CHNG MT :

K THUT IU CH V X L TN HIU
TRONG CNG NGH ADSL .
Trong chng ny chng ta s xem xt chi tit mt vi h thng iu ch cn bn dng trong cng
ngh DSL . Hnh 6-1 l s khi tng qut hai b thu pht ca 3 dng iu ch bin cu phng QAM (
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ) , bin pha khng sng mang CAP ( Carierrless Amplitude Phase
Modulation ) v a m ri rc DMT ( Decrett MultiTone Modulation ) .
Khi iu ch chuyn i cc bit vo ( dng xung ) sang tn s ( dng sng ) gi i ln knh truyn .
Khi gii iu ch trong b thu ; thu li sng mang v chuyn i tr li cc bt ging nh c to ra
bi b pht . tng chnh l vic ti to li bit u ra ca b gii iu ch ging nh cc bit c
a vo ng vo b iu ch .

Hnh 1-0 : S khi tng qut iu ch tn hiu dng trong cng ngh DSL .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 12 ca 143

Hnh trn bao gm cc Khi b chc nng :

1. Ti pha u pht Transmitter :

B trn SCRAMBLER

B m ho sa li hng ti Forward Error Connection Encoder .

B xen tn hiu Interleaver .

B iu ch tn hiu Modulation .

B sa dng sng .

2. Ti pha u thu Receiver :

B lc cn bng Equalizer .

B gii iu ch Demoulation .

B gii xen ( tch ) tn hiu De-interleaver .

B gii m sa li tn hiu hng n Forward Error Connection Decoder .

B gii trn tn hiu De-Scrambler .

Chc nng hot ng ca cc khi s c trnh by cc phn sau .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 13 ca 143

I. IU BIN CU PHNG - QAM

( Quadrature Amplitude Modulation )
I.1 IU CH QAM
iu bin cu phng QAM l phng php m ho d liu trn mt tn s sng mang n . S
m ho d liu bng cch thay i c bin v pha ca sng mang . QAM dng mt dng sng sine v
mt dng sng cosine vi cng b phn to tn s chuyn i thng tin . Cc sng ny c gi ng
thi ln knh truyn , bin ( gm du v bin b ) mi sng c cha tin tc c gi .

Hnh 1-1 M hnh iu ch QAM .

Trong b iu ch QAM hnh 1-1 , nhnh thc hin bin sng cosine cn gi l nhnh phase ,
bin cosine gi l phase hay I . Nhnh thc hin bin sng sine gi l nhnh cu phng (
quadrature ) , bin sine gi l cu phng hay Q .
Tnh trc giao gia sng sine v cosine cho php truyn d liu ng thi trn knh . Xem xt mt
chu k n mi sng , nguyn l trc giao c th trnh by nh phng trnh 1-1 .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 14 ca 143

Phng trnh 1-1 :

Trong phng trnh 1-1 ny , T l chu k ca sng sine v cosine . V tnh trc giao nn cc hm
sine v cosine thng gi l cc hm c bn .
Tn hiu pht QAM sau iu ch c dng nh phng trnh 1-2 sau :
Phng trnh 1-2 :

Vi X l bin sng cosine v Y l bin ca sng sine .

*** Cc xung tn hiu ( cc bit ) trc khi thc hin iu ch c th cn c sa li dng sng v hn
ch cc tn s cao trc khi thc hin iu ch bng mt b lc xung c p ng P(t) . Lc ny tn hiu
pht s c dng nh phng trnh 1-1 bis , bin hai sng sine v cosine lc ny ph thuc vo hm
p ng p(t) .
Phng trnh 1- 1 bis :

I.2 GII IU CH QAM

Hnh 1-2 : M hnh gii iu ch QAM .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 15 ca 143

 hnh 1-2 M hnh gii iu ch - Ti b b gii iu ch QAM , nu tn hiu thu khng b mt n

d dng tm ng im vector iu ch trong bn vector iu ch ( Constellation Demodulation ) ti
to li tn hiu theo phng trnh 1-2 .
Phng trnh 1-2 :

