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Three Phase Fault Analysis
Three Phase Fault Analysis
CONTENTS
TABLE OF FIGURE.......................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................6
1.1 FUNCTIONALITY...............................................................................................................7
1.2 PROBLEM CONTEXT.........................................................................................................8
1.3 CHALLENGES IN THE PROJECT......................................................................................8
1.3.1 New technology need to be learnt:..................................................................................9
1.4 TANGIBLE BENEFIT & INTANGIBLE BENEFITS..........................................................9
1.4.1 TANGIABLE BENEFIT.................................................................................................9
1.4.2 INTANGIBLE BENEFITS...........................................................................................10
1.5 Need of such system................................................................................................................10
1.6 TARGET USERS.................................................................................................................10
1.7 Report Layout..........................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT MANAGEMENT.................................................................................12
2.1 TIME MANAGEMENT......................................................................................................12
2.2 PERT CHART......................................................................................................................16
2.3 TIMELINE...........................................................................................................................16
2.4 PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT ISSUE.........................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................18
3.1 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................18
3.2 NEED OF LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................18
3.3 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION: PREVIOUS STUDIES & RESEARCH....19
3.4 FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE..................................................................................22
3.4.1 Impedance-Based Methods...........................................................................................23
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TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure 1 : Developed hardware........................................................................................................6
Figure 2: Transmission line.............................................................................................................6
Figure 3: Project Management Flow chart....................................................................................14
Figure 4: Pert chart........................................................................................................................16
Figure 5: flow chart of fault detection method..............................................................................22
Figure 6: Various method for detecting fault.................................................................................22
Figure 7: fault detection using magnetic field sensor....................................................................25
Figure 8: fault classification algorithm..........................................................................................26
Figure 9: L-L Fault representation.................................................................................................29
Figure 10: Sequence network of line to line fault..........................................................................29
Figure 11: L-G fault representation...............................................................................................30
Figure 12: Sequence network of line to ground fault....................................................................30
Figure 13: L-L-G fault representation...........................................................................................30
Figure 14: Sequence Network of L-L-G fault...............................................................................31
Figure 15: unbalanced network.....................................................................................................32
Figure 16: Positive sequence representation..................................................................................32
Figure 17: Negative sequence representation................................................................................33
Figure 18: Zero sequence representation.......................................................................................33
Figure 19: Flow chart of fault analysis using Matlab....................................................................39
Figure 20: Matlab simulation of developed interface....................................................................39
Figure 21: Simplified Synchronous Machine................................................................................40
Figure 22: Three-Phase Series RLC Load.....................................................................................40
Figure 23: three phase transformer two winding...........................................................................41
Figure 24: Three phase breaker.....................................................................................................41
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped
otherwise. Fault in power system is deviation of voltage or current from its nominal value and
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state which happens more often leading to the failure of many equipment or may even be life
threatening to the operating personal, so to overcome this engineers have developed a system to
analysis the fault in power system. The fault analysis of power system is required in order to
provide information to selection of safety gear.
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operate on values of the order of unity. Relating to one single phase gives information related to
two or three phase as well so it is more obvious & sufficient to do calculation in one phase.
This project system will be designed to develop an automatic griping mechanism for three phase
supply system. The output will reset automatically when there is brief interruption (temporary
fault) or remain tripped otherwise in case of permeant fault.
To reach the aim following are the field required in which researcher is to work on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.1 FUNCTIONALITY
A transmission line is an important component of the electrical power system & its protection is
necessary for ensuring system stability.
Fault detection
Fault classification
Fault location
SOS message
Fault detection performs an important role in minimizing damaging equipment due to short
circuit & fast detection of fault in any line condenses to quick isolation of faulty line from
service and hence protecting it from harmful effect of the fault.
Fault classification determines the type of fault that may occur on transmission line & hence
knowledge of fault type essentially be required on fault location procedure.
Fault location- when fault occur in transmission line, finding the fault location id an essential
problem in order to make necessary repair & restore power as soon as possible.in locating fault,
information produced from classification section could be used for accurate fault location &
evaluate the necessary repairing procedure to be carried out. Usual method of fault location are
under:
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The measurement of time between sending & receiving an electric pulse reflected from
fault location.
The measurement of fundamental periodic component of voltage & current in terminal of
the line.
SOS message- In case if the operating personal is not near the operating system when the fault
occurred the proposed system will send SOS message to the individual with the help of GSM
modem installed in the system ensuring that operating act as soon as possible.
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the existing system. To fulfil this need, several technologies need to be learned to address the
fault prevention system.
1.3.1 NEW TECHNOLOGY NEED TO BE LEARNT:
Developer needs to learn new technology for development of project which includes various
fault analysis method proposed in recent time such as synchronized sampling or K-NN based
analysis. The researcher has to understand various interfacing concepts of components relay as it
play the most significant role. Interfacing requires proper understanding of architecture of
controller and components.
GSM technology has to be interfaced with the fault analysis tool giving the proposed system an
upper hand then all other system. So researcher has to go through the concept of how GSM
technology works and how it can be interfaced in the proposed system
iii.
iv.
v.
The proposed system will help to reduce the injury or death caused due to line to
ground fault in transmission line especially in short distance transmission line in urban
ii.
iii.
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iv.
The proposed system will provide more safety as it will avoid because of its auto
tripping mechanism.
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A perfect fault analysis tool should be able to perform the following task
1. Fault detection in three phase transmission line.
2. Fault classification in three phase transmission line.
3. Fault location in three phase transmission line.
Interfacing two technology
4. Interfacing G.S.M technology with transmission line to alert the operating personal
Idea generation for the approval to topic for the final year project.
Preparation of draft proposal form.
Submission of draft proposal form.
Investigation related to the project to make a healthy project proposal form.
Finalization of project proposal form.
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In the allotted period of time, the project idea was developed by the researcher after going
through various journal related to fault detection & classification which will provide the
pillar for the complication of the project. To make topic more justifiable various library
resource, book, E-book were used by the researcher.
2. Project planning
Duration:
Task performed
i.
ii.
Feasibility study
Planning of the research method to be adopted.
In this period of time, project planning was done by the researcher & the feasibility study
about the topic and the methodology to be used was performed. Planning for primary and
secondary research method which will be adopted was done in this period of time again
for this purpose various book, E-book, library resource was used by the researcher.
3. Requirement analysis & research
Duration:
Task performed
i.
Preparation of questionnaire
ii.
Question to be asked in interview.
iii.
Literature review.
4. Project management
Duration: 7 days
Task performed:
i.
Cost estimation
ii.
Time estimation
iii.
Health & risk management.
This will take a week and the work done in this week are time estimation, cost estimation.
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7. Midpoint submission
Duration: 9 days
Task performed
i.
Documentation
More than a week was taken to complete mid-point submission
8. Implementation
Duration: 99 days
Task performed:
Software implementation
i. Code generation
ii. Simulation
Hardware implementation
i. Layout design
ii. Hardware integration
This section include hardware and software implementation.
