tense contrasts past simple: decided ‘past continuous: was looking past perfect simple: had happened _ past perfect continuous: had been working Use past simple, past continuous and past perfect for events in a narrative (story) ‘© Past simple to describe actions or states in the past. That afternoon he declded to check the old experiments fe Past continuous to describe continuing actions, or to set the scene. While he was fooking at them ‘© Use past perfect when we need to make clear that one past action happened before another past action, the noticed that something unusual had happened. hile he had been working on the new experiments past simple: What did you do? past continuous: What were you doing? see nn eats lesson, Wetor started disging fom the celina, We changed roms. dinarwvere you doing? (when something happened) We were writing 2 test. What aid you do? (an action) We changed rooms present perfect simple and continuous: has won, has been winning ppast perfect simple and continuous: had won, had been playing ‘Present perfect events ate connected to the present in some way. Past perfect events are past events that take place before other past event, ‘She has just won the Grand slam. She has been playing tennis for only six years (She plays now ~ she started six years ago.) Uihen Anna won the Grand Slam in 2001, she had been playing tennis for only six years {All the events are in the past she won In 2001, she started playing six years before that.) past simple: discovered present perfect: have discovered ‘© Use past simple for finished events in the past. We can use a definite date or time, hye Torbaugh discovered the pionet Pluto in 1930 © Use present perfect for recent events without a definite time. “astronomers have discovered 3 new planet recently. They have named it Sedna. ‘@ We can use since + point in time with present perfect but not with past simple. ve been here since 8.30! ('m still here.) ‘® We can use for + period of time with present perfect for unfinished time, or past simple for finished time. ve been in the team for two years. ('m still in the team.) J was in the team for bx0 years. Finished ~ I'm not in the team now.) present perfect simple: have taken _present perfect continuous have been taking ‘@. Use present perfect simple when an action has recently finished. Use present perfect continuous to describe a continuing action up to the present moment, Have ycui taken your medicine? (just now or very recently) Have you been taking your medicine? (over a long period up to now) © Present perfect continuous can suggest that the action might continue into the future. ve done a lt of work lately. (but now I've finished) ve been doing a lot of work lately (and its stil going on) present perfect simple and continuous: have lived, have been living present simple and continuous: five, am tiving 'e Use present perfect to describe a period of time that continues up to the present, and includes ‘the present. Hort long have you been living here? (We don't say Howtong-are-yorrtivingshers?) I’ve been hore since 2002. {We don't say Fam-here-since-2002.)present simple, present continuous: have, am having @ Use present simple for facts, things that ahvays happen, habits and state meanings. Rabbits live in holes in the ground, I enjoy tralian food. have three sisters, 1 travel to werk by bus. ‘@ Use present continuous for events that are happening at the moment, or are changing, and for action meanings. It's raining, Vm really enjoying this party. 1 Underline the correct form. @ When the police stopped / were stopping Smith's car for a routine check, they realized that he was the man who robbed / had robbed the bank. b Twoke up in the middle of the night and ‘tured on | was turning on the light. Someone ot something climbed / was climbing in my window! Unfortunately Jan arrived / was arriving at the station at 3.25, and found that she missed / had ‘missed the train. The doctors tried / had been trying their best, but while they were performing the operation, the patient died / was dying. We'd been watching the film for half an hour before we realized that we were making / had made a terrible mistake. We went / had gone into the ‘wrong cinemal ¥ On the morning of the accident, Mr Davis just finished | had just finished a night shift at a local factory, and didn't have / hadn’t had any sleep for 24 hours, 2 a [leave ted... my bag on the ‘rain this morning. b Helen (complete) the test half an hour before the end, « The match can't begin yet because the other ‘team (not arrive) 4 We (not play) ages. Do you feel like a game? eT (like) their last album, but I'm not keen on the new one. chess for Things are getting better. Fm having a great time, 9 I'm sorry I didn’t answer / wasn’t answering the phone eatlier, but ! was painting / had been ‘painting the ceiling in my bedroom. hh The office Marlowe was visiting was on the 15th ‘loot, and unfortunately the lift wasn’t working J hadn't been working, so by the time he arrived at the top of the stairs, he was / had been out of breath. i On Christmas morning when they woke up / were ‘waking up, the children looked eagerly out of the window. It snowed / had been snowing, and the garden was covered in a thick white carpet. j_ After the two film stars landed / were landing at the small airport, they left quickly in a van that was ‘waiting | had been waiting for them since the early morning. Complete the sentence with the past simple or present perfect form of the verb in brackets. When (you go) to the cinema last? 4g Sam (not take) a day off since last April fh (you see) aon my wallet? I'm sure I left it here on the desk. 1 When (you realize) no wanted to be a musician? j Ufhave) ‘we go skating tomorrow? _.. that you an ideal Why don’t g . z & g 2 . ®2 Underline the correct form. a How ado you get on / are you getting on in Paris? Sony b I haven't written / F'm not writing before but ¢ Frain / Pve been training haxd for my basketball team. We d played | have played in a tournament last week ~ we e come / came third! I really f enjoy { enjoyed taking part, but g I haven't done | 1 wasn't doing anything else for the past month, b Unfortunately, when Sarah's big day hh arrived ( was arriving, things i have gone / went Aisastrously wrong at first. For a start, it j was raining | has been raining and as the traffic was so heavy, she ke arrived / was arriving nearly ten ‘minutes late for her interview. Then While she | was crossing / has crossed the road, a passing bus m splashed / was splashing ber with water. But inside the building her luck n changed | has changed, "Mr Fortescue o is expecting / hhas expected me,’ she p was telling / told the receptionist. = EXTENSION ACTIVITY "He q hasn't arrived / doesn’t arrive yet, she was told, ‘Just take a seat.’ Perhaps everything would be allright after all! ‘An art historian v has discovered / is discovering two missing paintings by Fra Angelico (c 1395~ 1455) In the home of a pensioner from Oxford who s has died | died earlier this year. Jean Preston € bought / has bought the paintings when she u was working / has been working in America in the 1960s. Shortly before her death, a friend vv recognized { has recognized them as part of a group of six small paintings which Angelico W painted | has painted in 1439. Miss Preston. x paid / was paying about £200 for the pair, but experts y say / said they ate now worth around £1 million. Look through the unit again and find two examples for each of these tenses: present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous, present perfect simple, resent perfect continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous. Look at the explanation page again, Choose an example sentence from each section, Translate it into your language. Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192.3. Complete the text with the past simple, in brackets. 4 (compose) oa several operas. While he (visit) the Vatican in Rome, he { isten) nn 80.2 ple of music whic, up to this point the Vatican author es 4 {keop) _----seeret.No one (publist) 2 c9p7 of the plece Before but Mozart i (manage) to write It down from memory after he j (listen)... _t9 it once. By che age of 30 he Ke (become) nv» ofthe mast famous composers Europes and 1 (have) wa large apartment inVienna, which is now a tourist attraction. Iewas here chat he om (write) his famous opera The Marriage of Figaro. In 1791, while he F (WOrK) On is Regul eo (Fl) and dled at the ae of 35 Choose the correct form, A, B, Cor D, to complete the sentence. a 1-A...