Tri qua cc khi im B v C tn hiu c c dng nh phng trnh 1-3 v 1-4 nh sau :
Phng trnh 1-3 :

Phng trnh 1- 4 :

Tn hiu im b v c s c lp chuyn qua khi tch hp . Khi ny tch hp trong 1 chu k

sng v s reset tr li sau mi chu k ( sau mi chu k gii iu ch - ng vi mt symbol ) . Tn hiu ti
im D v E c biu din bng phng trnh 6-5 v 6-6 :

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 16 ca 143

Phng trnh 1-5 :

Phng trnh 1-6 :

Ch rng gi tr 0 l do tnh trc giao ca hai hm sine v cosine . Tng hp hai gi tr 1-5 v 1-6
b gii iu ch c th xc nh c im vector trong bn m ho a ra t hp gi tr cc bit (
symbol ) .
Trong thc t , dng sng trng khc nhau rt t v cc knh lin lc khng th iu tit pha kp thi
nh l thuyt ; v n i hi bng thng rt ln mi c th truyn mt cch chnh xc .

I.3 TP HP VECTOR IM IU CH - QAM CONSTELLATION

S kt hp mt tn hiu d liu gi l symbol hay gi theo cch c l baud . Mt symbol l s
kt hp nhiu bit . S tp hp cc symbol ( baud ) gi l mc iu ch QAM . Ta c s lin quan gia s

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 17 ca 143

bit trong mt symbol v s mc iu ch Level QAM hay cn gi l tp hp im vec t iu ch ( QAM

Constellation ) nh sau :

S bit trong mt symbol ( n)

Mc iu ch Level QAM 2n

16

32

64

128

256

512

10

1024

12

4096

14

16384

Mt s tp hp im vector iu ch QAM Constellation nh hnh 1-3 sau :

Hnh 1-3 : Mt s tp hp im vector iu ch QAM Constellation :

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 18 ca 143

V d , modem V32 , V32bis l s kt hp 24 symbol trong mt giy , dng sng mang 1800Hz
trong mt bng thng rng t 600 3000 Hz .

I.4 LI VECTOR
Khi s bit m ho cho mi symbol tng ln , mc iu ch tng ; th c mt kh khn l xy ra
nhiu . Nhiu gia cc symbol gn nhau ( dng chng lp gia cc symbol - ISI ) , ng thi vi nhiu do
iu kin knh truyn khng hon ho bi tc ng ni ti v mi trng ngoi . Nu khong gia cc
symbol qu nh th nhiu s gy kh khn trong vic nhn bit v xc nh r tng symbol ; S khc
nhau gia tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu gi l li vector . Xem hnh 1-4 .

Hnh 1-4 Li vecctor .

I.5 M HO TRELLIS TRELLIS CODING

M ho Trellis l k thut ci thin s an ton cho k thut iu ch QAM . N a ra mt s ph
thuc gia mi symbol k tip .
Cc symbol c kim tra nghim ngt s bit c m ho . Mc ch l nhm gia tng khong
cch pht gia cc symbol lin nhau . Nh hnh 1- 4 , chng ta thy vng quyt nh an ton ( decision