9. Testing & evolution
Duration: 30 days
Task performed
i.
Hardware testing
ii.
Performance validation.
This section should be performed as it is the final testing.
10. Project editing
Duration: 19days
Task performed
i.
Documentation
ii.
Submission of final year project
This stage include final documentation for the final year report.
Gantt chart is included in appendix.
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The critical path is the path of the tasks which cannot be delayed and project will not move
forward without completing these tasks. In the pert chart drawn below, black lined tasks which
are from task 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10. Task 8 is dependent upon task 9 and 3 and task 7 depends upon
6. It means 9 cannot be starting before task 8 is not completed.
2.3 TIMELINE
For the proposed project researcher has used a timeline to evaluate time properly and distribute
the work load matrix. Time line has been included in the appendix section at the end.
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deadline. It is very much obvious that hardware implementation take much time
(maximum) out of all the work distribution of the project.
Relay or not working
Relay is the mastermind of the project as it carries the most important role in the device
to detect and classify fault. So researcher must take a note on this. Taking this is mind
researcher should select the proper relay meeting system requirement and should be first
then applied in system.
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phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise
It helped establish a theoretical framework for related topic.
Helps to define key terms, definitions and terminology
Helps to justify the research topic.
Enable the researcher to learn from previous theory related to the topic.
Helps to develop much needed fault analysis system for the power system.
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the literature review of this project will clearly focus on various approach related to fault
problem and there limitation.
Some of them are mentioned below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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instantaneous power on all three phase connected at two end of transmission line using
synchronized voltage & currnet sample. ( Mladen Kezunovic, 2014)
4. Fault analysis is transmission line using K-nearest neighbor algorithm in this paper
researcher discusses that that fault detection and classification is done in time domain
using K-nearest neighbor algorithm using PSCADA software this is achieved by for fault
detection a k-NN module is designed. Input to the k-NN module is fundamental
component of currents of three phases. Half cycle of post fault samples are given as input
to train the network. Output of the fault detection module is 0 for no fault and 1 for
fault.( Anamika Yadav, 2014)
5. Fault classification & location of power transmission line using artificial neural network
in this paper researcher discusses fault location strategy based on ANN and this method is
not dependent on fault inception angle and the process of ANN is achieved by
MATLAB/Neural network tool box. ( M. Tarafdar, K. Razi, 2007)
6. Improved fault location algorithm for multiple fault location in compressed transmission
line in this paper researcher proposes a method which is combined discrete WT & A-NN
based fault location algorithm in this method unlike other fault location scheme this
method does not require fault classification i.e. fault type and faulty phase information.
The main significant contribution is it not only pin point the location of shunt fault
occurring at single location but also find the location of multi-location and transforming
fault that to using single terminal data (Anamika Yadav, 2015)
7. Advance distance protection scheme for long transmission line in electrical power system
using multiple classifier ANFIS network in this paper researcher discusses the advance
application of artificial intelligence approach which is achieved through ANFIS classifier.
This ANFIS classifier has
8. Improved fault location algorithm for multi-location fault , transforming fault & shunt
fault in Thyristor controlled series capacitor compensated transmission line discusses
combining two method discreet WT & ANN fault method reduces the fault
classification( fault type & faulty phase(s) information for fault location estimation most
important significance is that it not only locate shunt fault but also find location of multilocation fault & transforming fault that too using single terminal data.
(Yadav,
Swerpadama,2015)
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9. Recent techniques used in transmission line protection: a review discusses The ANN,
fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, SVM and wavelet based techniques have been quite
successful but are not adequate for the present time varying network configurations,
power system operating conditions and events. Therefore, it seems that there is a
significant scope of research in AI techniques which can simplify the complex nonlinear
systems, realize the cost effective hardware with proper modification in the learning
methodology and preprocessing of input data and which are computationally much
simpler. Also development of reliable software and communication system will pave the
way (Singh,Tripathi,Vekataramana,2013)
10. A Combined Wavelet-ANN based fault classifier has been investigated for electrical
distribution systems discusses some fault condition wore taken to identify by this the
proposed approach. It is shown that the technique correctly recognizes and discriminates
the fault type and faulted phases with a high degree of accuracy. (0. Dag & Ucak, 2003)
11. Multiple failure analysis for complex electrical power system in this paper researcher
combines the two method to form a new algorithm they are
Virtual node method
The compensation method
And its benefits are when compared to traditional algorithm new algorithm has a
complete fault calculation system but has lower reliability than tradition method. The
proposed algorithm is to read the network model and fault condition after this is done
analyze the status quo of the fault to choose an appropriate algorithm once this is done
get the admittance matrix for n port three sequence impedance matrix with this done n
port matrix can be formed with the help of formula and later at later stage impedance
matrix for virtual note can be can be calculated. (Xiao hen Liu, 2012)
Below is the flow chart of the proposed method
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or transmission line. These transformers are expensive, especially when the system involves high
voltage lines. Some algorithms mainly fault impedance-based algorithms require both current
and voltage information.
Some fault detection technique:
Sr.
Method
Type
Function requirement
One terminal
No.
1. Impedance method
method
Two terminal
2. Travelling wave
One terminal
Two terminal
Two terminal depends upon time delay at the
end of transmission line
3. Magnetic field
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several different ways. One of the best-known of these ways is the Takagi method. This changes
the calculation to include the difference between the current measured before the fault and the
current measured after the fault (which is the fault current). This eliminates the fault impedance
from the analysis, thus removing this significant source of error. However, the angle of the fault
current and the angle of the current during the fault at the relay terminals are assumed to be
equal; if this is not true, there may be errors in the fault location.
Two-terminal impedance-based fault location methods, or those that use measurements from
both ends of the transmission line, can also significantly improve the accuracy of the fault
location estimate. Two-terminal methods require communication between the locators at both
ends of the transmission line to transfer information about the currents, voltages, and source
impedances in order to perform the fault location.
3.4.2. TRAVELING WAVE-BASED METHODS
Traveling wave-based fault location methods, like impedance-based methods, can be divided into
one-terminal and two-terminal methods. With traveling wave analysis, however, the entire
method of location rather than simply the equations change between the one- and two-terminal
methods. One-terminal methods rely on the timing between reflections of voltage or current at
impedance discontinuities in this case, the fault to find the distance between the sensor and
the fault while two-terminal methods work based on the time delay between arrivals of
information at the ends of the transmission line.
3.4.3 DETECTION AND LOCATION USING MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS
Due to the simple relationship between current and magnetic field intensity, it is understandable
that magnetic field sensors have previously been used in fault detection and location schemes.
These schemes often use magnetic field sensors in place of current transformers since magnetic
field sensors can be installed independently from a substation or switching station with a
minimum amount of additional equipment
One possible use of this relationship is simply replacing each current transformer with a Hall
Effect transducer. This transducer would typically need to be within the electrical arcing distance
of the conductors to produce enough voltage for analysis and would thus require insulation. To
remove this need for insulation, the transducer can be located between two tapered pieces of
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ferromagnetic material in order to concentrate the magnetic field into the transducer; as a result,
the transducer does not need to be located within the arcing distance of the conductors. The
measured magnetic field result can then be used similarly to a current measurement for fault
detection and location.
