “souMIsu sun UL (1) oF (€) SouBId wos (1'5) “by atm 298 HON Ce ee "au 238 p34 2 go sam au “Anza shape “yA “duund “y'S'7. aut sdund Bursjonuy suonerats Auwroulgu> vy paiswunooya —Ayuows09 js} wayqoud aay, e200 pepien “uy pue dnd ‘way SuBrows jeow jo duns y T's adam, ‘sua 1g 01 suossanuos se 1am So “sun as oy pasods st sopeat 2p ‘a|duiexa FuNROHOS 2 Uf 10 vonerojae an Aq ser punad aU 21823038 0 pasimbas 2210} 2 St rus punod put 20} puriod 30) sun 3 a9) uy possaidya 5 peay om UU “und yoyo 4) sano suuaIEEYD 75 SL dt ne mots 1 Ost watt ooF 909 oo 9 oot f n ypv09 uSisp oxy ve wmayats « dud jesryowa9 Jo ASuaTay 9 OL ‘uoponpnig WANE POE MOLE. SPI| 150 Faw an Vw Pron Flow and Vacuum Production 151 ‘The Reynolés numbers are igs = “46.87 Nm ke Re (I-in. pipe) = and similarly Re (3-in. pipe) = 6.32 X 10%. Now we seek the respective frition factors: Tin. pipe 19x 10° 0.0018 (0.0080 Bin. pipe 6.3 x 100.0006 _0.0055 where (L/D), isthe equivalent length-to-diameter ratio for the gate valve. After electing factors, we caleulate Ey: ferme, we ae L £,> [j]enlos) - moons { ara] oem : ee E, = M1.05 + 0.558 Nike" 1.929 + @0.0050) | geass | (7-47) Since the total head at the desired flow rate is 320 N'm kg" the systern will perform as desited when (L/D), i sich that = 4046 + o0ph21L, m* sor Nm kg Bi terms in the mechanical energy equation we have: 320 = 103.4 - 25> + @.a07y6 + 1.05 + 0558 |B], 103.4 9.8071 = 40.46 + + 0.09921L ~ 320. ‘Therefore, L = 14.96 m. siaagt cc 1d be suspect ofthis result, We know from our everyday experience that whe = Sos 7 1S uaved more than 34 ft (10.4 m) above water, there is cavitation and the wate From Table 4.2 we see that the positive suction head. We use £; onl, ‘The reader can check to see whether inthis case. Therefore five suction head is 5.2 FANS AND BLOWERS Py x Re os 2108 a2 mie" = @OK0630) = 67 Nm ot i incr ich presens curves for both the E, = 210.005: tS Jaw) «tte 2090097295599933599 ©Sete ame oy stunjo4 ay st eine fe oe Aouciouye 2 pur fy s2mode slau) = oon (ers) cane 1 ante am “g ~ "gq Bunou poe *(21°s) pus (11's) “sbg Bumquios Aq “03H Na ee cteeteae ce 2 le} fata] -* assoxd ABsous roqueqoous 241, (G) pur (Z) soumid uas4taq ur adap on pateyjo aouesisas xp Jo parodt09 5 yon 08+ an “ (1) sued uaowog “(Q'S “BLA UF umoys traits agt S,mmouieg Jo 2en M4 parensuowp 29 ox ue TaowsINS akoge SUL, “xara m0 8 30 DE 3 JO UOJ a YY OS 30“ Aaa oF BuipuodsaiseD feu sanodasiog jeonavooy & ‘2:21 MOY. Ae “Ue ain Aq padojonap sosea!ac ‘unssaxd Aras aze pax ‘suormpuos ron ap 01 anor ate sone atatp Jo tog, -pareoued £51 wormposg tmnoe, pu wots 2 amssod ay st suneoud a8 aL, sadurep v we paplnosd weiss redaudde '§ sinBig “pomnseaus are sopssserey> wey <4 OK I9PISUED “HON 1. aye mp Hulonposd uy se yons ‘sossoooudreoyBunmTHNOM 98. ‘sooeuy Sunjours pur some 1H1q UAE "Pareatfop suinjox axp or jwuowxedasd Apanp ‘some uondunstos Jonod yaa semper amnssaid-quesuoD ‘AjfeNUassD axe sIENCIE 20 fa podojexap aanssand ares xp mony on Axessanau Sy 3 “aguessa) UsoI8%e I a ‘ef jo rumoure poyyoods e BuyAoU 40} uj ¥ 2sn or stem 9u0 J] “SafoUatoLFD (60 Due ane “5 0) nD esha a mots EET | opaposg uMMDEA puE MOLY ZSteer ett tt it tt tt ttt tt ttt tt tee eet Flow and Vacium Production 159 ~ 7 154 Mow and Vacuum Production “Thus the tal power detiveredis based on the sum ofthe static presure (P- ,) anthe yams pressure QpV), or what we esl theft pressure a incorporate In brackets. 5.3. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FANS OR PUMPS AND SYSTEMS, system as a whole determines the size of the ‘Beaute a fan is part of an ov “curve of volume flow rate versus system Doin). ‘The efficiency and require! horsepower are then fixed. Note aiferent characteristic curve would place the operating point at a diffeeat position on the system curve, resuting in flow different from Q". ‘The fan awe are: 6.16) (8.17) 6.18) £990099595599993390 ’ i « ¢ C Fig. .6 Relationship between the fan curves and system curve. Olen ony the static curve is supplied, so one assumes its approximately the same asthe tt to the right ofthe pesk of its pressure-volume hand ope system desi fo mest a 320 000 cfm flow with a i the dctuat pressure dfop across the bed means that the acral sytern curve (1)2 feu 39 is Saeed SIE mod 5 uomrpuo> Supe am un Uy a de Buipads——apvemsaye go 2D SE puE aes moy ouimon 20 8 DZ 29 sou ysponnd ou ae Ae ‘oy-4="4 ‘a. want pesy w sure rom sduund oxy “Sunessdo Hoe AL -uoKMOS 1 dung 105 woks 65 B12 ‘sojeado Uy 2 MON “2hino WREAE USop axp WON} Wak "7's 4darrg 20 sxana uy por sox soonsyen-wIsSs a UeemIAG VoREON §5 BE “z's aéurg 20) we Surpe|Ad sO uoH Ue Jo URE ane C5 Ba mena 8 TS MAG ym yy woponposg mMNDEA pu MOLY 961gg2 Flew and Vaewum Production Fig, £:0- Charterite head curve fo the pumps in Example $.3- swith a flow rate of 0/2. Tus Q/2 = 15 gpm (9.45 x 10" 5") which ves an operating point at hy 40.8 Nm kg! from Fig, 5.10. Therefore, 2. | 40.8 Nm} = 2.28 x 17 Ns? kgm. Ke Trg | (1.89 x 10°F mé ‘vin wis value of K, we can plot the system carve on Fig, 5.10 nd determin te operas point when one pump operates by itself. hy = KQ?. Ome Ay Nm! 5x 104 37 roxio 28 sx 38.6 iS x1ot__ 513, cre curve generated by these exkulatod data imersecs the characteristic bad Sune The Sor Nan eg! and Q = 13.2 x 104m? s" Q1.0 gpm,” Notice that wi boih pues 4 Crag we tuoughpet i ot doubled; i hs example it icreases by only 43% 5.4 SUPERSONIC NOZZLES AND JET BEHAVIOR or oxygen into molten sel baths for refining purposes, end inert os jeu used to aromizeTiuid metal steams into metal powders. ‘ow and Vacwum Production 159 the flow nozzle describel-in Fig. 5.11.1 te area of the nozzle openings aa be approach pipe, then the velocity inthe pipe is negligible elocity atthe nozzle openit pressure onides 6.19) where refereoce points are defined in F Jaa flow nozzle operating at subsonic velocities —_} Fig. SL Referece pots for low-nanale equations. [Now the peed at which »compression-expanion wave passt trough @ matin, chat fs, the spent of sound ¥, in that medium, is given Py v= (2) 620) “where the subscript onthe partial derive indicts costant entropy. Foran eat gx ye zy. en P “The equation 6f momentum for ope-tmensional fw it & vat 0. 62) ‘Substituting dP = VPdp ito Eq. (5.22), we get vit va =0. 