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 19 ca 143

region ) - khun vin hnh ch nht - bao quanh im symbol pht . Nhiu lm dch chuyn
symbol thu nhng n vn nm trong vng quyt nh an ton trong symbol pht .
Khi s symbol c xc nh tng ln , vng quyt nh an ton s rt ngn li cho n khi ch cn
mt lng rt nh ca nhiu c th lm xo trn mt im symbol vo trong mt vng quyt nh an ton
ca mt symbol khc , ci ny b gy ra bi s gii m khng ng ca b thu .
khc phc , mc ch cn to ra mt constellation ph , mi constellation ph ch dng mt tp
con subset cc im symbol cho php , xo bt mt na hoc hn trong s cc im ln cn to ra
mt vng quyt nh an ton ln bao quanh mi im . Bng cch ny s cho php b thu gii m chnh
xc hn gn ging v tr im pht ngay c khi b tc ng bi nhiu .
Nh ni trn , trong thc t cn to ra 4 tp constellation khc nhau . Bt u mi trng thi , thit
lp gi tr dch chuyn hin hu ti hai trng thi khc ; v chn thm mt bit thm extra bit cho mi
symbol buc dch chuyn trng thi hp thc . B thu gii m symbol bnh thng ng v tr ca
tp constellation bt k lc no . Nu trng thi dch chuyn sai gi tr xy ra , b thu nh du tr li (
back- track) , thc hin kim chng cc vector li trong symbol va mi thu c . N tnh ton khong
cch gia im symbol thu thc t v gi tr im symbol . Gi tr im symbol gn nht c to ra
bi trng thi dch chuyn tun t hp thc s c la chn .
Vic gi bit thm - extra bit cho mi symbol i hi phi tng gp i s symbol v lm mt 3dB ch
s SNR ( t l tn hiu/nhiu ) . Tuy vy , m Trellis cung cp khong 6dB hiu qu ci thin , bng s
gim nhiu v t c thm 3dB SNR ; Ngha l cho php t c gp i tc bit so vi phng
php khng cn dng k thut Trellis coding cng mc nhiu .
Ni dung ny s c bn su hn phn sau .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 20 ca 143

II.IU CH BIN PHA KHNG SNG MANG CAP

( Carrierless Amplitude & Phase )
Tng t nh iu ch QAM , iu ch bin pha khng sng mng CAP dng mt tp im vector
iu ch constellation m ho cc bit b pht v gi m cc bit u thu . Kt qu hai gi tr X , Y t
x l m ho c dng kch b lc s . Hnh 2-1 trnh by s b iu ch CAP .

Hnh 2-1 S b iu ch CAP .

Hnh 2-1 bis : S b iu ch CAP

B iu ch c 2 nhnh , mt nhnh PHA v mt nh CU PHNG . Cc p ng xung ca b

lc s l Hilpert transform pairs hay n gin l Hilpert pair . Hai hm ( sng ) hnh thnh ca b Hilpert
pair c tnh trc giao vi nhng hm ( sng ) khc . Ni chung , bt k gi tr ca Hilpert pair u c th
c dng to iu ch CAP . Tuy nhin , vic trin khai CAP ngy nay dng mt sng Cosine v mt

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 21 ca 143

sng sine to xung pht . iu ch CAP c thc hin vi b lc s thay v dng b nhn phase v cu
phng .
So snh b iu ch CAP v QAM , xem xt in th cc im khc nhau nh hnh 2-1 , c hai
phng thc cng ging tp im iu ch constellation , cng tc symbol nh QAM . Tn hiu mi
im c th c vit nh phng trnh 2-1 v 2-2 .
Phng trnh 2-1

Phng trnh 2-2

Ch rng c hai s lng u vo l cc xung ri rc , n s kch cc b lc s trong b iu ch

. Xem xt p ng xung ca cc b lc trong b iu ch , u ra hai b lc ph thuc u vo v c
ch ra nh phng trnh 2-3 v 2-4 .
Phng trnh 2-3

Phng trnh 2-4

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 22 ca 143

u ra ca b iu ch to mt symbol th i nh phng trnh 2-5

Phng trnh 2.5

So snh phng trnh 2-5 v v u ra ca b iu ch QAM u ra nh phng trnh 1-1bis ;

ch rng ci hai c nhn bit nu phng trnh 2-6 v 2-7 c ngha :
Phng trnh 2-6 :

Phng trnh 2-7 :