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Below shown figure is the simple flow chart use for classification technique of fault in
transmission line.
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researcher concluded that automation power system is the need to of the hour by reviewing the
'fault cases round the world. The fault detection and classification both the factors seem to be
very important in power system. The research proves that 65% of fault in power system occur in
transmission line thus proving the researchers hypothesis true. So the researcher has decided to a
fault detection tool which can detect and classify fault with emphasis on cost efficiency and
affordability in the proposed project with some further enhancements if possible.
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1 conductor open
2 conductor open
Note
L-L, L-G,L-L-G are unsymmetrical type of fault & 3-Phase fault,1 Conductor open, 2 conductor
open are symmetrical type of fault
Symmetrical fault
In this type of fault all fault all three phase are simultaneously short circuited hence the network
remain balanced.
Unsymmetrical fault
The fault in power system which gives rise to unsymmetrical current (i.e. unequal fault current in
line with unequal phasor displacement) is known as Unsymmetrical fault.
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Ia0+Ia1+Ia2+=0
These condition are taken together& can correspond to all three sequence network connected in
parallel
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component: (VA0,VB0,VC0)
magnitude
phasors
same phase shift ( in phase)
3. Zero
sequence
Equal
in
Three
Having the
Figure 17: Negative
sequence representation
1+a2+a2=0
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a a2=j3
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Ia2=
Z0
Z 0+Z 2
Ia1
Z 0
Z 0+Z 2 Ia1
The current have been calculated using positive negative & zero component of phase a for each
fault using equation
V a0
I a0
0
Z0 0 0
2
( V a1 ) = Ea 0 Z 1 0 Z I a1
0
I a2
V a2
( )( )
()
Other phase voltage has been determined via the voltage of phase a. the positive sequence
reactance must be calculated using for time variation of signal
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Where Xd Xd, Xd direct axis sub transient, transient, & synchronous reactance Td, Td direct
axis fault sub transient & transient time constant. Ea, E: complex RMS value of phase a voltage
of synchronous machine terminal before fault occurrence.
Below table could be used for calculating & drawing the fault current & voltage. The signal
must be drawn by taking into account the real part of current equation. After finding the
symmetrical component of a phase current, the value of current & voltage can be calculated.
Ta=
X2=L2
X0= L0
Ea=2Ec
Where Ta is armature time constant
L(0)= initial inductance at t,0,Ra & R0 are armature resistance & zero phase sequence
resistance.L1(t), L2 & L0 are positive negative & zero phase sequence respectively .
Device parameters tend to fall into a relatively narrow range, making erroneous values
conspicuous.
Using this method all quantities are expressed as ratios of some base value or values.
The per-unit equivalent impedance of any transformer is the same when referred to either
the primary or the secondary side.
The per-unit impedance of a transformer in a three-phase system is the same regardless of
the type of winding connections (wye-delta, delta-wye, wye-wye, or delta-delta)
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The per-unit method is independent of voltage changes and phase shifts through
transformers where the base voltages in the winding are proportional to the number of
turns in the windings.
Manufactures usually specify the impedance of equipment in per-unit or percent on the
base of its nameplate rating of power (usually kVA) and voltage (V or kV)
The per-unit system is simply a scaling method. The basic per-unit scaling equation is
Per Unit =
ActualVaule
Base value
The base value always has the same units as the actual value, forcing the per-unit value to be
dimensionless. The base value is always a real number, whereas the actual value may be
complex. The subscript pu will indicate a per-unit value. The subscript base will indicate a base
value, and no subscript will indicate an actual value such as Amperes, Ohms, or Volts. Per-unit
quantities are similar to percent quantities. The ratio in percent is 100 times the ratio in per-unit.
For example, a voltage of 70kV on a base of 100kV would be 70% of the base voltage. This is
equal to 100 times the per unit value of 0.7 derived above.
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The electrical system for each phase consists of a voltage source in series with an RL impedance,
which implements the internal impedance of the machine. The value of R can be zero but the
value of L must be positive.
Three-Phase Series RLC Load
Implementing a three-phase series RLC load with selectable connection.
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ground or phase-to- Phase voltage & the three line current. The block can output the voltage &
current in per unit value or in volt & ampere.
Three-Phase sequence analyzer
Measures the positive negative & zero sequence component of the three phase signal
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Figure 31: Line Line ground fault Matlab Waveform from scope
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6.6 CONCLUSION
A MATLAB/GUI based education tool has been developed to calculate the short-circuit faults in
transmission systems by using symmetrical components method. This software provides a userfriendly interface to help the student to understand the symmetrical components and fault
calculations. After the entering of the system parameters, the student chooses one of the four
fault options. By choosing the fault type, all the calculations of fault currents and voltages have
been performed
After the MATLAB simulation for faults, it was observed that the voltage and current waveforms
were transient in nature in the initial period after the occurrence of faults. During the initial part
of short circuit, the short circuit current was limited by sub transient reactance of synchronous
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machine and impedance of transmission line between the machine and point of fault. After that,
it was limited by transient reactance of synchronous machine and impedance of line. Finally, the
short circuit current settled down to steady state short circuit value limited by synchronous
reactance of the machine and line impedance. The negative and zero sequence components were
present initially only and they disappeared after the circuit breaker cleared the fault
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7.1
SIMPLIFIED
BLOCK
DIAGRAM
OF
THE
CIRCUIT
EXPLANATION
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&
7.2 EXPLANATION
The project is designed to check fault that occur mainly in transmission line. A 3-phase supply
with frequency 50Hz is fed through voltage drop arrangement stabilized be Zener diode to a
logic circuit comprising NAND & OR gate to detect the proper sequence of RYB by series of
pulse fixed duration.
Suppose if the sequence is changed from YB to YRB the combination of NAND & or gate
creates an output with a missing pulse during the fixed time duration. This pulse is used in
triggering a monostable 555 timer. Thus, while the sequence is not there the triggering to the
timer is missed which is indicated by an LED driven from the output of the 555 timer. DC
requirement of the circuit is powered from a step down transformer along with a bridge rectifier
and filter capacitor.
The project uses 6numbers step-down transformers for handling the entire circuit under low
voltage conditions of 12v only to test the 3 phase fault analysis. The primaries of 3 transformers
are connected to a 3 phase supply in star configuration, while the secondary of the same is also
connected in star configuration. The other set of 3 transformers with its primary connected in star
to 3 phase have their secondarys connected in delta configuration.
The outputs of all the 6 transformers are rectified and filtered individually and are given to 6
relay coils. 6 push buttons, one each connected across the relay coil is meant to create a fault
condition either at star i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault. The NC contacts of all the relays are made
parallel while all the common points are grounded. The parallel connected point of NC are given
to pin2 through a resistor R5 to a 555 timer i.e. wired in monostable mode. The output of the
same timer is connected to the reset pin 4 of another 555 timer wired in astable mode. LEDS are
connected at their output to indicate their status.