62 “Tee conti equation, which requires thatthe mass flow at remain consant a a ois inthe nozzle 7 4 24) il 99999959339599339399OH. "(1 €°S) “ba £q oa ys st suompOD ‘quotiadns 40 oos we Moy SSeu 24) “UonDas BULBIOAIp [eUOMPHE tN Um afzzoW ap 04 Sova a pUE ‘72y0K2 0q 1 pss} axzzoU amp WAR "Cg Hd) S CH Pogsnes sofuo] ou st oy. aedostuas Jo voqipuoa i yB2oqn09 ¥ 30 280 ‘es MOU SsBUH Up WY aseasoM oyu © asneD Lou YL “Yy alnssaxd soasasas oy BuseONSUt ‘a ‘oydanexe oy ‘posnes “fe 9 20} 19H MOREA "A/a ONE aI eseaxDap ZaiTY AUY s200 BuSionp SuBien0> 304 som snssaudBuesado notes oj suopipuos UY sHENDNDS pue NUON 208A 15 81 ‘wa 1 tanta ° » ous una om 207A, ws 10° cfm, 99999959559933399196 ‘9¢ sung“ ets pu oH we * wads uonpy 1 9 poe ue“ ods yo pss rainy fo mucuonoyg wos} peatap s) oonnba sigh ‘Sup (ea OF x L°1) Bied gz um erzz00 Ue 5}. “supe s2atfiog) “er's "Rig WON, = "CPi 7 Aa wont sez p00 1 ome WosmIag SaMIDO}9A We MIM swef oTUOSTEdNS 105 sseuN 1af paseazoUT ay Jo uoNEuasaidas Aoomessres L124 y “Azorveysnes st (9¢"¢) “bg axa ‘uorBaL omosqns am UT UE sso] fy sowoopond oy oquoundns seg bora) oj Uy Baume 2 pf uosodn UI c4ss61) 01 “sz wopmndon 9 “mop 4 poe vouepey °“Y wos pxdepy) ‘an Susp pe sagan png yo woesan # oe saneecep Burpee o coon eo « $91 ooponpold HmADEA PU HOLS omenbe 2m 01 Susproooe‘pxaoqzzou om wos} aounp Xp ov euoruodoxd Knap 24 01 puro} u229 sey se ‘Suipanouins ayy Jo m=wuTEUS ofp 0 anp 191 =AUOSGNS ¥ Jo MOY SHUI 3H SFEDIIU] 681 noe Jo O(FUY popnyact te Ye sped fam ‘mj 2700 oquonsodns 24} (UR JOU Sf 2 30 arog fe ones axp Aq of om Jo Burpeauds eiaco om sanseetn 29 ‘equa YOR} pu 2109 soared jo yo] ay) Usemog SLOPE Crs “B qa HH ace oc 9c tz gt vt ot ‘xo 100 sy woqemposd SOMME PU MOLL 191166 Flow and Vacuum Production 5.5 VACUUM PRODUCTION a aie i he speed at which the desired pressure is reached, We define the speed 8, of any type of vacuum pump bY 5,7 “The mame torr comes from E. Tortie, a student of Galileo, who devised Emp verting x losed tbe Of erry ito a sh containing mea, tube Flow and Vacuum Production 167 3439993233995 oO‘wen 8591 dovetonpoge axey raze ates 2 Jo sunpu0® SY vase jo esmode ue Jo anunionpuo> ayy, “oq 2t) Jo ea ors) ars ALA aM “(9¥'s) BUR (¢h's) “sbg SmUIQWOD 4 ors, tat > rs) “hy = 0 29 Bursn pue ynduginonp jo wornuyep op Aq “ainaade (ors) ‘la-'do=0 ‘evan 2q uta aun ag sau sino} Jo mol 30} nyo. SL a un castes = 2) mon eB an sty pur “youn BY flan amnsojou ‘ans Sg en wean fa) a [dane au fatmw) = y ws) [ez]- sthhg = women (Fu - =| 8 ot ay we Me [Ego sy saquey> ay) OU Yat Te ate aU 24) “Ruyado sejnaH9 © 40 ‘691 wononpoig MMe, pte Mot ors) 1 yBnoxp amnuode oy Jo opts aanssaud-y8iq ap wom Elssed ware nun sad seynaejout se8 yo z ovenbay am uaip “(p') “bg uy uaard pasds sjmaojoca aBuoKe OW 6 A aE ¥ wa jo emzede ws yBnong 'g Jo amsaid juuona ue oy J ansaid jeune oe SaqUIEN MEMS 95 BLA Soqueypour MOY 2EEO9}OW S'S opnpodd WMMDEA PUE MOLE 591170 Flow and Vacuum Production “To describe molecular flow throug long circular tubes. Knodsen derived xD 5.50 c=. » _ 4D o- E ‘can see that we must be careful in how we apply conductances. For where C i for the short ride, Cr 0 this resul for system with components 1, 2,3, €- it the components are in parallel, then : =G+ fea 65) ‘Table 5.2 presents the conductances of Example 5.4 A 150 mm diameter tube, 7 ich of ions vil give the greatest "75 mm; (b) inrease the Flow ana Vacoum Produsion 171 G, for aie at 298 K we pry c= 910, 7 2 weali)] “Mora (GB) <-evical TF 37 esr a ust 10a? sis lier. 3223203933999suosaiaay “ay'D = % pu D = °D ‘amssard eum x9 ry ‘rou ¥ 1 speat‘3C'd = d) = D = sy 5) “ba om (z's) a Jo wonnnsang. ‘|Z-i]s=s «s's) lz | {oes da ara-t] 78 suatsks ao poads 40 sn am Aq “y pu ‘§ Jo wor 4a 4 tl £- sos 2_)5e a (95's) [5 }s o- s “,3 a $€'0 01 OF x § wo ayes uy BuRues “spear evry 24m oy atsucsoum a 0 pfimyosp por “pasaudne> ou 0p sdund osoq1, worsd ah o uopee waists fupioe um SG Y I's renal SLL wonmpong tame po AOL sso se pu uous sx dwnd op put saqureyo Buryiom 21 1 ym sass Prnons STU “Z's = $ Ue os vam “piu tonp a 2940 3/35 = Cd =) par ‘dumnd amp 01 vapey arp v8 $610) = 4g “1>np ap 01 29 ‘L1'S “Ss orsKs Suppor wnnoeA & jo WesfeIp snemyRS amp O32} ~SUOHINTTOD aH 10 ‘uionplo> a pur pods dund xp tjoq wo spuadap wats4s Jo paods umop-dlund say ‘aomd seionued ye ve Buna annssoud ame pasnseaur 5} yomym “paosos sod wines © uy auRtd Kae se0%%" SulMOy $28 J0 auumjon agp Adams speeds Sdtong “Anawoad aylzads © ss013e Wotpesd sunssad v said -zeumonptoo wan p>.0u 9 png ng “souronpuOD se aun aus a Sey pans Buramg = SS .Oxt_, ee + = % [yj] a0 =" = 5a : com ed "0 = [yj] e202 xb” ap Ea) “24 aH Jo SUO}SUONNP YUH xp HAA opompadg MENON, pL OLE Zt174 Flow and Vacoum Production where ssures in the range from 10°-10° torr. ‘Two-sage Single sta have ul ingle-stage poms io 10 mechanical pamps can reduce "esue fy torr Fig. 5.18 The speed-pressure characteristics curves for a single-"and two-stage retary, seated, vane-sype pump, 5.8.3 Diffusion pumps ‘We apply the term diffusion pump to a jet pump which utilize the vapor from low vapor” ae ccc np ieee moms oe gs cecles being removed rom be bin 7 os ing them out of ‘into a mechanical: ted a8 4 high-velocity jet directed ‘pomp. The gas molecules flow incoming ge ad et ssion. Some fract space hetween the wall and co the jet im the Crs in multipl-jt pumps, the gas molecules being pumped are 1 sages, and eventually ejected from the diffusion pump into | Flow and Vacuum Production 175 Fourth compresion sae (econo) a Pame tie vir Ap Gas molecules Since free molecular flow is needed for thelr suocessful ope ‘operate at inlet pressures of 10° torr or below. The: to allow direct discharge 10 the aamosphere, $0 al o 9 e o e e oO oO 9 t= rranee9 ee Kay 8 sop tw postaduoo are poe Unop MOIS an p88 9p “pauyenua sat samssoid sono} aie “mols Mnanou fonsy et anp ea ed oe ORM More, "2yzzou an Senta) se “amssaid save s2inaojou! $23 Fars 2 pee aq 33 U2gy of aunssauduBisop vod opt aa,“ aunssand Moy fi ypuodsani09 “poe uxa ofzzou aq Say 30 2 YoepY YOR! ca Pausep ‘97200 Bo ‘eyBnomp sed ov apeur sj eas au}, ‘sorof9 uv yons Jo tesBup onewayor F smous 1Z'¢ aINBty “pom ane ‘siome/e woms poy ‘sdund 20d Jo sod sage ‘mueiis efi] an tod SORTA sss pandas 239 ues voneeuoo duundsiy-danid uornyp tp Hay 3Jo pou UaK Bue pain Uae oe sdund Sungfnos yroperysou remdes soja sum wmopdund Su Kansrsoe9 Sinbar inom mo Sunder Jo} mazts e8se m 950 som ‘sngen mo] izes Cayo ave sdundaloy 5 pafojdus uayn sind jeoeysou jo ponnbas mdifnon pat pode ay anton, fg amssad uy 293 (0g smnssaad ue jeney a wo4y uopenbo sun BureSoy Kg oum unopduind am puts fh we ad. and soejans soya “aes ot 3 ‘wyod erp we paads = 9 “ta Tevonppe = (2) pur ‘susnjon warsks = ‘uw mod paytoads w 1e posnseou amessid = gf 19g (9's) st Sais ayy 30 poods Surduand 2x9 on yam a 4 amssand uy 9q uo prnous pu sins Wortanndg sanssaid s2g37y ue warts an ux saoepins sxp0 uo asodep yoru (SusUNES oystHo9 Sra, “CangTEN) aporpe> expo faxen 1p suoY paBzEyD ym ue w Aq paiomo> ide are 4 1 00 ¢ ameooq spe aq1 wou} pauluio are suoNSeFI epulsD axp JO spue uodo ayy Tesu pavensod (@potme> 29) une jo sane pa Coss “AN HOA man ur aNEG Boxe “BojIapAZ waMBeA ‘ur “ommeeH HPL woig) Sons seouNs JO sdund Riowed fo speeds Badung ers Ba c : i 7 oe | jet woul i ot 8401 08 snort 03 198 Aqjetwous Tam ‘uy yeouraoj9 Kq souans req) sam “angoey 2S0ut ayy “wondionstyd hq aoeds wunnoen 24 wosyseqnaa}UN aanoe seouioyo w ‘donse Burdund v aja 04, ‘aseds umnced| 3,00 J Jaga ‘2411 paredwoosainaejou Jo soquanu 983% ¥ jou ea aezinsw winnea yBiyenA Ue Uworpnpoag BENNORA PLE HOLE O81Flow and Vacouon Production a fel pumps are used to pump water than te frst. When both Pum from one reservoir to another whose flow rate is 0.04 ly turbulent flow. ss Derive an eitlon fo the conducance ofa ang stright tte, Assume vise Now prevails and thatthe viscosity is given by Eg. (1-13) TD Write the conductance in terms of visconi ) Show that nV, eae a where V is the Maxwellian speed of the molecules .