Nu h thng c thit k y vi = , th phng trnh 2-6 v 2-7 c th vit li nh

phng trnh 2-8 v 2-9 .
Phng trnh 2-8

Phng trnh 2-9 :

C hai phng trnh ny u hp l v i l mt s nguyn . Thi gian p ng xung ca cc b lc

khng ph thuc i v n tr thnh phng trnh 2-10 v 2-11 .
Phng trnh 2-10

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 23 ca 143

Phng trnh 2-11

Cc kt qu ny rt quan trng v n ch ra rng mi quan h ph hp tc symbol v tn s

trung tm ca h thng CAP v QAM cho php nhn dng sng trong min thi gian . Trong quan h
v T gi s rng l s bt cho gia hai h thng CAP v QAM n ch ra rng hai thng iu ch

khc nhau bi s bin i xoay trn . Cc dng sng s c nhn dng trong tp im constellation
iu ch v gii iu ch nguyn gc .

* Ghi ch v b lc s Hilpert Pair : iu ch CAP ging nh QAM , nhng khc ch thay v

dng cc sng trc giao th mt na tn hiu dng b lc s , p ng xung ca n l Hilpert pair , ngha
l c cng p ng bin nhng p ng pha th khc /2 . Tn hiu pht l s kt hp ca 2 b lc
s .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 24 ca 143

III. IU CH A M RI RC DMT
( Discrette Multip Tone Modulation )
iu ch a m ri rc DMT hin nay l tiu chun k thut chnh thc trong cng ngh ADSL ,
VDSL . iu ch DMT i khi cn c gi l OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ) .
DMT xy dng trn c s tng QAM . C th hnh dung rng ta c nhiu b m ho QAM vi
cc tp hp vector iu ch constellation tng ng - ( Vi ADSL , kh nng ln nht c 256 b QAM cho
dng xung v 97 b QAM cho dng ln ) . Mi b m ho thu nhn mt nhm bt thc hin m ho
vi tp constellation ca mnh theo ch nh . Tt c cc tn s sine v cosine ng ra ca cc b QAM
phn t c tng hp vi nhau v gi ln knh truyn . Dng sng ny l mt symbol n gin c
trnh by nh hnh 2-1 .
Ch rng cc b m ho c tp im vector iu ch constelation c s mc iu ch khc
nhau ( theo hnh 1-2 l 16 , 4 , ... , 4 ) .
b thu c th tch ring cc sng cc tn s ca khc nhau , mi phn t sng ( gm sine v
cosine ) c gii m c lp bng phng php gii iu ch QAM nh trnh by phn trc , kt
qu cho ra cc bit tng ng im gii iu ch trong tp im vertor gIi iu ch constellation ca n .

Hnh 3-1 : Khi qut iu ch DMT

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 25 ca 143

Hnh 3-1 bis : S khi khi pht DMT

Ch rng tng ca vic dng cc tn s khc nhau truyn tin tc khng nht thit phi l
l DMT . Truyn hnh v pht thanh ng dng nh mt k thut ( k thut ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s ) . S khc nhau y l ; DMT l mt b thu d tt c cc knh mt ln , trong khi nhng ci

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 26 ca 143

khc ch d mt knh . Mt vi tn gi knh tn s ca DMT l frequency bins hay bins , tones ,

DM tones , hay knh ph - Subchanel .

Cc dng sng mi bin ( knh ph ) c phn bit hon ton t nhng tn s khc . Nu khng
phn bit c dng sng cc knh ph th s gii m trong mi knh rt kh khn v sng ca knh ny
c th b ph hu bi cc knh khc . Mt cch gii quyt l cc tn s sine v cosine dng trong mi
knh s ( nn ) l tch nguyn ln ca mt tn s chung trong mt chu k ca symbol - T . Tn s ny
c xem nh tn s c s . T phn tch phn QAM , ngi ta yu cu cc sng sine v cosine tn
s cn bn phi l cc hm cn bn ( nhm li dng tnh trc giao ca 2 sng ) . m khng c s
giao thoa sng gia cc knh ph vi nhau , ngi ta ch ra rng cc dng sng t bt k knh ph no
cng s trc giao vi cc sng sine v cosine ca bt k cc knh ph khc . Theo tan hc , s trc
giao ny c th c minh ho phng trnh 3-1 , 3-2 v 3-3 . y , m v n l hai s nguyn khc
nhau , f l tn s gc ca tn s c s . Thc hin tch hp bi phng trnh 3-1 v kt qu phng
trnh 3-4 .
Phng trnh 3-1