The output of the U3 555 timer from pin3 is given to an Op-amp LM358 through wire 11 and
d12 to the non-inverting input pin3, while the inverting input is kept at a fixed voltage by a
potential divider RV2. The voltage at pin2 coming from the potential divider is so held that it is
higher than the pin3 of the Op-amp used as a comparator so that pin1 develops zero logic that
fails to operate the relay through the driver transistor
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This relay Q1 is 3CO relay i.e. is meant for disconnecting the load to indicate fault conditions.
i.
Transformers
Op-amps
Switches
Resistors
Diodes
Capacitors
LEDs
Relays
Transformer:
In simple line transformer can be defined as an apparatus for reducing or increasing the
voltage of an alternating current.
In the proposed system transformer is connected in two different type of connection with
three phase supply for obvious reason:
a) Three transformer connected in star connection- three transformer are
connected in star connection because fault may occur at any point to take care of
fault which may occur at any point over 120km three transformer are connected
in star connection.
Star connection is preferred in long transmission line network i.e. Over 120 KM.
because it is having a neutral point, during balanced condition there will be no
current flowing through the neutral line and hence there is no use of the neutral
terminal. But when there will be unbalanced current flowing in the three phase
circuit, neutral is having a vital role. It will take the unbalanced current through
to the ground and protect the transformer.
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Op-Amp:
use of Op-Amp is to perform the following task
I.
Signal conditioning
II.
Signal filtering
III.
Perform mathematical operation (+, -, , dy/dx).
Op-Amp is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device.it will do the same in the above
proposed circuit.
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A set of switches will be used in the system to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage
side, for activating the tripping mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load
immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip
Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. Resistor will be used in proposed system so that it can
reduce current flow &, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits
Capacitor:
Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The capacitor is made of 2
close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material. The plates
accumulate electric charge when connected to power source
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LEDS:
LED will be used to show the fault which will occur in system such as line to line fault or
line to ground fault, etc.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an
electric current passes through it. An LED or IRED consists of two elements of processed
material called P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements
are placed in direct contact, forming a region called the P-N junction.
Relay:
A relay is electrical switch whose use in the proposed system is to isolate the faulted
section instantaneously & should cover protected circuit & fault resistance with some
margin to take care of error in measurement.
Type of fault
Phase to ground fault (earth fault)
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Operation of relay
Earth fault relay
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relay.
Related phase overcurrent
& earth fault relay
Diode
In the proposed system use of diode is allowing an electric current to pass in one direction
(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction) condition which will be used to block fault condition. It will help the fault
current to go get grounded preventing transformer from getting damaged.
A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the
cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or
selenium.
Three phase supply- Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternatingcurrent electric power generation, transmission, and distribution across worldwide so the
researcher has tried to propose system which work for three phase simple reason behind it
single phase cannot handle heavy load while three phase can.
G.S.M modem
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A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates
over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile
operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the
GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are
most frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be
used for sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages.
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regulated power supply so a voltage regulator is used to regulate the voltage. Thus the ideal
power supply system should contain all these blocks.
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Transient in nature or
Permanent fault.
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Push Button
Relay
Resistor
Capacitor
Resistor
Op- Amp
If the push button is released after pressing for a while (i.e. it is released immediately) the U1 pin
of relay connected in monostable mode the output disables the U3 pin the output U3 the astable
timer the output of which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output of the
comparator goes high that drives the relay to switch off three phase load. Below shown figure
show the systematic connection how the system works
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555
Timer
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through D8, D9 & D10 for uninterrupted supply to the circuit voltage of 12v DC and 5v DC
derived out of voltage regulator IC 7805
Op-Amp
Transistor
Figure 59: Connection of Op-amp & transistor with 555 timer & relay
Completed Assembled Circuit
If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e. if the push button pressed is released immediately the
U1 monostable disables U3 the output of which goes to zero in the event of any push button kept
pressed for a longer duration the monostable output provides a longer duration active situation
for U3 the astable timer the output of which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the
output of the comparator goes high that drives the relay to switch off three phase load.
Below is the shown figure:
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an input of 12V and a required output depending on the regulator used in the circuit. EX: if we
are using 7805 we get output of 5V and if using 7809 we get 9V at output pin and so on. This
output from the voltage regulator is given to the power supply pin of specific ICs. Hence we
check for the voltage level at those pins whether we are getting required voltage. Similarly, we
check for the other terminals for the required voltage. In this way we can assure that the voltage
at all the terminals is as per the requirement
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CHAPTER: 10 CALCUATION
For L-G
Pbase =
Pbase
V base 3
500
= 250 3
Vbase =
V base
I base 3
12
= 1.255 3
Zpu =
1.255KA
5.52
Z actual
Z base
6
= 5.52 = = 1.08
Mva
Zpu- transformer=base Transformer Mva Z /100
500
6
=0.06
500 100
Base Mva
Zpusource
12
= 1.08 =11 Mva
Line to neutral voltage on the secondary of the transformer
12
=6.92 V
3
Fault KA
Fault Mva
3 VlN
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11
3 6.92
=0.917A
Basemva=
10000
=1 Mva
1000
Mva value=
1 Mva
1
=16.66 A
=
0.06
Zpu
16.129
=4 A
1.660.23
16.129
Fault current at 12V = 1.660.12 =8A
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will save equation from damaging the component when the flashover is encountered in
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Component
No.
Description
Cost
Purchased
4.
Transformer
(in Rupees)
120~150
(in rupees)
720~900
5.
Op-amp
80~100
480~600
6.
Switches
4~6
30~50
180~300
7.
Capacitor
20~40
8~10
200~400
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Quantity
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Single
Unit Total
cost
of
Items
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8.
Resistors
8~10
1~2
20
9.
Diode
10~12
1~2
10~20
10. LEDS
5~10
30~60
11. Relay
30~40
~200
12. PCB
30
~30
40~50
~100
900~1200
900~1200
Total Cost:
~3100
Software
Description
1.
Matlab/Simulink
2.
No.
students
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REFERENCES
1. Wadhwa, C.L, 2005. electrical power system . 5th ed. delhi: New Age International
Publisher.
2. T. Takagi, Y. Yamakoshi, M. Yamamura, R. Kondow, T. Matsushima, Development of a
New Type Fault Locator Using the One-Terminal Voltage and Current Data, in IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 8, August 2015, pp.
2892-2898.
3. D. A. Tziouvaras, J. B. Roberts, G. Benmouyal, New Multi-Ended Fault Location
Design for Two- or Three-Terminal Lines, in Developments in Power System Protection
(IEE), Conference Publication No. 479, Amsterdam, 2014, pp. 395-398.
4. . Gross, charles , 2011. power system analysis. 5th ed. delhi: willey india edition.
5. IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES), IEEE Guide for Determining Fault Location on
AC Transmission and Distribution Lines, IEEE Std. C37.114TM-2004.
6. K. Zimmerman, D. Costello, Impedance-Based Fault Location Experience, in 2005
58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005, pp. 211-226
7. J. Grainger , John, 2006. power system analysis. 5th ed. delhi: Mc-Graw hill.
8. K. Zimmerman, D. Costello, Impedance-Based Fault Location Experience, in 2005
58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005, pp. 211-226.
9. singh, manohar, 2011. Transmission Line fault detection & classification . Ieee, 3, 6.
10. El-Harway, Mohamed E. Electrical power system: design & analysis.
11. P. F. Gale, P. A. Crossley, X. Bingyin, G. Yaozhong, B. J. Cory, J. R. G. Barker, Fault
Location Based on Travelling Waves, in Fifth International Conference on
Developments in Power System Protection, 2013, pp. 54-59.
12. P. F. Gale, P. A. Crossley, X. Bingyin, G. Yaozhong, B. J. Cory, J. R. G. Barker, Fault
Location Based on Travelling Waves, in Fifth International Conference
on
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15. Kejariwal, et al. Fault Detection and Location System for Power Transmission and
Distribution Lines. The Research and Development Institute, Inc. at Montana State
University. Patent 5,343,155. 30 August 2014.
16. M. Vintan, Fault Current Distribution Computation on Overhead Transmission Lines,
in Proceedings of the Fifth International World Energy System Conference, vol. II, 2004,
Oradea, Romania, pp. 273-279.
17. J. Jiang, Y. Lin, J. Yang, T. Too, C. Liu, An Adaptive PMU Based Fault
Detection/Location Technique for Transmission LinesPart II: PMU Implementation
and Performance Evaluation, in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 4,
October 2000, pp. 1136-1146.
18. J. Jiang, Y. Lin, J. Yang, T. Too, C. Liu, An Adaptive PMU Based Fault
Detection/Location Technique for Transmission LinesPart II: PMU Implementation
and Performance Evaluation, in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 4,
October 2000, pp. 1136-1146.
19. M.B. Djuri6, Z.M. Radojevi6 and V.V. Terzija, Member IEEE, Distance Protection and
Fault Location Utilizing Only Phase Current Phasors, October 1998
20. Javad Sadeh, N. Hadjsaid, A. M. Ranjbar, and R. Feuillet, Accurate Fault Location
Algorithm for Series Compensated Transmission Lines, July 2000
21. Mokhlis1, Hasmaini Mohamad, A. H. A. Bakar1, H. Y. Li, Evaluation of Fault Location
Based on Voltage Sags Profiles: a Study on the Influence of Voltage Sags Patterns, 2011
22. D. A. Tziouvaras, J. B. Roberts, and G. Benmouyal, New multi-ended fault location
design for two- or three-terminal lines, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Developments in Power
System Protection, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2001, pp. 395398, Conf. publ. no.
479.Shi J. and Malik J., Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation, IEEE Transactions
on Pattern Analysis and Machine Learning, 888-905, 2000.
23. Tumanski, S., Induction Coil Sensors a Review, Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007 18 R31.
24. S. Sajedi, F. Khalifeh, Z. Khalifeh, T. karimi, Application of Wavelet Transform for
Identification of Fault Location on Transmission Lines, 2011
25. M. Dewe, S. Sankar, J. Arrillaga, The Application of Satellite Time References to
HVDC Fault Location, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 8, 1295-1302 (1993)
26. F. H. Magnago, A. Abur, Fault location using wavelets , IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, 13, 14750-1480 (2016)
27. Emmanouil Styvaktakis, Mathias H.J. Bollen, Irene Y.H. Gu , A Fault Location
Technique Using High Frequency Fault Clearing Transients, 1999
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28. S.M. Kay, S.L. Marple, Spectrum Analysis: A Modem Perspective, Proceedings of the
ZEEE, vol. 69, no. 11, hov. 1981, pp. 1380- 14 1 9
29. D. C. Robertson, 0. I. Camps, J. S. Mayer, and W. B. Gish, Wavelets and
Electromagnetic Power System Transients, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol.11, No.2, pp. 1050-1058, April 1999
30. H. Mokhlis1, Hasmaini Mohamad, A. H. A. Bakar1, H. Y. Li, Evaluation of Fault
Location Based on Voltage Sags Profiles: a Study on the Influence of Voltage Sags
Patterns, 2011
31. M.S Sachdev, FIEEE, R.Agarwal, St. MIEEE, A Technique for estimating transmission
line fault locations from digital impedance relay measurements,2009
32. M. KezunoviC, B. PeruniEiC, Automated Transmission line fault analysis using
synchronized sampling at two ends ", 2012
33. Joe-Air Jiang, Jun-Zhe Yang, Ying-Hong Lin, Chih-Wen Liu, An Adaptive PMU Based
Fault Detection/Location Technique for Transmission Lines, 2015
34. A. A. Girgis, D. G. Hart, and W. L. Peterson, A New Fault Location Technique For Twoand Three-Terminal Lines, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 98
107, January 1992
35. D. Novosel, D. G. Hart, E. Udren, and J. Garitty, Unsynchronized Two- Terminal Fault
Location Estimation, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 130137,
January 1996
36. Javad Sadeh, N. Hadjsaid, A. M. Ranjbar, and R. Feuillet, Accurate Fault Location
Algorithm for Series Compensated Transmission Lines, July 2012
37. A. Gopalakrishnan, M. Kezunovic, S. M. McKenna, and D. M. Hamai, Fault Location
Using the Distributed Parameter Transmission Line Model, October 2000
38. Erikson, L., Saha,M.M and Rockfeller, An accurate fault locator with compensation for
apparent reactance in the fault resistance resulting from remote end infeed, IEEE Trans.,
PAS104, 1985, pp. 424435
39. Scheweitzer, E.O., 111, Evaluation and development of transmission line fault locating
techniques which use sinusoidal steady state information, Computers & Elec. Engng
USA, 1983, IO, (4), pp. 269-218
40. Cook,V,Fundamental aspects of fault location algorithms used in distance protection,
IEE Proc. C, 1986, 133, (6), pp. 359-368
41. Jeyasurya, B., Rahman,M.A, Accurate fault location of transmission line using
microprocessors, IEE Conf. Publ. 302, 1989
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42. Lawrence, D.J., and Waser, D.L, Transmission line fault location using digital fault
recorder, IEEE Trans., 1988, PWRD-3, (2). pp. 496-502
43. M. Kezunovit, J. Mrkic, B. PeruniEiC, An Accurate Fault Location Algorithm Using
Synchronized Sampling, May 1994
APPENDIX A
Title G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained
trip otherwise.
Description- fault in power system is deviation of voltage or current from its nominal value and
state which happens more often leading to the failure of many equipment or may even be life
threatening to the operating personal, so to overcome this engineers have developed a system to
analysis the fault in power system. The fault analysis of power system is required in order to
provide information to selection of safety gear.