-tis computer for more than ten years, so I'm thinking ‘of getting a new one. You're half an hour late! 1...» ere for ages! el these black trousers better than thase blue ones. Can Tborrow a pen? 1...» mine. Td like to dance with you, but I _for my friend. f Kate in Poland since last October. She's really enjoying it. 9. Carol's great, isn’t she? _.her long? h Paul __in all day today, so now he feels like going out i You'd better borrow this umbrella. _ really hard. 1--no-n On my project all morning, and I need a break. a A have had B have been having © have b A have waited & have been waiting © wait cA have liked B nave been Tiking © ike dA have fost B have been losing € lose eA have waited B have been waiting wait A has taught B has been teaching teaches 9A Have you known —B Have you been knowing © Do you know fh A has stayed has been staying © stays iA thas rained 5 Ithas been raining © trains j A have worked B. have been working © work past continuous or past perfect simple form of the verbs Mozart was born in 1756, the son of professional musician. His father soon a (gE UP) ..GAVE-MPrm-- composing when he recognized his son's musical talent. By the age of three, the young Mozart » (learn) to play several places of music. While he and his father ¢ (travel) 7 round Europe, Mozart met many famous musicians and composers. Before he was 17,he ant having am waiting carn liking cam losing am waiting is teaching Are you knowing is staying tis raining ‘am working‘The offi is empty now. Eve yb0dY annem (Go) hame, Heart get in. 1 XG LOS%_. lose) my key. 3 cog qe RSS a sa (go) to Egypt for 2 holiday, but | she's back home in England now. | meant to call you lastnight, but! (forget. thave) a headache, but | fel fine now 2 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 Ir ..2toppet... raining for a while, but now it’s raining again. (stop) 2. The town is very different now. Ir ..as. changed. a lot. (change) 3 Idid German at school, but 1 zy most of it now. (forget) 4 The police unnu~—em three people, but later they let them go. (arrest) 5 What do you think of my English? Do you think it ane ? (improve) 6 a: Ase you still reading the paper? 3: Nol with it. You can have it. (finish) Tiassa for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn't successful. (apply) 8 Where's my bike? It : outside the house, but it’s not there now. (be) 9 Look! There's an ambulance over there. There wn vn am accident. (be) 410 az Have you heard about Ben? He wnmn--nnnem his arm. (break) 3: Really? How A: He a _— that . s—nenoms? (happen) smu OFF a ladder, (fall) Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets. 1 You went to Sne’s house, but she wasn’t there (she / go / out) She, ad. gone. Out 2 You went back to your home town after many yeats. It wasw’t the same as before. (it/ change / a lot) 3 Linvited Rachel to the party, but she coulda’t come. (she / arrange / to do something else) 4 You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late. (the film / already / begin) 5 It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time. (1 not / see / him for five years) 7 6 Toffered Sue something to eat, but she wasn’t hungry, (she / just have breakfast) -nsnooneunnnnnnn For each situation, ite a sentence ending with never ... before. Use the verb in brackets. 1 The man sitting next to you on the plane was very nervous. It was his firs flight: (fly) He'd. never flown before. 2. A-woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (See) Tun SSsSCepessecsecnsseeceeecee 7 before. 3 Sam played tennis yesterday, He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first game. (play) He ean16.2. Read the situations and complete the sentences. MIE ne replay esterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain. 1 cP Seo dag (rheld ant when ie tated ft 2. Thad arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. [arrived and waited for him, After 20 minutes 1 suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant. —-» for 20 minutes when I the wrong restaurant, factory. Five years later the factory closed down. : v=» Saal 3. Sarah got a jo! [At the time the E1ctOry ener vnennen wee there for five years. 4 Twent to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing, After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly started shouting. The orchestra This time make your own sentence: 5 I began walking along the coad. I WHER oo ae 16.3. Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past pertect (had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing). 1 lewas very noisy next door. Our neighbours .H2re..Having.. (have) a party. 2 We were good friends. We ..1@d..knoWn (know) each other for years. 3 Joho and I went for a walk, I had difficulty keeping up with him because he sncnneenneneenn (Wall) $0 fast, 4 Sue was sitting on the ground, She was out of breath, She <—cuern-nunnne——ew (Ft) 5S Whea I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They tenner (68), 6 When | arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full. They - (eat). 