Phng trnh 3-2

Phng trnh 3-3

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 27 ca 143

Phng trnh 3-4

Ch rng nu n=m th gii hn T t kt ca phng trnh 1- 6 . Quan h gia phng trnh

3-2 v 3-3 ging trnh by rng phng trnh 3-2 cng c s trc giao ngay c khi n = m , tng t nh
ni phng trnh 1-1 . V v vy , vic gii iu ch mt symbol DMT da trn tnh trc giao ca sng
sine v cosine cc tn s khc nhau cng tt nh gia cc sng sine v cosine cng tn s . Th tc
iu ch v gii iu ch ( hnh 2-1 ) to v nhn bit mt symbol DMT . Phng php ny rt n
iu trong thc t trin khai , ni chung khng phng php no ti u c . hiu r hn vic trin khai

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 28 ca 143

n gin th no , ta xem xt php cng hai sng sine v cosine trong mt chu k , dng sng nh trnh
by phng trnh 3-5 .
Phng trnh 3-5 :
Mt tn hiu S(t) biu din

cu

thnh t mt knh ph , n gin

knh ph th n , ti mt symbol n . Nu S(t) c ly mu tc 2 X N X ff , kt qu gi tr khc

khng cho bi phng trnh 3-6 .
Phng trnh 3-6

Trong h thng DMT , N l knh ph ln nht truyn mt tn hiu . Tn hiu ny c c tn s Nff .

V theo l thuyt Nyquist tuyn b , tc ly mu trong mt h thng phi bng hoc ln hn 2 ln
tn s ca h thng , cho nn tc 2Nff c chn . Nu thc hin bin i ri rc Fourier DFT Discrete Fourier Transform - ca Sk dng 2N im trong s bin i , kt qu nh trnh by phng
trnh 3-7 .
Phng trnh 3-7

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 29 ca 143

V DFT phn tch mt tn hiu thnh cc thnh phn min tn s ca n , kt qu phng trnh 3-7
l hin nhin . n gin , qua 2N im c bin i , nng lng tn hiu tp trung mt tn s . C
2 gi tr khc khng 2 im trong min tn s bi v , trong phn tch Fourier , ph tn c 2 pha . Tt c
cc gi tr thc trong min tn s tp trung Sk , 2N cc im s ph by ghp i i xng khong
trung tm im ; c min tn s dng v min tn s m trong bin i Fourier . Cc gi tr 0 trong
phng trnh 3-7 l ti cc tn s m khng c nng lng . Thc cht , phng trnh 3-7 trnh by s
trc giao ca sine v cosine cc tn s khc nhau , cng ging nh mt sng sine v cosine cng tn
s .

Kt qu ca phng trnh 3-7 xut mt phng n th tc khc cho mt symbol DMT . Thay v
a ch ho u ra tp iu ch constellation bng mt bin sine v cosine , th ng ra c th c a
ch bng mt vector s phc . Gi tr X - hay cosine , l trc thc ca s phc , v gi tr Y - hay sine l
trc o s phc . Ng ra ca tt c cc tp constellation ca cc b iu ch ca cc knh ph c xp
xp theo vector , mi vector im i din mt knh ph DMT . Nu c N knh ph trong h thng DMT ,
th vector phc s c N ng vo . Mt hu t bao gm cc s lin hp phc ca cc vector u vo c
cng vo vector ny xem nh mt vector mi v sau tin hnh th tc xc nh dy gi tr thc trong
min thi gian tng ng b iu ch DMT nguyn gc nh hnh 2-1 . Hnh 3-2 trnh by phng php
hnh thnh iu ch DMT mi ny .

