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295

Svetlana Smoli Makuljevi

FEMALE BENEFACTORS OF THE
MONASTERIES OF MT ATHOS
IN THE MIDDLE AGES
Gifts made by women to the monasteries of the Holy
Mountain constitute an important aspect of the mediaeval
history of this monastic community. Starting with the Holy
Virgin Mary, who, according to tradition, visited Mt Athos,
consecrating the peninsula by her presence, women, particularly with their commissions of objects of visual culture, continued to contribute to the sacralization of this place. Traditions,
documents and artefacts bear witness that numerous women,
either together with their families, or independently, endowed
the monasteries of the Holy Mountain. The gifts received by
the monasteries of Athos, no matter whether they belonged
to the domain of the material or visual culture, demonstrate
a high level of female donation activity and private piety. The
act of endowment also testifies to the status of the female donors. The women often gave landed property, chapels, icons,
and even, in the case of certain wealthy aristocrats such as the
Constantinopolitan noblewoman, formerly the kouroplatissa, Kale Pakouriane (1103), whole villages. Empress Helena, (around 13101374) wife of Emperor Duan who lived
for a while on the Holy Mountain, even became the second
ktetor of St Savas hermitage at Karyes. The female donations
often served to assert identity. In the inscriptions on the donated artefacts, women included data on their lineage and their
reasons for making a devotional gift. After the death of her
son, Jelena, (around 1350 after 1405), wife of Despot Jovan
Ugljea, and by then the widow and nun Jefimija, endowed
Hilandar with a small diptych icon, engraved with a verse of
mourning for the untimely death of the youngster. Later, in
1399, she also donated to Hilandar an iconostasis curtain (katapetasma) embroidered in gold on red silk for the Royal Doors.

296
In the endowment inscriptions, she stresses her ancestry as the
daughter of Caesar Vojihna, and mother of Ugljea Despotovi
who were both interred in the main church at Hilandar. The
cross adorned with a relief of silver plaques, which was donated
by Helena (Dejanovi) Palaiologina Draga (1372 23. March
1450), wife of Manuel II Palaiologos and is an important reliquary of the monastery of St Dionysus, bears an inscription
emphasizing her descent from Draga. The reliquaries which
even today draw pilgrims to the Holy Mountain also remind us
of their female donors. There is a tradition that Princess Mara Brankovi (14011487) donated the reliquary of the Three
Kings to the Monastery of St Paul and that a chapel was erected
on the monasterys land to commemorate the event. The female
donations mentioned in the charters and also gifts preserved
today in the treasuries of the monasteries of Mt Athos are important evidence of the cult and the works of art displaying
high standards of workmanship of their time which left an
important mark on the history of the visual culture.