¢) Write the conductance in terms of V. 5:5 Compare the contains for viscous ow in 2 ong saga be (rom Problem S 4) to the conductance for molecular flaw. '2) How does each vary with 7? ') How does each vary wit ¢) For nitrogen at 300 K, pressure (760 tom). 5) at normal atmospheric ong tube for viscous 100 torr, c) 10 torr, connected to a chamber of Caleulate the time 10 5 ppm H, to 1-ppm H, and Jaber has 9 0? zum chamber (300 liters) i equipped ion par (Fig the desired ext pressure is hoon diameter, exit diameter and length 5.12 Derive Eq. (5:20) 23292993939sdiysuoqryas ayn pu ‘swarpes8 0) jouorodoud axe soxny “sose9 oq Ut JO me] S.uowmany yum AROpeUE a ION “AyALONPUED jwULOWA =A 5 2 ur mietpesd sumesaduas ay 5 ALLE ao §,d9unog fou 5 aonenpu0> Jo Koy adooso1sew 3, ENE BuNonpuOD Ut suo ‘oronpao> ap sonem some] Ka 224 pins 2990 oe 30 "p09 3 3 Jo sed ons Usonaog 3 " ‘aide Suymoqey aq wr arom oes fq soyseen ey 8 a naid ue “uonepan pre wononpao smo Tey 2A I PI 2 uray auoyasieaajsen yy Jo SUSUEGSAD pa UoReW py oANDD Wt PUL uoHeAto9 £4 Jysuen wea, 30 ‘yds 01 Sig 519 wotrnstp sin on pear ue wourenour sem Butaoaaysreo0udw zag sf vonaanu03 “syrads sow 29 OL, oreo ane 01 tgensep ose 51 ‘akanoH “soared 100g BuPyEE fq ons 0 posn pu Dscrpord st uogm 3 xn siynqe> on 31ge Bug 30 couriodan wey Jo amen 3 115prus oN em cumsse ap sessooond Buran veo ‘durex 0} ‘se Toon € Jo sraeiodm th ‘ty severssooon ae seme AgeueatysOUNe UonEas e“seiseU 30 Basso ain Ut LYOdSNVUL ADYANA OML Luvd sahan Aa ee a han ander coe, hy be a8 . fe, “HAT, aly ake some bt id emer, an where 7, is the surface temperature, Tis ‘which is a function of the fuid andthe flow Geis the heat ux atthe wall. ‘The pattern of the system, are W. research on heat transfer has been devoted to the determination offs ‘problems of heat transfer with convection ‘Convection is usvaly classified as either a forced convertion or fre (natural) convection. ‘other mechanical device causes the fluid to move, we cal this process Tonced eoavestion; when 2 fluid moves asa result of density difference, then we speak of 3 fRee‘cr natural convection, ‘Thus, when a radiator heats the air which rises, displacing colder of ‘the Muid motion is by natural convection. ‘tall examine the thermal conductivity of materials and the various 87 6 Seg ege ssn Cee FOURIER’S LAW AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS {i this chapter we consider the hema conductivity isan nie proper of ' iy of a ,. liquids, and solids, with the thermal conduetivigy of various materials $0 tempbasis on s0ids, including porous solids ‘61 FOURIER’S LAW AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Gitterence T, Ty Teis found that for sufficiently small ty est Tow per enit area q is proportional to the tempera roportional to the distance between the surfaces; hence, ° o 0 e no ea eo a o eanata ag onze 01 soupms 9 0 OFX 9° J meee sy wosy sas en amp Joana ANOHGE ou eam {2} PIX yt = “20| xu i ea) Tm ort Gi ome 29 om ‘sonqea Sunransang 2 Saat [: t- De “atojogy ee eee ett a ata "ae pe eyed we _ sxny UL ae eee &- Dr pos oat ror Lees ‘an8 suoneayods om Jamo 41 “9 = "2 eM MOUS or fore 51 puE“g = KIeO-= ERLE aOFHEL “TPOLIOUUNAS 9 (7 (E -LOUMIOS 09 feauOM SL “3.00Y = °Z UE ¥ OO0L = "anfos (q_“sesmeseda (7) auyzontaa pe 2) ywousjod saps0 puooes 1 Aq poveurcudde worm 18 Nm poPpaqu so|dnosomIaY 0 saues aoeuny 991 ‘Soeuany ¥ Ul pamed 1 OO HB GMM (W ZO'O = 9) SSAA uuoyN Jo qe ey Y T'9 ada 681 steameW 0 SsapepeeD fem, pw wey SpmOg de 9M ZBLES'O = 6 A AT, 28038 snouen 3 sPUO> [RULED 34) 9pIsUCD OM an oy wa song seysmen soseyd 2 0 sjsu 2 w2Dw8g woRDE puo9 TeWEA nus uy oq, 09 jeu ap Su2pI ua 249 Jo aumonns pur Aurpuog ain wo Spuodap “um ut “sy “aE Xp UsnaN} KEsIUD jo 22ysuen ao Group 20 2669 antes xn S29Ya4 Jere Jo Ayanoapuc>jeau aL le UE Y ¥ u ree wa, x z aan aM ceca im eater aN IS ‘re wononpo> yay Jo ae] $,154N0 UY paAjOALL HUM BL “fonaenb so1e'e $) urau=woU! ‘01 jewojuodaxd sx xny aq ‘ose yoeD Uf “xn, WU yeuorsuaun ‘ba pe xm veaq TeuorsuatTp-2u0 303 (7°9) “ha Wooing AEH 2 BION wo ‘Ear = b ‘uonnbo ayaurs axa Jo swwauodeneo oxy wuoy suoHe|as Senyt Iso, Byes By at ped oo ae * 2 ne atu 2 “Quanonpue: suonooup 2am je uf soe sigeisdune am yoru ‘suncetaduor ayo jeuomsodeud st uonsaip-« we) 430 Sonrea port 40) piyea a1ojs Suiseds atp 0 Kuo 108 spe190 Fourier’s Law and Thermal Conductivity of Materials 6.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES ‘Conduction of energy in a gas phase is primarily by transfer of transational energy from molecule to molecule asthe faster moving (higher-energy) mol lide with te slower ones. ‘Fora simple, monatomic gas, we can develop manner as we did ia Eq. (1.13) xpression forthe thermal conductivity ‘Assume thatthe gas in Fig. 1.5 The temperatures of the molecules 2,0 Wat 35 (65) and 2, a a 1 “Dy 66 Here te average ditance moved inthe ydietion between collisions is 3, and = Ps ‘where bis the mean free pth as defined by Ea. (1.7. The hea capac per molecule isc then the net flax of therm energy aeots he plane ays piven by ine ct ference between the energy ofthe molecules crosig te y-Pane in te pose ad in the negative dieesions: 4 = UA, 5 ~ ZA, = 2A on ‘Biquation (1.6) gives the expression for Z, plane in elther the positive othe ne expressions for the temperatures, so that ultimately oi (2 oo Denoting ne as Cy, the heat capacity per. unit volume, and by comparing Eq. (6.8) to Eq. (62), we arrive at of gates does not depend on pressu rane, For pressures 10 about 10 at eveloped an equation for she thermal enn get aa nad pea wale 1288 63 peafe 33). 69 vee ste ne wit Geet psy cian ene we Mie pl Gea blac wins pct ® they afe not a5 easy 10 use. "rigor 6 2 gives the thermal conductivities of several common gases as 2 function of temperature. The data ae valid to atleast 10* Pa (approx. 10 atm). Example 6.2 Cakulate the thermal conductivity of a gas containing 40 mol CH, and 60 mol® H,, at 1.5 x 10° N m° pressure and 1255 K. ‘Solution, From Fig. 6.2, hy, = 0.51 W ns! K# and gg, = 0.22 W mt KY, Using Eq, (6.12) we get n= 036 W mt KA. “The fact thatthe pressure is 1.5 x 10" N m has no signifiance here, since the thermal conductivity is independent of pressure at this pressure level, 6.3 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS th, maj operate. the lattice moving free electrons eduction in a 2L, Friend and. Adler, ate i Transport Properties dn Gases, Northwestern University ret, Evasion 1, 1958.‘01 ajqeredwop amueiadsaa woos ve AaroapuoD TEUIEND ¥ eT MoKA "puoUep Jo 29H a 1 sn axszaqo tro 044. “aurasadura wood we yJ0 anqea 28s w s0}a49 pue “saunesada=y sop TY Jo. 20pes. 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Wiley. New Yoo jerysalline samples of '00 K (app20 SEE Eee acne Web Kingery HX. Bowen and DR. Usman uroduction New Yark, NY, 1976, pages 613-642 mto Ceramics, 2 8. bn Wiley, Se Fig. 64 Effect of specimen cng, (Grom W. J dellaas Sho, and 619 (1936)) Note: 1 cal s? em 007, & 8 8 “Thema cls eK g 0! 000, Fig. 65 Thermal condustviy Kingery eal, iid, page 623 From 2223599 923999(0860 u61 "1E 24 YePE mE “SENNA BER SERLEDY Day Seca aeaeareeeeoeeaea pore} “Kuenng “suanso[9 aay 2p pur suouoyd 2yp uz2wieq suonDesENE pu “SWOIE msdn suouoyd jo Suyaneos“suossioo ddepaun an sas00u8 "4c ‘sooui! 