Faults usually occur in a power system due to either insulation failure, flashover, physical
damage or human error. These faults, may either be three phase in nature involving all three
phases in a symmetrical manner, or may be asymmetrical where usually only one or two phases
may be involved.
Fault analysis usually carried out in per-unit quantities (similar to percentage quantities) as they
give solutions which are somewhat consistent over different voltage and power ratings, and
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operate on values of the order of unity. Relating to one single phase gives information related to
two or three phase as well so it is more obvious & sufficient to do calculation in one phase.
This project system will be designed to develop an automatic griping mechanism for three phase
supply system. The output will reset automatically when there is brief interruption (temporary
fault) or remain tripped otherwise in case of permeant fault.
Function
Automatic reset in case of temporary fault
Trip when permeant fault.
Send message to the operating personal when fault encountered.
Requirement to make such systemThis system will be built using three single phase transformers which are wired in star input and
star output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta connections, having input 220 volt and
output at 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is followed as it is not
advisable to create on mains line. 555 timers are used for handling short duration and long
duration fault conditions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Three single phase transformer ( wired star input and star output)
Three transformer ( delta connection, input 220V & output 12V)
555 ( for handling short duration and long duration fault)
Switch set to create fault
I.
Line to line fault (LL occurring 5-10%)
II.
Line to ground fault (LG major of all fault occurring 60-65%)
III.
Double line to ground fault (LLG occurring 15-20%)
IV. Line to line to line fault (LLL kind of symmetrical fault occurring 2-5% but
results in damaging major equipments )
5. OP-amps
6. Resistor
7. Diode
8. Capacitor
9. LED
10. Relay
11. G.S.M technology to send SMS to operating personal
Targeted audience
this system is designed to save life of the operating personal operating the power system
moreover it can be a life saver when there is wrath of nature like thunder storm, lightning which
result in damaging the power system by uprooting the transmission line as a result of which live
wire comes in contact with the ground.it can save many important costly equipment of power
system.
Research area
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APPENDIX B
PROJECT PROPOSAL FORM
Pritesh Kumar, Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Supervisor- Vijyendra Sharama
TitleG.S.M interfaced three phase fault analysis tool with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained
trip otherwise.
Objective
To reach the aim following are the field to work on
A perfect fault analysis tool should be able to perform the following task
6. Fault detection in three phase transmission line.
7. Fault classification in three phase transmission line.
8. Fault location in three phase transmission line.
Interfacing two technology
9. Interfacing G.S.M technology with transmission line to alert the operating personal.
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Technology to be used:
G.S.M
Artificial neural network.
Artificial Intelligence can be used if system has more complexity.
K-Nearest Algorithm for fault calculation.
Or synchronized sampling for fault calculation.
Wavelet approach
It is important to note that K-nearest algorithm, synchronized sampling & Wavelet approach are
different technology for fault calculation.
Software to be used
Matlab/ Simulink
GSM module software depending upon GSM module used while implementation of
technology on board.
Hardware to be implemented:
Transformer
Op-amp
Switches
Resistors
555 timer
Diode
Capacitor
LEDs
Relay
GSM module
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START
VOLTAGE &
CURRNET SIGNAL
WAVELE/A-NN/L-NEAREST
NEIGHOUR TOOLBOX
Print no fault
SELECT Z depending
on fault
Stop
Calculate z
Calculate
Show
distance
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impedance-based
fault
location
methods
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Literature review
Inspiration for working on this project come when observing a transmission line (long) which
almost resemble like a clan carrying wire with bended hand through which a quest was
developed how whole system work, later while searching this topic a fact appeared which shows
major ~80-85% of fault in transmission line occur in transmission line. While searching for
previous research fault analysis in transmission line several interesting fact was known such as:
(Yadav 2014)Fault analysis in three phase transmission line using K-Nearest
neighbor algorithm discusses in K-NN algorithm method K-NN uses the
nearest neighbor to calculate the fault. This method compares the value from
nominal value and henceforth decision is taken, it is important to mention that
detection time is within half to one cycle and of the proposed method is 99%.
(Singh & Pnaighari, 2011)Transmission line fault detection classification by
discusses proposed method uses the sample of current & voltage extracted from
the fault point. Wavelet transform is used to extract transient energy from the
sample moreover it is free from tradition
genralizarion
(Jung,Choi ,Cho & chung,2012) Analysis of the unbalanced fault in transmission
line in Three-Phase Flux coupling type SFCL using the symmetrical coordinate
method discusses in unsymmetrical or unbalanced fault in power system when
flux coupling type SFCL was applied , use of SFCL limit the fault current using
the symmetrical co-ordinate method in case of fault state by changing the primary
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secondary turn ratio of the flux coupling type SFCL(superconducting fault current
limiter).
(Hagh,Razi,Taghizadeh ,2007) Fault classification & location of power
transmission line using Artificial Neural Network discusses the present method
is not dependent on fault inception angel. Modular ANNs are considered with
three hidden layer and then those are tested with various distance & resistance of
fault for each type of fault. Line to ground, double line to ground & line to line
fault are considered. Maximum absolute error for line to ground fault was
0.3324%, for double line to ground it was 0.4926% & for line to line 0.348% for
three phase fault.
(Dutta,Kezunovic,2014)Transmission line fault analysis using synchronized
sampling discusses synchronized sampling of both voltage and current is one
of the simple yet most efficient fault analysis method by using prevent & post
event sample to detect fault moreover it does not require elaborated parameter
setting for detecting threshold, since method depends on accurate representation
of a transmission line model &, therefore produce very accurate fault location
method because of modern circuit breaker fault is detected within two cycle.
(Yadav, Swerpadama,2015)Improved fault location algorithm for multi-location
fault , transforming fault & shunt fault in Thyristor controlled series capacitor
compensated transmission line discusses combining two method discreet WT &
ANN fault method reduces the fault classification( fault type & faulty phase(s)
information for fault location estimation most important significance is that it not
only locate shunt fault but also find location of multi-location fault &
transforming fault that too using single terminal data.
(Singh,Tripathi,Vekataramana,2013)Recent techniques used in transmission line
protection: a review discusses The ANN, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, SVM
and wavelet based techniques have been quite successful but are not adequate for
the present time varying network configurations, power system operating
conditions and events. Therefore, it seems that there is a significant scope of
research in AI techniques which can simplify the complex nonlinear systems,
realize the cost effective hardware with proper modification in the learning
methodology and preprocessing of input data and which are computationally
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~~
Ia
mZ
B
U
(1-m)Z
B
U
S
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GSM technology will be used to send message to the authorities via SMS by interfacing a GSM
modem.
Earlier work done on the topic:
Traditional way of analyzing fault in transmission line was based on change on voltage current
1and impudence with respect to present value to identify the fault. Many technology has
overtaken the traditional approach such as
ANN (artificial neural network) which would be used in the project for calculating fault.
This ANN technology need huge amount of training cases to achieve good performance.