7 Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He contact lens. 8 When I arrived, Kate ... because Twas late and she 9 Lwas sad when I sold may €2t. Tuo 10 We were extremely tied at the end of the journey. We ‘more than 24 hours. wen (100k) for is aoe _. (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me (wait) for a long time. have) it for a very long time. ee _- (travel) for5.1 Read what Laura says about a typical working day: ‘usually get up at 7 o'clock and have 2 big breakfast. | walk to ‘work, whieh takes me about half an hour start work st 845, 1 never have lunch. [finish work at 8 o'clock I'm always tired when | get home. | usually cook a meal in the evening, | don’t usually {90 out. 1 go to bed at about 11 o'clock and I always sleep well Laura ‘Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura, Write what she did or didn’t do yesterday. 1 She. got.up ak 7 o'dock 7 etnnenneneneeenntnennn AS FCC 2 She vm @ big breakfast, 8 tired when snevmmnnees HOME. ste a eunssnan a meal yesterday evening. to get to work. 10 _. out yesterday evening, | at 8.45. 11 = at 11 o'clock, | =: Junch, 12 .. See well last night. | 5.2 Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form: buy catch cost fall, hurt ~— sell’ spend teach throw write 1. Mozart ...turobe... more than 600 pieces of music. 2. ‘How did you learn to drive?” "My father 3 We couldn’t afford to keep our car, s0 we it. 4 Dave — down the stairs this moming, and = 1o-er-—---~ his le 5 jum see the ball to Sue, who. it 6 Ann .. 1 lot of money yesterday. She a -—- £100. vw a dress which 5.3 You ask James about his holiday. Write your questions. Hii, How are things? Fine, thanks. I've just had a great holiday. 1 Where ..did.,you,.go_ 2 ‘To the U.S. We went on a trip from San Francisco to Denver _ ? By car? Y¥es, we hired a car in San Francisco. 3 Isa long way to drive, How long ‘Two weeks. 2 How 4 Where cues _- ? In hotels? ‘Yes small hotels or motels. 5 Yes, but it was very hot ~ sometimes too hot. comenves the Grand Canyon? ‘Of course. {t was wonderful. 6. 6.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. | 1 Jenny W046 waiting... (wait) for me when I ..etived... (arrive). 2 What saw» (yOu! do) at this time yesterday?” ‘Twas asleep.” ace (you / go) out last night?” ‘No, Twas too ti ~ (you f drive) when the accident oo0——~ (take) a photograph of me while I sanSSESRe (not ! look). 6 We were in a very difficult position. We 7 Thaven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last ~ svansnsinnrne (tEY) 10 find a job. 8I ononons (Walk) along the street when suddenly Tm (hear) footsteps behind me, Somebody -—nanenne (follow) me, Twas seared and 1. omen (Start) £0 Tn, 9 When I was young, I 10 Last night Fn the washing up, Fortuoately it om (not know) what t0 do, ene (See) him, he ~ (want} to be a pilot. _—. (drop) a plate when I (not / break). (do)7.3. Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet, 1 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, Would you like something to eat?” ‘You say: No thank you, ....ve- ust had. lund... (have lunch) Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the ae rings and the caller says, ‘Can I speak to Joe?" ‘You say: I’m afraid a ws + (BO out) 3 You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter “thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away, You say: Wait a minute! ..... oe « (not / finish) 4 You are going to a restaurant tonight. You ‘phone ¢o reserve a table, Later your friend says, “Shall I phone to reserve a table.” You say: No, rms » (do it 5 You know that a friend of yours is looking for a aaa to, live. Perhaps she has been successful, Ask het, You $892 .sreunnne _—? (find) 6 You are still thinking about where to 60 > for your holiday. A friend asks, “Where are you going for your holiday? You say: EEE ooww + (not Hdecide) 7 Linda went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, ‘Is Linda sill at the bank? You say: No, Sere = (come back) 8.2 Complete B's answers, Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use the following verbs: be be cat happen have meet play read see see tty A 1 ‘What's Mark's sister like? 2 How is Diane these days? ‘ her recently. 3 Are you hungry? _ much today. 4 Cali you play chess? : : for ages. 5| Are you enjoying your holiday? | | Yes, it's the best holiday ... for a long time, 6 What's that book like? | | Idon’s know, 7 | Is Brussels an interesting place? | | I've no idea. Esthessinsstesassanay’ "79 8 | Mike was late for work again | | Again? He a —~ late today. | | every day this week. 9 Do you like caviar? | | Tdon’t know. 10 Thear your car broke down | | Yes, it’s the second time again yesterday. | | this week, 11 \_ Who's that woman by the door?) \Tdon't know... What have these people been doing or what has been happening? now