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(From Schack, ib) ! 19) has also been ese fora and : (Of course, im order 10 We ofthe alloy, om must be known. This is dvanageous, » to means elecieal condactiviy, tet measurement. Data on te efectrial Cond ® Example 6.3 The electrical resistivity of magnesium is p= a, ea,7, ohm m Fig. 6.7 Thermal conductivities of nike and of rickel-base alloys 1), Smitells Metals Reference Book, Ged, Butterworths, London, U.K., 1983,som ommodun thy 30 Gyunpuos ai, 69 -Alg imei Ooee_oose_ooez “Gost “tact oo ome A——| 0 ® ® fae e 8 one, |_—+——T Re 8 + oe 3 2B fe 2) Bu oars 2 wwe nea aoage au, wos oud an tno anon stow a Joss Soseuay oe lea Zaradey suede cope ea pr ‘somlaten psoas ernea Sunonnootace nanos srap Jo 2005" woven smdusn GIN to oe meso samen Jo Ainse van emp anoneo> ay) See ae “3 OSLI JO poowoguaien su ur Samiesedura1 te saprxo aeuap 205 weogmusis sauuos9q A8s209 wen 7B 30 uonoyd yo UOR 20 Pasa uy awesywdis aynb 99 Ae as pr ‘lotonpuosnuss 205 samaesaduion yy Kian 5H om uIeidx9 AON 0} 2940 UF woNRgrVE® oUOK 2xp Uo. pods anmeradun (in ase) ‘opr Sonpuoores 2470 303 ‘nu sotou wa ANAsompHOO eq uopsnpues aq) ut suaNDDFa wIA AfAfoNpIOD [ene = “ala, me FETE BP fees sua amp Uy “stewMOpaAd Kew *Y [HM ‘soseatoe LONGING lwonsajo 2p ‘pase st sineadwan ayn UayN SOME UORIRPUAD OF 2VOFEA WON parIND ae ‘stondoye stout se ypq‘samresodusy2yeapoU 7830 mo] 18 susTUeYoou uouONd £4 poston ‘i8uons oq Aes Ausponpuc> yeu an “spanoduos Sunanpuoomaas Jo 9se> Kp Ul G19) “ba fa uon8 anyen peogasoaey 2x Jo ody una axe o sone esp eu 200K, BNO AL GOL $5°C = OF 00507 ur 3 AM RPT = CO ogs)y our sens © Up 01 x S91 + OE on = 40097 pie asx wee'| a [+S] aos ‘iuaiey a “1M opm Lou “pomN 29 UES (1°5) “bap O8 y = "ym uNsey "worms 231005 pue Oog 7 uinyssuBeur 203 saquiew ‘ruater| mp atemEag “ML O0g 5 ZS Ost Bue 4TH Kidde WOINH +38 ur IO. = '0 por weamo,ot x 0 = % are swsuea ayy -() sarmusduisy STEAM 1 GaHOMpVED feALIONL US MET 5,Bee Soo TS SS ea NESE EEE EERE ESE E ES Se SES SSS ESE eee eee Law and Thermal Conductivity of Materials and glasses, thermal conduction high temperatures), because the wn mechanism and the electron ‘the thermal conductivity of glass can be explained on the basis of Eq. (6.9) 20d a. 2in In scone, >the phonon mean fee pan and i considered 1 weegtre. Therefore, the tberaal conductivity depends on temperate in te same 1° ee aare 6-10 sows tis behavior for fused sca. The conductivity imeeases 58 0% Brats ark then races a eatly constant value (xchding dain) Yeyont ‘Gpvoumarety 600 K._ High expert condotvies show te expected ier Dect of the photon conductivity, i.e, £4. o 700 mao «OD Temperate K ig. 610 ‘Thermal condocsiviy ffs sien (Adapted fom Kingty ea i page 626) Fig. 611, The tbermal conduct Noe Leal cm! K! = 418.4W mK FFor polymeric materia the same thermal conduction mechanisms apply a in metallic and ceramic’ materials. There is no widely accepted quantitative theory to prediet thermal SSpouctivig in these materials, Their structure can vary from strongly crystalline t0 Sentally tmophous, in which case the molecular chains are randomly arranged. Tn the Srnorphous sate, the difficulty of propagating a latioe wave through the structure can be ot elecizon-condueting materials, thermal energy as adifficalt "Go ummarize, we should remember that the value of the thermal conductivity of solids is determined by the sum of several mechanisms, including those of phonons, elestrons, ‘astons, and alomie migration, regardless of the materials, and itis because ofthis fat that the prediction ofthis property is so dificult 6.4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS Using ‘expression forthe thermal conduc Je, Bird, W. Sewar and E Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, John Wiley. New York, N.Y, 1960, p.260. o o oe e o a o a oO 0cast i oscere sod “s661 “30 u Ton ‘said wpe my PIT fo spdoud ited UL “aOR TT DEED ‘ios iia Suore strow panby 30} Ee “ante Te: — ‘moar pry 05 Saquime ZUBIOT tp J A2ALNS v PU “a]QESOd sf WoRaNpwOS OOD? seneaoq “spinby| 29q10 uM sapIAHINpuOD JoysIy Yona wOUs Syme PIMby “ADNAMOH ‘ig por 9°9 “Big w papnyom are sprout 1 ‘uoranpuos vosnaye pue uOUoUd YIOg Jo Ye 2p JO asN—I9 HN cael Caaeureaasene 1 saysven ABioua vem sey ap RarzseydOD "¢'9 aIGes, UL PAVED ; “nop Aesspsuo9 sy arzadun woos sear spynbn AFempI0 30 5 voneto na jpmnos Jo pod ag mod Bon ‘ju soojotaoog sucgoo waa Sasi flu pe De Sats ‘0 18 uaponpoe> ceases pasties gn pus ep “aes UxOM wpm Baap UoYAA, 521 sted “KN WOK AON ‘ssug oRMPEDY “KopouDAL smDidion HSH fo Gibmarg orig “weBopy “13 wong) “su (0) nb PoE (a poe yo Ayapanpces (etnen> ae arnmsoduon Suu 70 npoud ip im KiDRpUCD [eRD Jo WoNRURA ZT9 “Ba essen one ‘quan ‘pinby an won om cot os o i. pos jo poods ayy = ‘4 pow “soquinu s,orpeoxy = SY “SUITIOA JMOU a = 4 354 “one (e088 ig 10 “sug vouning woe poss “Bardi ME HIRED {7H HOD a = R888 3 2888 iis eguagagegens | a8n S1aRR 18s st fas eo ea HERR & BrvvesSeeg z z S888 ori Tis w Baw Gea xn re as “Gro “aun Aaugepwo2 1 su amo) amg is Gala er rm rer 12 win miner ane ‘saa Sayed Jo sone PULDIT THS pie MATEUS ATL, TT TLwhere U, isthe speed of sour isthe molar volume in m? mot". Ifthe speed ‘Of sound isnot availabe, it can be estimated by a where T, = melting point, X, and M = formula weight, g mol". Equa fk wiin 20 percent, however, U, estimated by Ea. error can be even greater than 20 percent es of highly basic silicate melts, including some that are keavor (6.25) where @ and b ean be found in Table 6.4 ‘Table 64 Coetiiets for By. (625) = ° system (mol 3) Temp. Watt Wan! KP 1400 1.03 = sooo 008352 mola 0.ls# 24 1310 032 — 9501300 0.19 oas jn some metallurgical slags containing C20-SiOy-Al,Os thermal Joreasing temperate up 10 about 1000 K to 1300 K and vhen ‘make order-o js a summary of the typical ranges of Fourier’s Law and Thermal Condoetvity of Materials. 207 SN tS ° I= 0 00 7000" 700 Tempera ‘ig. 6.13 Thermal conductivity of solid and roken N2,0-SiO, sitiees. (From K, Nagas and K, S. ‘Goto ia H. A. Five and D. R, Gaskell eds), ibid. pages 875-869.) “Thermalcondsvyk, WinK= Cs0-S10-,0, sags. To K. Nagi and ree tatmHE Fn and BR Cael) il pags S859) '‘aiid uma 29 208 tse are sod a in pos : ns wsey Stan ist Ho Puen “motes oxy seman AEimjemu paces ue scr rs sTepprem snaseg 25-9 eased $9 91981 UF pozuetuns yarns asyd-oaa Jo Ausponpues phuio ox 105 gape esas amon derglom 15 3 taped jo Srouey a ae et : f od stain a "onus mp ea anil ee ee Dhow 9 “sa! suns Sp me Sea os dy a” 1 ee ue “ynauto suo we uy suossaa Tae Ty cage fitennbe 29 pinom axa way ‘oy sea Jo uoRDaiip an 1 Teme “Oy Pom 30 seid Jo soos © a1 13 saarog jeune ensure uf isnoncyy iota <1my wa) o,o5 (a¥5) OV Fo Stamps ee 99 Be re 48 1 1 ON Cpe oegea y “Woe wo prutngo re ses ses 3,001 + 1.00, 816 hnnpin pag, rss pou — L 1 ‘Gorsejsnes ump 553 =| woweante ‘Bla ow muep aM pu (42's) “ba Buysm 44 pateinoqea yp Buoy esfeire ‘OFW-IV avs J0 Auansnpuce yeuuoxp 2x9 205 wie 607 seHEIeYE 30 AstonpueD FeELERY pu M7 S350 REESE eS te “onenbo yaMceyy 2 ‘ogy png} aq ews“ ‘atm ap jo Syaponpuoo yeaa ann exp paSoBAns Ug sey “‘ausnonpueo Touotp 2isma} wp