Synchronized sampling-method depends on accurate representation of transmission line
model & therefore produces a very accurate fault location result.
ANFIS network- adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system
Wavelet transform- this method utilizes sample of current & voltage extracted from the
fault point. This technology is free from tradition neural network approach such as
generalization.
Symmetrical coordinate method- this technology uses a device called SFCL
(superconducting fault current limiter). SFCL uses symmetrical coordinate method in
case of unbalanced fault
Possible enhancement to be done in the existing topic
A deep research will be done by the researcher for understanding the fault analysis perfectly, a
perfect fault analysis tool perform the following important function
Fault detection
Fault classification
Fault location
All the above described method need huge amount of calculation so, Artificial intelligence
technique can be used to solve the complex non linear system for ease of the calculation.
Interfacing the viable GSM technology with the fault analysis tool would be helpful in
many ways such as in case of fault occur the GSM technology will automatically inform
the operating personal via sort message service (SMS), moreover interfacing this
technology could be life savior to many for humans & animals too.
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Target audience:
this system is designed to save life of the operating personal operating the power system
moreover it can be a life saver when there is wrath of nature like thunder storm, lightning which
result in damaging the power system by uprooting the transmission line as a result of which live
wire comes in contact with the ground.it can save many important costly equipment of power
system.
Feasibility:
Cost feasibility:
To complete the project various electrical component such as transformer and electronics
component such as diode will be used, so the final cost cannot be accurately predicted at this
stage but an average cost of the component to make hardware can be predicted which is
described below
S.no
Equipment
Average
No.
Equipment cost
component
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
Transformer
Rs.120~150
Op-amp
Rs.50~100
Switches
Rs.30~50
Resistors
Rs.1~2
Diode
Rs.1~2
Capacitor
Rs.20~40
LEDs
Rs.5~10
Relay
Rs.30~50
GSM module
Rs.900~1200
555 Timer
Rs.40~50
555 timer
Minimum cost will be ~ Rs.3100.
required
6
6
4~6
8~10
10~12
8~10
6
6
1
2
of Average cost in
RS
720~900
300~600
180~300
20
10~20
200~400
30~60
200
900~1200
100~
Rs.3100~
Time feasibility:
After background research, literature review will be done which is basis of any research
& then technical research.
Questionnaire & interview will be done.
And will be followed by implementation on hardware.
At last documentation will be done.
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Gant chart
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APPENDIX D
PERT CHART1
F
IGURE 1: PERT CHART
For this project, the researcher has used activity on arrow pert chart to evaluate the time
management of the project. The Earliest Completion Time (ECT) i.e. the minimum amount of
time needed to complete all the activities that precedes every event is mention in the upper part
of the circle and the Latest Completion Time (LCT) which is the latest time needed at which the
event can occur without delaying the overall project is mention in the lower part of the circle.
The critical path is the path of the tasks which cannot be delayed and project will not move
forward without completing these tasks. In the pert chart drawn below, black lined tasks which
are from task 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 indicates the critical path and these task
cannot be delayed. Task 4 is dependent upon task 2 and 3 and task 8 depends upon 6 and 7. It
means task 8 cannot be starting before task 6 and 7 is not completed. Critical path is that when
the earliest completion time and the latest completion time is same for a particular task.
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TIMELINE
S. No
Contents
Starting Date
Deadline
Conduct background
research work
Literature review
from 10 research
paper , journal ,etc.
related to project
Read concept of
basics of fault
analysis in three
phase transmission
line.
Preparing project
proposal form.
Go through Reach of
Circuit breaker &
read the concept of
Relay
Concept of
Calculation of fault
Read basics of GSM
module & go through
some research paper
related to it.
Finding of Secondary
research.
Read
MATLAB/Simulink
for implementing
proposed topic.
Preparation &
distribution of
questioner for
primary research.
Analysis of data
Interview for primary
research
Focused group
research for primary
research.
26-8-2015
1-9-2015
2-9-2015
10-92015
13-9-2015
20-9-2015
28-9-2015
1-102015
4-10-2015
13-10-2015
14-10-2015
19-10-2015
20-10-2015
28-10-2015
29-10-2015
2-11-2015
3-11-2015
-11-2015
-11-2015
-11-2015
-11-2015
-11-2015
13-11-2015
-11-2015
14-11-2015
17-11-2015
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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Supervisee
Signature
Supervisor
signature
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14
Documentation of
17-11-2015
mid-point submission
23-11-2015
QUESTTIAIRE ANALYSIS
This questionnaire is regarding the transmission lines fault analysis and tool used in doing
so. The answers are expected for an academic project on G.S.M based three phase fault
analysis with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained trip otherwise. The answers shall
only be used for academic purpose and the identity of the interviewee shall be disclosed
only by his/her consent.
If any question is unanswerable by the participant, he/she may skip it.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: .
Working Place: ...
Designation: ....
E mail: .
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
1. The highest transmission voltage used by this substation?
a) 220Kv
b) 400Kv
c) 765Kv
ANALYSIS: highest transmission voltage used by the substation is 400Kv. In fact major of the
substation in India voltage transmission is 400Kv.
2. Which of the following factor is major concern for the substation.
a) Over-load
b) Lightning
c) Faulty equipment
d) Insulation failure
e) Short circuit current
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Sales
9%
1st Qtr
10%
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
59%
23%
Analysis: from the above figure it is clear that major of the fault in transmission line occur due to
overload & short-circuit 58% to be exact.
23% time fault is due to Lightning causing many type of fault like earth to ground fault and line
to line or triple line to line fault.
19% of the fault in the substation was due to faulty equipment.
3. Which fault limiting device is used in system?
a) Relay
b) Circuit breaker
c) Fuse
d) Lightning power protection device
e) If any other please specify.
Analysis: when asked about which fault limiting device is used in system the answer was relay
and circuit breaker.
4. Dose the system has any device installed to detect fault?
a) Yes
b) No
Analysis: yes, system had automatic device to detect fault in this case when the fault is
encountered in the system there is a buzzer sound so that it can be restored properly.
5. Dose the system has any device installed to classify fault?
a) Yes
b) No
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Analysis: yes, the system was installed with device to classify fault automatically like which
type of fault it is, where it occurred, nature of fault etc.
6. Dose the system has installed any automation device to detect and classify fault
automatically?
a) Yes
b) No
Analysis: yes the system was installed with automated device to detect and classify fault.
(If answer to question 6th is yes then please proceed.)
7. In which year the automation device was installed in the system?
Analysis: the fault automated device was installed in the system in the year 2012. So it can be
clearly visualized that in India almost all system must have been installed with automated device
in near 2010.
8. Was the automation device installed useful?
a) Very useful
b) Useful
c) Moderately useful
d) Less useful
e) Not useful
Analysis: yes the automated device installed in the system was found to be very useful for the
operating personal.
9. What is the reach of fault protection device used in the system?
Analysis: the reach of the device is device into zones namely: zone 1, zone 2, zone 3, depending
upon the location of fault zone is categorized and subsequently operation is performed.