sensed reauagds jo aseyd poxzedsp v jo %4 “wonDE ‘mnjon envar-2u0 01 én 10 “sseyd yseo Jo UONSEAsuunjoA amp Jo UoR-Ny ¥ st s[eUIEUT pon 34 PIONS 2NTeA TUNE ‘vonsanb 24, “panlosur pos amp Jo Ayanonpuoo yeu asa ao} yo xo SUE29 st sqeaotew yons 30 yanonpuco yeuuacp 24, “seuaIe »INq snotod ‘=jdarex 205 ‘sTeUEUT o[dunoo sou tano Qu pooe} uayo aye om “eUOWEMIS Autz9uIRUD seoU Uy sKoe Xo\dOD ‘qrenoqed ‘spsyos soar 30j Aanonpwon yemstn jo SoonopardYoex> 1 SuyAfTe Jo SONU 2p aes aney 244 soseud renpiaipal yo Aaanonpuco pra a ye paxoo] a4ey aM “re OF STVIIALVN WIN 40 ALIATIDAGNOD TWHESHL $'9 sense o sss souen soy haTonguo> eum jo sours am jo ATMS $19 BH cot — i ee i a or won veers | |_82 i one jor sane “a fats 5 -euatey Jo Gatonpu03 ree puE eT FEOF SOL210 Fourler’s Law and Thermal Conductivity of Materials ase miatures based on modes Rossel mode cabes o fin cubic ary; linear Faoterms son Frey mode: cubes © ina eable ary: linear Beat ow Rayleigh- Devries model: ° regular array of wniform ed by coureay of A. Ortega, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (1992). Also in ’A Ortega, and. E, Havey, Thermal Conduciviy of Agucus Foam, Sandia Report Sandia Nation! Laboratories, Abugerque, New Mexico, 1982, pages 5 al 6. jsaGnsSsSeesesessasnendnseaesasnsneanl Sahl Fourier's Law and Thermal Conductivity of Materials 211 the porosity has a thermal conductivity whi ‘materials is often e 00 Fig. 0.17 Themal conductivity of phosphor bo (From P. Grootenbuis, RW. Powel, and RP ing the gas frst, we can use the methods outlined in Section 6.2 to obtain ky, except lowing instance. When the effective pore dimensions are of the same order of, "WW, Shoe, ACHE. Journal 6, 63 (1960) anh rR ARH 5933999 et Ha atpur 'D wm, (9) ens a ar om tr ad yj pon sno png ama a0 pe oH eam Bee = fq ‘aa “soquySieu ur pu ofonred ¥ uaomiag w2}2u}200 sa}suEN- oq UORIpES am ty ay ‘iyo 2 Kjasua se poss oq ou aay 9:9 = = £19 as A apHNNO sHUIND, (Prq oe pa spec] wosg) “Ayanonpuos team: pag PerDNd uo AsI0d jo MAP gT'9 AL (a) - (ensamss2) W001 009 xe one _ontow eo hor ee wet (a) fess) Bae 88 88 8 IC OHMEHY 30 Ayanompanr eM, PE MET 5,22} 219g 0 mp sau. 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(6.34 in the effecdve thermal conductivity, as illustrated in Example 6.4. | The temperatures, it is possible for porosity to contribute on ‘ize is quits ‘small. This is generally true of isolated pores as well as of pores in loose materials Example 6.4 Beariig in mind the importance of the effective thermal conductivity of ‘molding tand in relation tothe solidification rate of castings, let us see if we can predict the thermal conductivity of silica sand molds as a function of temperarure, using the method Aeseribed above. Solution. Assume that the material is entirely quartz (SiO,) with thermal conductivity given in Fig. 6.3, and thatthe atmosphere is dry air. Ifthe bulk porosity is 40%, the grain size , is 3.81 x 10+ m (AFS 43), and the emissivity of quartz is as given below, then we ean proceed as outlined above. 1, Caloulate Pat 278K Tr P= 432 X10" a)e78) = 197 x 10° Nm?, x 10°) and we need 10 make no correction tothe value read from Fig. 6.2. Subsequent calculations Show that his condition holds true up t 420K, At 1555 K, &; is calculated using Eq. 6.31). 12. Using the value of f in the table below,-we ealelate the ratio &/k, at 278 K: ‘Then, from Fig. 6.18, we find that Wim! KY ky = 0.270 W mK" 04, byly = 12, of, because & = 0.0225 Jatin is cated cut at each temperaare: Pooeeea ta [is] * [vote] ‘onthe csber hand, at 1585 K, € = 0:27 and exsn on IONS) gy tw mK, + 0.4)(0.00154) = 0.00158 W mt K* B= ton tt — + oano.een = 00885 W mK [3] * [oem] “The values are added to the, values, given above, to obtain the final result. ‘When these calculated results are compared to experimental ieasurements, the agreement is surprisingly #008. We remind ‘te reader thatthe pis "=" ealeulation of the effect applies t9 porous media with interconnectea porosity. ‘Mashematical effective thermal conductivity with a measure of the deg fue siacussed by Marcussen."* “AL. Marcusen nT. 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First, we ‘evelop diferendal equations in terms of temperarare in space (and with time if transient ‘Condigens apply) for several simple problems, by writing energy balances for unit volumes. seroader teobtain solutions, we integrate the differential equations to. ascertain the temperature and arbitrary constants, and then apply boundary and intial conditions to obtain thevyarcnar solution, The general procedute i similar that followed in Chapter 2 for ‘obtaining the velocity profiles. Send several of the examples are concerned with heat transfer to and from moving fouids, We deal only with laminar convection, but this enables the reader to become involved in the fendamentals of heat transfer with convection, "Third, we bring to tbe reader's eteation more general forms of the equation of energy, reading to Tables 137.5 which may be used in a manner similar tothe general momentum ‘equations given in Chapter 2. 7.1 HEAT TRANSFER WITH FORCED CONVECTION IN A TUBE ‘balance for the unit volume. Rate of energy in by conduction across surface at r arr acme Rate of energy out by conduction across surface at r+ AF 2elr + ANE Rate of energy in by conduction across surface at 2 Der arte 323223333399wre Xe” he por “wosasuoo sty = mm sau TL "Bia Uw paraidap “away ou0919 oe ‘29 ge ery Woy WONTON F suaFEAEaL SH, “suompu0> au sopun add 2xp Boge waoyrun axojazsen sty Jo mepuedeput ‘#4 (QU'L) “baru aneanap ap amnesog “Gy = 2) em 18 eng 9 1% asoy (1) que ey orn zu) e 7 % ‘teu am 30 ameseduy ura ap uo pared 1usiouyo09 J2jsuea Vea 2p JO ‘vonmyep ip Soko Aq sun azieas 9q4 adid ap Buoye oyun st wu2}ayj200 J9jsuEN eat ath "sated Hs08ue Krjo109 ueOd ue “ojyoxd auezadse podojanap Amy & 0d ‘padoyanap wouy sof oqyoad ammezadury yp “oped Srp tals eansUAOp eAs=HI a) E1240) "29nd ‘a Jo wore paveay ax) sHaymnCave worDaNp-? a wr Samoyy pinby oy ays Z'L “Bed Aa outdoxe 51 stay “my padolanap Ay 0: snoZorene st ajyoxd amraeadura padoyaxap Any Ying axp Jo sungezoduioy uesur = "y pue “jem 2p ve puny Jo aarmesodusay = 2 asym : to = [Ze] ® wo 433? iL) ‘anf = aah a7 oq 2 fo mapuodopus °y/4 Jo vonury anbyan ayn sss ojyoud axmesodurer padojanop Ary & ‘suonpuo® {ut log. sispeo youd aummsodues padoenap dnt ain 25e9 Teas w (#4) ¥-3 [8-4] 2 G9°D “ba “wonngnsp Ayoo}>n sip BurpnIE! Ae ‘pu ‘rjogered svojaran st wonnatnsip A1s0}94 MOY raye8Or son yy 20IeS aioe erly "2 oy secnpat (2) Pa “vordunsse sa sm s00 520 fyaou st zeuLeC>¢A) pnb Jo th -Moi8-£198 94030} (GL) bg aoueeq Bou ap Agiduns axauTy weD 294 Bt Bs y "ie # ee wo ze" ae“) eo ‘angen Jo sua ut won uonenbs (sou ‘ba ony (2) pur (eg) “sb Bunmansaeg aro @enteny- = pur Geen = “b sy Bo. e eo Bonk ue “sede yay 549 20 nq. hy, A ical ee ee He ‘be ** tole ‘naz qovoadde 01 pawomf 210 29 pUE LY MON, peas ry "WORDLEP-? a1 AYs0194 34 Se lprg ast ye somans ssouse (Caeqnus) moy pany ot anp uy KBseu, 2y + 2 soups ssou9e uononpuos Aq ino KBs5H3 sq ema 05 sun BED IP 0 dopisp oF poe Baa PD HUTS TL A wonenba Qhoug om pur sajeuesy 19 OceHi Fig. 7.2 Heating 2 fluid ina tube showing the evelopment ofthe temperature profile. (Note that Ty and 7, themselves are not constants.) Now expand Ba. (7.9) in a general sense ‘where each quantity varies as follows: at, ar) _{T at ay 12) 2) [7 r| |e" e | => ‘Then Bag. (7-11) shows that Mar Ty Gil ‘Equation (7.13) is important because it allows Eq, (7.7) to be integrated directly using aT782 = 87,82 2¥, aay Integrating, we get as) ‘A second integration with T = Ty at r= 16), Fiaving obtained the temperance profile, we can evaluate h. From Eq, and qr must then be evaluated, First, we find (Fy - 1) by performing Second, we determine gy by evaluating the ane 19 When these operations have been carried out, we can determine the heat transfer coefficient. ‘The final result, with D as te diameter, is WD 1 a 436. 19) “The dimensionless mmber resulting fom this analysis isthe Nusztt number." ‘This impo duneuoaless number for best flow wit forced convection reappears 26 we xepetes oer aoliions and conelations. For empbass, then, tbe Noset numbers » ae a. m=? 20) “This Nuseel mmber is for uly developed flow and uniform beat sx with parabolic elocky Peet is mere wit & became represent the itn cs of ly developed rele ure poodle” Many snutions have been aalyzo, some of which are given in {Tate 71 and oters n man* ‘atte 7.4 Nusselt mbes fly developed amis Now” Veloeit ‘Condition pe ty we, = SE Geometry igeipaion’ at wall “BromW. M, Roheenow and H. Y. Chol, Heat, Mass nd Momentus or, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff New Jersey, 1961, “.p, Holman, Heat Tranyer, sith edition, McGraw-Hill. New York, N.Y. 1986, page 281 o o 0 a o e oe 0 oO oea [Bree ee 37 = £010 m x wou) “y Basesne 4a py wes 2m way “mo.ujoca saps 2BoLeKD 9 cK oF Gsm am J] aqumG aesEMAY 70) a paqlED st YY “y/x'y = "AN areum, oro “iPM ood CEE = fan “saquina ssequomusip Jo sy ut “30 yoru « (2) qaameco= t= y ep “A = g} = tat te 5 aua}91 9909 J3jSUEN 189q JOO} amp “p's “BI wy aA! synsas a So sarap near ene ton nS sai growoduat on fe syd Ayre om rome Kam ap sommes ssqums Fe SD ‘O;AIML “Lz “Bl UF “Aya se oures om ApoexO St "1 ‘fr wy 2am @ ap “hyn oF {embod 20) Pe "Jo oes a st saqumms sry “1g s2qumy jog 230 fen Wa! ops re wae ase oir sang sa en Ae aa My & nots fF Ken aus 29 Soe Us a Uo Hasta SaEE Toate ee gotds “7 aunvezodwas peny 3109 mp pus *y smmaesoduiay res 2tp sopmmou Yorgas ‘aremps0 3100 0 amuadea sojoqsoup on Jo Ind ef amisdast ogy pe ese smd a saa8 y¢fus i "94 UoNMO® Jo ponaut xy Nomad os oe "I=L 0s coe Est ‘make roe el ‘one roe : ee wo he "ag “ag sz sade 0 tarmac x9 ‘uomppe wy “GHP tues fo SHVRSUE Jo sun sams aan sey | Ao wun eh 7 a 4, By wel we" 8" * ae ‘wonmbe 2¢e Amp GOR 5 yoru “Asan S4aR “D9n =» aL o Suds (62-0) *bawaus, -poroyou aq Kee wn aameatop puoses parsanp-r-ag aojaiont ‘wonoanp-r 9 wep we adaoys yan | Lona a UF woype asnessdu sy, Ste vowel Asem emp pow sey, oH, ef, pe {g ‘ny de ( ly (& 4, Wale, bidber ae” re)” Le de 2 ‘ce Aes om 29 — Hp pox = (er) + 20/40) ma sanbarfyomM09 sss ue, we - (B08 os wo [2 te)" tae ** ine 0” og | ‘Seutooed (17'L) ba “Auaponpuoo pue Axsusp iuesuoS JO, : o--@ . 28 .@ 9 ie Warde * Grade * “te * og rego a4 “9. Ay pu On AY ssa an BUFR PUR “Pxy a WBnonD Rupp sounuenb sen Ie Bppy md iy a0 noone starsat pu 24 Kaepunog jun 950 wondjeang, Ee Aya 49 + Cae sonpns ssauoe Gey a1ge096) moy pynY or np ano AEso0, (Cre sanz seoue (54 ayes) MoU pny 2 anp up ABLEy AV 4+ 28 aonpins ssorDe (oy oiisues) moy puny oF anp ino 48:20 7 soe ssoI9e (ay 2IqsUES) Moy PINUS oY anp uy ARLOU 49 + 4 soeyns sive uoponpucs Aq ino ABsag 441 sonpinsss0538 uonsnpuoa fq ut £8s503 XV + £18 soins sso1ve wononpuod fq ano 48s 16y|8 suorngiises ayy ‘aed aq oy se;noypudisd ‘ym 30072 owas ou © UL SNES PLE fa8ueyD Kpemmvo> aIyard KYs0Ien “Prnu 2m wea aumesadusn may Sea “owed Tey & 1940 1960) Azepunog rn 30 2509 aun s2pISu00 am apy PaUTLIIIDP ‘woRnquISIp Axs0jan oxn * saidey.) aya ‘WV NIAO NOLLOANOD G39UOS UVNINVT HLLIAN USES LAM 72 sopeaba uve om pus sysmeay wo $27226 Heat Transfer and the Energy Equation 9 Oa -OE TT 18 2024 28S Nu, = 0.664 PP Reps, rally a function ofthe Reynolds and forced convection. frm of ether Eq. (7.26) or (7.27). We shall 3640 Dimensionless temperature profiles in the laminar boundary layer over 4 Mat plate for ‘From E. Z, Pohibasen, Z. Anges. Math. Mech, 1, 115 (1921) ) am N find in Chapter 8 thatthe i aumbers in problems of ‘For the case of Pr = 1 (¥ = a), the thermal boundary layer is given by ‘Heat Transfer and the Energy qt and thas do not apph 1 boundary condition, Equations (7.27.29) are valid only fo metals, Por lguid metals with uniform wal temper ‘ire approximeted by! 0.564 (7.30) 1+ 0:90 yPr Fora uniform beat Mux a the wall, we preset hese resis? pr> 05, Nu, = 0458 PA je, : on 0.880 0.005 < Pr < 003, Nu, = ye, Pr =|. 73 Fe (i: TT VPr | [Bxarople 7.1, Airat 1 aum (1.013 % 108 N nt) and 290 K flows parallel oa plats surface stom she plate, 0.3 m long, is at 360 K. Assume that laminar flow is stable along the entize length °) Calclate the thicknesses of the velocity and thermal boundary layers 0.15 m from the Teading edge of the plat. by Cateulate the rate of heat transfer from the entire plate per 0.1 m of plate width Soliaion 3) We calculate the thickness of the momentum boundary layer using Eq. (2.101), 8, 50. 3° aw For ir, evaluating vat an average boundary-layer temperature of 1(290 + 360) = 325K. the Kinematic viscosity i 18.4 x 10% m* s". Then, Yar _ 15m] ois m] oo SRP ea rorar 122 * 10% = 2.5 x 10% m = 2.15 mm 7G, M, Sparrow and J. L. Gregg J Aero, Se. 24, 2g. J. Nickerson and HL P. Smith, 2 reported in Rohsenow and Choi, bid Eg erases 22992277522999933999“E=1 ‘0n%= ‘mete rO8 Sen pete pete roe Aapaneg se szorenbo pojdo> a ses ‘ejay ‘poe ym ene 2a aie Acorn po amesad oat he GED "ba Podno> sy Ue Say yn 2G, By Geo te te ae sa1eid 16y © Jon0 woy 105 2D ot [RorMapY sf aseo smn Ta), = 8:8:{Ta ~ Tale If we combine Eqs. (7-408) and (7.406) we a ay which are Reyaolds numbers. The combination of 88.To~ Taji tl cos ‘The group of variables represented 12) could be considered 2 dimensionless we realize thatthe velocity ofthe id is are eliminated from Eq. ‘This dimensionless number is important in natural convection problems Grashof number, Gr. When buoyancy is the only driving force for con profile is determined entirely by the quanies in the Grashof mumber, and the Reynolds ‘number is supertivous ‘Recall that for forced convection, et discussed in Section 7.2, the Nusselt number is ‘correlated in the general form Nu = f(Pr.Re), forced conection. Correspondingly then, for natural convection, the Nusselt number is correlated as Nu = f(Pr,G0), natural convection. Returning tothe complete solution of Eqs. (7.34), (7.35) and the appropriate boundary is (6). The carves Nay 0.676 Pe Youre | Ose Py oan “Equation (7.44) applies fora wide range of Pr numbers (0.00835 =< Pr = 1000) for laminar flow conditions, with 10* <.Gr,-PF < 10°, fer rate from a plate at 360 K, 0.3 m tong 290K. Contrast the results with those of ‘Sotuion. Equation (7.44) should be integrated to obtain the average heat transfor coefficient which can be applied to the whole plat. In Eq, (7.44), because as ALIRis i, defined sy o o o eS a 6 ° a oO Ao= *Vouse- "lar sry, “2aeyeg AB1ou9 ap ot aingynagd vey Suni uo amp are sea ‘oes Apes Ay oo uae, 49 + 428 eps ssoise uonanpuco 49 mo £83249 Jo 21Fy .