10. What is the reaction time of fault protection device to detect and classify fault?
Analysis: the time taken by the fault limiting device to respond is in mille seconds and either the
buzzer is alarmed and subsequent operation is performed by the relay depending upon the fault.
11. Which method is used for calculation of fault?
a) DWT
b) SFCL
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c) Synchronized sampling
d) Time domain using K-NN nearest neighbor algorithm
e) If any other please specify.
Analysis: the operating personal do not know the technical specification of relay how it performs
and how it takes the fault, it was being said by the recipient that all calculating is done by relay
(numerical relay).
12. Dose the installed automated device send message to the operating personal when
fault encountered?
a) Yes
b) No
Analysis: major system installed in power system does not send notification.
13. Give a brief detail about installed automated device
Analysis: fault encountering device installed in the system are basically relay some of them are
MI com P-422, P-141, P-632, P-142
Alstom- REL 670
L&T- Sem special energy T141
All of the above mentioned are numerical relay.
14. In what ways dose the installed automated device in the system has been useful?
Analysis: when asked about what ways the device was useful it was mentioned that it was
because it can encounter and automatically respond to the fault.
15. Is there any possible upgradation required in system?
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Analysis: At present operation of CBE is to be done, it is the reason why many fault are missed
by the automatic device.
(Thank you very much for sparing your precious time. The answers given are of great value
for this project. It is assured that the answers given here shall be used only for academic
purpose and following all the ethical rights of participants.)
Technical question
1. Why fault detection & classification is important in power system?
Analysis : when asked it was responded with a very simple but obvious answer
i.e. that knowing the fact that major of the fault occur in power system in
transmission line nearly 80%~ it should be a continuous running process to get
the continuous supply and keep the power system running .
2. What is the approach of operating personal find there is fault in the system?
Analysis: whenever there is any fault in the system the device gives the alarm and
the person checks the fault and trips the connection & later some person is send to
operate the faulty area or to restore it.
3. What better method could be used to improve fault detection & classification?
4. Why automated device has upper hand than manual calculation?
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Analysis: in case of automated device chances of error are less as it is done by the
computer program so computer takes the value up to decimal place living less space
for error while when human operate chances of error are more. Response time is less
for the computer case.
5. Which is the more conventional way of calculating fault?
Analysis: substation has nothing to do with the fault current they do not calculate
the fault current only prime focus is to restore the faulty equipment as soon as
possible.
6. What are your views on automated fault detection & classification installed in
system?
Analysis: numerical relay perform an extra vital role in maintaining the power
system error free so that it can run smoothly, there are various numerical relay
available.
7. Could you please share what are the problem faced while handling fault
scenario?
Analysis: common error faced is that as it is substation there are various line and
fault may occur at any line making it difficult to classify so major problem is to
classify in which section the fault occurred as there are many relay (numerical )
installed depending upon the zone type.
8. Are you satisfied with fault detection & classification device installed in system?
Analysis: yes the operating personal was satisfied with the fault limiting device.
9. How does the operating personal (if manual) or computer detect which type of
fault it is?
Analysis: all fault are scenario are dealt by numerical relay and the substation
has nothing to do with fault current calculation.
10. In which season dose the fault occur the most?
Analysis: most fault cases are encountered in the winter season as because of corona
effect major fault occur in the system ionized by the charge particle present in the air.
11. Which was the most severe fault encountered by this substation in near past?
Analysis: recent fault encountered by the system was due to the human error as some
person taped the wire cause of short circuit it worked for a while and later it again
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burnet causing more problem had the case been dealt the very time with serious
intension serious fault could not have encountered.
12. BBMB dose provide supply to Indian railway which is traction in nature if fault
occur in that line how it is resolved?
Analysis: there is separate section for the railway line as it traction is nature had
the same line given to the public commercial line it would provide a uneven load.
13. What is the approach when multiple fault is encountered in the system?
Analysis: when multiple fault is encountered by the system numerical relay take
care of it by dealing with the zone case if the first fault is in zone 1 it clears the
fault and the remaining fault is dealt by zone 2 & zone 3.
14. In a recent report published it has been mentioned that BBMB has replaced
Porcelain insulators with Polymers insulators why it is done so?
Analysis: reason behind the replacement was because porcelain insulator
punchers to quickly while
15. After what interval of time all fault detection devices are tested?
Analysis: all fault detection device is tested once every four month and is
mandatory check.
16. Is there any auxiliary fault detection tool when the primary one fails?
Analysis: yes there is auxiliary device installed in case the primary device fails.
Appendix B
Transmission line in power system model in Simulink is represented by distributed parameters
line. It implements an N-phases distributed parameter line model. The R, L, and C line
parameters are specified by [N x N] matrices. Resistance presented by: resistance per unit length
(Ohms/km) with [N x N matrix] - [0.01273 0.3864].
Inductance presented by: inductance per unit length (H/km) with [N x N matrix] - [0.9337e-3
4.1264e-3]. Capacitance presented by: capacitance per unit length (F/km) with [N x N matrix] [12.74e-9 7.751e-9].
parameters for winding 1 and winding 2, and also magnetization characteristics which are the
following:
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AC voltage source model in Simulink was presented by three-phase ideal sinusoidal voltage
source
With amplitude.
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There are several risks involved in the proposed project G.S.M based three phase fault analysis
with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise which were mentioned in the risk
assessment form which is attached in the appendices section of the document along with the
level of risk involved.
Risk area: Implementation
In the implementation phase there are two types of risks involved for the researcher himself
while implementing the hardware design.
Soldering Iron Burn
Soldering process is used to connect the components on PCB on the traces provided. It is done to
make the two wires short and connect them with each other. While doing the soldering of
components on the PCB, the researcher may encounter the soldering iron burn if the soldering
iron is not handled with care or if the hot part of the soldering iron is touched with bare hands.
This process may lead to minor injury to the researcher, so it is recommended to carefully do the
soldering of the components.
Burning of Components
The component such as transformer can burn any time if proper connection is not done to the
transformer resulting in damaging the transformer and other component as well.
If two wire are connected to terminal then it might result in short circuiting and burning of
equipment.
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Since this is a three phase analysis so electrical lab is required to provide the hardware three
phase source through which analysis will be done.
The hardware has to be powered from three phase source, if given single phase or DC
input hardware will not work.
When push button will be pressed which is connected across relay it disconnects that
relay and in the process in common contacts moves to the NC position to provide a logic
low at trigger pin of 555 timer to develop an output that brings the U3 555 timer which is
used in astable mode for its reset pin to high such that the astable operation takes place at
its output which is also indicated by flashing D11 LED. Pushing the switch for a long
time will trip the circuit permanently
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If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e. if the push button pressed is released
immediately the U1 monostable disables U3 the output of which goes to zero in the event
of any push button kept pressed for a longer duration the monostable output provides a
longer duration active situation for U3 the astable timer the output of which charges
capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output of the comparator goes high that drives
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