*Youaz 418 aoegins sone uoponpuoa £q uy £8:a¥ jo 21 ‘won sous ap dojauop am “works © "pons soy “Afaapoodsos “y por i “sasruenedwia pox auos 8 are [ea 2 Jo seoET. ure apis an 0 ve 08 “aI peas 1 st wIASKS aA “uORIppE Uy SoapsTEeU axe ssaNa ‘ue wip 08 yBnous Buc} sj s9puy> ap asodking_sduypunoamns > 0} $80} ey 2X9 ate Ne ‘1 siqeasop star poe ‘aoeuiny pads teouptn|co Bao) © ozensts ke [Ronoead w wou “ay ss0yo1N MHL SKIMYOA MUN o}GEHNE SEDO} 05 ONES 3 ‘soxdap .'z aunBly 9pEm A pros moqioy & Jo Hem amp Yann wonanpED TeX JopIsU09 29h NOLLDNGNOD LAH HL * . “Pope 0 = Yow esr Ly aa-39f, oso 01 ssonpa (t65°z) “ba vaun “sper prnby) 0 «24 31 “Poses “soced 01 Anoop (asy'1) “ba Atdde ueo om ‘smy, 31.0061 $e wiry se wana sasrueuaduiy 10j manst09 KeoneNLd pu /'9 03 80,9 Aiea 2 "OD ‘ae yy "sese8 wou s24n0 pas) 41 “OD ¥O “Mf Simpy ‘soue8 Aue 30y ep sUaddey OF iy ara ‘mH Led = TON o SSonpaNEUOM “Z'9 = 4 JEU “(OSp'L) Jo suo§ ea0ds v8 400} of aapannsL ‘imo yen ap 1S, sou Aygeapsu0D 5 Wopentoo peau Joy sayuen aeay Jo anes oe ‘SE eM Say us 5em BTL ade 304 “MOTT = (€0 x VOM06Z - o9eXer's) = veE- “UN = 1 syroen way yo aes sienna om “Arey eo == Tor Prgg| 09 P= actus | “oR woy ‘ess = ON “sy “ba om sg PuE "ap Jo sania aumsqns am UO, “PIER 1 (ESH'Z) “ba “yOE PUR OT H22AIDG st 1 20UIS sO1X TET = (OLOKOI x 981) = 2-720 Suoqupuos mou seurUE| 203 351 09 34726 onpoud eqn anenores aM “TON fC Uonenba ARsoa oq pre ayes, 3oqT OT x OT = (COKO6e - OVEKOT x 586) = e1I"y - °D EF = 0 s§ roquime Jouresg au fe OT x S86 = wis? POR EOL aE [1SGe We 30 “y 62E JO amesaduan AzepunegaBezove oa soodond a aeMIeAS A Gd 2 1980S 959 = Yon ey 24-20 Jr Pu “soph “eet OE) “AH DOE MOISE HH PaHseId 5 ‘TSG “God ‘SE9T 210 OME "ouasey "ue LOsApy “TN “IcERSG 's 8a pEPOTED) “seyoudaunredui se|UoUEUNC (@) ‘oqyord Apoyea seqeopEanT (2) "=A FONDA w 4 VONDDANED FEIN FUT gr, “BLE 4 (5) @ ° openby soe 2m) poe SNE YETT Ze234 Meat Transfer and the Energy Equation ve. 77 Heat ondction ugh sli fio wal, The shade are depict se ut volume. It we divide al ers by 2a, ad ak he imi at Ar approaches zero, we obtain £2 -0 7.46) Equation (7.46) requires that aan [Note that g.. the héat flux, is not constasit in itself. Since q, = -k(aTidr), Ea. (7.47) yields G #F eS. 7.48) Integrating once again, we find for constant thermal conductivity that & i (7.49) re-finr-$. 49 By sorb kin new constants, Eq (7.45) simplifies even more 0 T= Gin + 50 “The beadary conditions under consideration aré BCA ar Tats BC2 aren T=h Heat Trans ne Energy Equation 235, sion of the constants using the boundary co yields the temperature sy and the heat flux ay ‘As the heat lows through the ws ‘The heat low 0, however, is socoumters larger afeas, so that the fox itself decreases. as i must be for steady state), and is given by mot) as inmeresting engineering characteristic. Q = Gent) = Example 7.3 As part ofa proposed contimous anneating process, a rod passes though ¢ Etat furnace chamber 101 mm inside diameter and 15.2 mong. The isi surfs cease ofthe furnace wall under operating conditions is predicted to be about 920 K svt Trperaie surface about 310 K. If fs decided that a heat loss of 73 KW is an acceptable SEES EEE EEEE See TW Cost $ perm? Thaulation A 070 350) 0.35 ao Solution. Equation (7.53) can be written wf) ates For 4, then fa], @x10.70,15.29020 = 310) m |2] = = 0559, [3] (3 x 10) = 50.5 mm, we have r; = 88.3 mm, Similarly for B, wsing the ratio of 938) smn «020 222223293993999ew [lees + ad 08 nd (ot nota B) = (68 ad 2 ‘onenbe ABsoas ax Jo ws} vo wgo am ‘cuaz Yoeoulte Zy pure “Cy “ey sea, 2p Supe pe ZVKyrY M4 BUI *(ps"Z) “ba ow suolscano aso ye BNIDEGNS wo “fla 8 poe aso oro on 5 suunjon on oun Jo song ms ai ve assaid 2p suo 90m Hutop Jo aes ou, A¢e wopenba Gliswa om paw sajsment WOH es Never ya ‘038 0 sptovoduos sang 2p wurete om Sop Jo aye a, “soy som ETE LON [ur “amssand ede yuom “Cjaes# uy pom Jo sissu09 py yh 44 a80p HOM 3 asd “01 - VolKory + (1% - Vohzery + (718 - "eevee ‘5 wortonpuoo Aq uy ABsou Jo axes You ayy ‘uomueKE zNUNS © Uy oso pany 12 30 apmudou np Jo seu un ad Azone usm 7 31 eo ‘(ed + ad 3 rvevee tds 9 seanjon yun 2 uns ABseu2 apeOr poe TEMISN Jo WORE|MUMIDE Jo avs 2, “papnyout you ‘ane “Bunsoy 2ynor ounsefa $8 Yone sea:nos pu ‘uorTIpes “8'2 “Hodsues ABLauD jo suL0} po aoneag "JI20S8 Aipo|dine> you sy uopearosue> KBiouD Jo mel ay JO NUNES SI viru & ] fuorempues) [ oneruos £4 m ‘ss onsen dose) {amp pom quryent| «|satiny open poe | = | pus teu 30 foes} (joan iot} © [rus yo cet tu | ~ [ofemtnae Jo me um uaa fee auenoa sn RI pauTeICD INU 2 0} £83909 Jo UOReAIBRIO Jo met m1 Alden 57 poe 7 stg BF 2VGY auEN|OA UN AeRGOREE Hp J9p4sIED ‘sua{qoxd aytnads anfos 0 paonpat 9q ue yotue “uoneaba ABioua reasus8 xn dojanap NOLLYNDA AOWANE TYHANGO GH $°L 8 9K snoAge 9aL “FE'OSS = A WOO VoMUNUH guNS of UY | ame oxo | a Tam Geos = eaays 7” ™ 1809 Buypuodsauoo aq pur uons|ns Jo aurnjon aun aEINDIED aA “UR 99 = TF TEU OF onenbry Bsa oxy pus sgsuRAL YH 9EZsms involving (pU + }ov?) are expanded and combined, we can obtain Lye Ze pea eel fe ee leaat ie a6 so [E deme zm] ‘Continuity (Eq. A. Table 2.1) requires thatthe second term in the above expression is zero; the remaining term in the expression isthe substantial derivative of (U + 4v*), so that we may write Eq. (7.63) a8 a4, 8a, | 3a EO Hee D oz: [emo bn-ba [tae ra eB tac 7.65) For most heat flow problems, it is convenient 10 eliminate intemal energy from Eq, (7.65). The manipulation tat leads tothe following equation is rather Lengthy, and is rot given here, except to say that withthe aid of the conservation of momentum, we can write Eq. (7.65) a5 Maha deede] -o[-% ‘where the quantity & is known as the dissipation function, 7.68) but from contin, wom 5) sebstition af Eq, (7.69) no Ba, (7.65 eats 0 Be -[Rarda-de]- Bow a rom th hamadynami elns of properties, we an wrt a = cars 4 - Tor, an here Gite Rest apc, an 8 = Toe Bq 70, flows at op 1 om an fom Fer sons, at anne get goad suing, €:72 ane gon (7.7 fly ves heey enon Sm ore oad Z] SpE] Sb g] eRe om ie soy sig Ea €.72). For expe, snp of te se coordinates, we write or oe DT _ yw rg BE a oc, Bp = eer THT oe 7 syne eas 8 9 BE wo Eo a9 wvolve incompressible fuide where the viseus dissipation term is nesligibe = = 0, and 9, SE a 07‘su2peR Apo oa wpm mumps 305 aon “pato(fo0 Aes feu per wopedaey soon cam passe a } snug space suse a eee ee aa [EE sown +2): al «@ (22 4 2h fae a ny 4 Voy g 2 1+ ln y Bay) Bn-So} [+S ism "be * Met i) ig amos par ina yo as ABoud o aos SUL PL SRL, ee wonenbg og aq poe seysuesy OH, sed “0961 9H0A MON MoI ‘Duouonyg Hodewo4L eomyT Na poe Aas a ‘Woy are sR On SurOHO) amy PUY IgE SL, Byad By 2% @ + o By Bly ow Bly ae @ &y 2% wo Bie @ Fret @ By as ya wy) By = o qt @ gr wo er sop” a in 0 aD La, “soomeyeg [34s Jo sueoUL hq swaeqqoad én fumes ue somes ‘sue Gresecouun Bmpreosp hq mOY Ye2y JO sueqQo%d ax) 20} ‘osm 9q Kem ¢'¢ pur pL “€'L soaks, “setempioco yeouioyds pure fe=pIpu w—sapeaTI000 eypuer2a: wy podo|sx2p Apeame—donenbo 4Bkous amy pure saxny stp 2478 am “wore sKp UL SALVNIGX002 2AVANTTIAWAD GNV AV INONVIOK NI NOLLVAOG KOWING AHL 92 wo aay = £ oe pos “pavousy ‘1 wun Aygssandos amp tousz 1 AND0}24 am “spHos YBnONA wey Jo YoRINpLOD = owenba ABsowg ogy pow sysTEAL, OH OF —FNS SS SS ST ee eee ee eS EEE ETE EE EET Sa SES SSS eee 242, Heat Transfer and the Energy. Equation . in tenms of the sransport propenies Yor Newtonian fluids of Rectangsla coordi er, oF [Fan “ indica coordinates ar, et na, aT er, ot oT, OT A oe (Ere ® 21) 5 tT] ‘e0) * Fain 8 OFF o suiul pes a andione ee fcNatab cn apasseonoesansceeeeeets SE ‘Nore: The ters contained in braces {} are associated with viscous dissipation and may usally be ‘eplested, except for systems with large velocity gradients ‘Heat Transfer and the Energy Equation 242 Example 7.4. Refer back to Fig. 7.3 and the system described in Section 7.2. Using Table 7.4 07. the energy equation, Sein TUS 2 he es ne paper bere gcereereee pirs as ee re ae da Se a ee Aare ce 7 Gee ar tae ee ar Fy =o because T = 73) ‘All terms in ( ) ate 2er0 because we negl beating. We are left with off 2) (BE -3] Except for fuids with very low Pr mumbers, we can ignore conduction in the direction of flow; hence ‘and we finaly write: PROBLEMS 1A. For laminar flow, ealeulate the results given in Table 7.1 for Nu for slug flow , = uniform) and uniform beat flux in a circular tbe, . 1.2 A liquid film at Ty flows down a verical wall ta higher temperature T,, Consider heat or such contact times that the liquid temperature changes (Gee figure on next page.) * tate assumptions): rite aw, er oe. = by The energy equation contains v,, What would y¢ ©) Write appropriate boundary conditions 9220929272023299993999(sre) ba uy siaquina soquoysuounp ayy auuap pue (Spc) “ba axLop Usp L) ta um BuNLRIS ET, ‘suompaos Aiepunog om iA (4 ‘sapiodoud jeuustn yemsuoo 40) samenaduin yo sua uy donenba ABsaNd of aM CE beaut 5 piss DM a ah |« Take |* * 2 LUENg (93, 062 1 HE (E01 UsIauJR0D J9jsuEA YEON 2 ‘an wy UI $201 “y OGE Te peurmuTEN 5 azEd papuan eo wal Se wopfentry ssa ap pu seyscesy yoy 22pm wus oot st ted om dyed am 01 pauspsuen 51 yoy Yon oy ‘a8pe pea] AN way 208s soup J28e epunog yeep am tt “289 Bupes| ep wos} excep auTES NAY ‘um 9 | Kaepunog tunixatiow ap atom 07 2¥pa peat ay wos) 2 90 sieioqeD (& “OTE we smId Mey & Or [BIRR sMOY M SoE_PUE SEO IE AY sz > ‘suopipuce Arepunog arepdoudde asa, (2 % w “_"uondaanste 8 PPL nok ams paw uonenbs iazoue an atin (@ a 4 105 anos. (@ y L ‘ammetodway xrnsa0o ew poueraet sf s9pum|<9 3100 au, “pinby a 01 “b “xng, wasn pure esac © sryddins pow posoy woes st Zopun co sour eu, padojansp Ajnj ore amie=dua om poe Moy ‘oa wen ussy “srapuyfo suyuzoU0 pue 840] {324 ona waomeg (YS 4/5 'y) snnaue 2p prenda smog Aysoosa pu Aasuap nrsues 50 pnb VL 8 ‘2 ssouor any way 929} wonenbo ue angiog (9 “de ap wy amex) 29 10} 241 (4 “ée8 2a op 2920) suomtpus> Krepunog poe openbs Afra simudoxdde wail ‘annsedsat “2 poe “zw fend Jano} pue adda an opm ates SpeSs 5) WESAS Oa, ea sore emqmeans eas Gm MOY JEUNE eA ASan TOAD ELA NOY Pn 3 ep aanesy aed toda om Yano tt one. BUE*GeB 3p ssare amd wonog an Wena oy 21 peo) 1a so8snosod yo smd ered ee OME wrnaig see 7 sean J0 dB YE 4“ soos aise ae ze if “ Bf " : (m9 re opentg Aus omy POE Je}SmEAL eH $¥7aT ‘is in a motionless Muid (no foreed oF natural convection ped at Ty and the bulk fuid vemperat StS et CORRELATIONS AND DATA FOR HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS sume fully devetoped flow, . tro ig sorte is maintained 3t T= Tp andthe solid surface pera AT, me consan's, a) Ignore viscous heating effects, b)Trelude visco4 the proble of beat low win convection, deus in the PSOE pertain to The prec wth amma ow. Despite te stich of Mn how problems, they Should pot be underestimated. cay simple solutions have been applied to real stems a) approximating assumpsions and, ‘pesides, the simpler systems provide (or ature of turbulent flow and WEipreution of complex systems. The more compe Terface temperatures, Derive the steady-s ‘hermal conductivity varies according t0 kak + at rere Kanda ar const Tits a tempera Aad allowed to mix adiabatically. 2 993393999 4 o freeeco Gq'2DON = ON ‘szoquina ssequoisusmnp 20 sdnou3 samp asamp Jo sau} ut pateaiios aq ues uonsoAuo® Ponto} Ut Ep J]SuRN 134 ‘SM, aqui ppuesd) adm wl ty in = ahd =e pave 29 ue> sdnouf x BoynonOs a “ALLS equim oye 2 ty (Gaqumu 2850N) uae & smu, SL = ppue 9 = 9"1- = gg = Pungo am “unf 24p ‘Set ‘wov02tp 1 s,ureyBuppong_—siscreue jeooysuIMNG 11°g qm up. 29g Uy pouoAN sues oN San Splonkay 2 Jo vorrary ¥ sea 20108 UoNOH ay HI MOS 01 JepI0 Ut sUonENbS TeRUSI 430 woawrafunazeas © Burzi sysirexe yeootsustp Jo pompous ¥ powasatd a “]"¢ WORDS Up ‘SBAN1L NI NOLLOTANOD G4WOA WO SINAIOLLITOD WAYSNVUL LVSH TR ‘sishjeue yruotsuounp revoumodx Sumuasaid Aq nde wy paieidaa sy 1 sue (a) zoCegns meta (fe ‘ona ela pope poy Sua 8 )oson sia gy o o © SHRpUPED sysNeNy WOH 4) HE PE sONEAIOD BFCtemperature Ty, and ‘complete correlation is writen in the fora “This dimensional analysis is of great use For example, k depends on eight physical quantities: D. : study all combinations of eight independent variables for ten values fests, whereas, by giving Nu as a function of only four groups (Re. ‘would suffice. Thus, a graduate stodent would require only five years of research instead of ‘50,000 years! 8.1.2 Correlations for forced convection in tubes ly developed flow in tubes, a correlation for flow in smooth tubes with nearly constant veall temperature is presenfed in Fig. &.2. The Reynolds number used here, Rey = DVp/‘tay Pfcat because the laminar-to-trbulent transition is at about 2100 (the same as in °2), even when ty differs appreciably from na. ‘For highly turbulent flow (Re,, > 10,000), the equation 2 pe? |e es) Nu, = 0.026 Ret! Pr? ‘n ei [ ] reproduces experimental data to within about £20% inthe range 10¢ < Req < 10°, 0.6 < Pree 100, and LID > 10. As we discuss late, the data need not be Testricted to the sitwations of constant wall temperature. bE RES egnezech(h) 5 = ee ig. 8.2. Heat tansfereoeticiens for fully developed fh EAN Seiger and G. E Tate, Ind. Eng. Chem. 28, 14 Correlations and Data for Heat Transfer Coeieats 251 ‘We superimpose the plot of 72 on Fig. 8.2 for long, hyéraueally smooth tubes, where Bo Jn = Sta sig the Stanton number, and jy is ofen refered to as factor. The Stanton mamber is clined Na A eerie ReF ~ Gov Fig Treat teunsfet coefficient to the ratio ofthe frition factor fin the rough pipe tothe frition factor fina smooth pipe ofthe same ioe extensively, and should probably be rected to use with gases Nuns, 1 i mh vig. 83 tect of roughoets on he! anf ia rucbulent flow, (From W. Nunn Tai Porschangsheft No. 455/1956 (VID-Verlsg GmbH-Dussekor)) Forliquid metals, where 0.005 < Pr < 0.05, the following eqstion represents availble ‘experimental data with Re > 10,000 and fora uniform beat fx? Po. tong the tube. For uniform rue) and Nu, (uniform Ne and Ne, is small nd hence Ba Deudary eons Fi M. Rohomnow and HY. Cho, Heat, Mass, ond Momentum Transfer Preetice Hal, Englewood ‘Cit, NI, 1961, page 193. 3233992392999 a memypnanenant oO