Hnh 3-2 : iu ch DMT dng IDFT .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 30 ca 143

Hnh 3-2 ch ra mt phng php iu ch DMT . Ch rng cc b phn c s o ngc chc

nng gia b iu ch v gii iu ch ngoi tr mt DFT c dng thay cho mt IDFT . Vic tip cn
ny s to nhy v DFT i t min thi gian ti min tn s . V cc gi tr min thi gian l thc , ng
ra ca khi DFTc phc hp i xng . Ch mt na ca ng ra cn thit a n tp constellation gii
iu ch . Vic thc hin thng dng Bin i Nhanh Fourier FFT Fast Fourier Transform gii iu
ch v o Bin i Nhanh Fourier IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform thc hin iu ch . Cc
gii thut bin i ny thc hin DFT v IDFT vi hn ch vic tnh ton phc tp .
Hnh 3-2 - iu ch DMT dng mt IDFT . DMT cho php mt h thng lin lc mm do v ti u
knh dng . T nh , trong s xem xt l thuyt v kh nng DSL trong mi trng xuyn m . T s SNR
ca knh truyn nh hnh 2-3 .

Hnh 3-3 : T s SNR ca knh truyn .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 31 ca 143

Ch s SNR lin quan n tng mu knh nh ( cn gi l bin hoc carrier hoc subcarrier hoc
chanel ) , cc knh ph nhng ni c t s SNR cao c th dng cc tp iu ch constellation c mt
m c hn , c th truyn nhiu bit hn . Vic x l bao hm vic gia tng s im dng trong tp
constellation ca cc knh ph tt .

Hnh 3-4 Tc bit cc knh

DMT cng l phng php n gin cho php gia tng hay suy gim cng sut tn hiu u ra
ca b pht trong cc vng tn s chn . Vic x l bao hm xc nh gi tr phc ca vector knh
ph , ni mong mun iu chnh cng sut trc khi thc hin IFFT . S iu chnh c th nng cng
sut trong cc vng hay b mt tn hiu , hoc gim cng sut trong vng b giao thoa vi cc h thng
khc phi c trnh . Ch rng nng hay gim cng sut cng c th c thc hin trong mt h

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 32 ca 143

thng CAP/QAM bng cc b lc dng sng ph , mc d xu hng ny phc tp v c th kh khn

cho thc hin .

IV.

SA LI HNG TI FEC
( FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION )

Trong qu trnh truyn d liu, do nhiu v nhiu nguyn nhn khc m d liu khi nhn thng b
sai st. C nhiu k thut c p dung ; trong cng ngh DSL thng dng hai k thut:

M CRC ( Cyclic redundancy Check ) hay cn gi l m Reed Solomon .

M kt hp ( convolution codes ) hay cn gi m Trellis codes .

IV.1 KIM M CRC : ( Bn c t nghin cu ) .

4.2 M TRELLIS CODES
S m ho chp - convolution coding khc nhau t khi m ho , khng c cc t m codewords
c to trong cc mu d liu r rng . Thay v CRC c phn phn phi hu khp d liu . Cc m
chp convolution thi thong c thm vo nh li mt co ( trellis ) . Thng thng , vic m ho
convulation n gin , v gii m kh khn hn .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 33 ca 143

Ch m Trellis code c th tuyn tnh hoc khng tuyn tnh . M convolution l mt tp hp

con ca m tuyn tnh Trellis code .

Hnh 4-2-1 trnh by b m ho convolution n gin

Hnh 4-2-1 , n gin , t

l m ho , m t chuyn 1
bit thnh 2 bit u ra .

Cc bit c chuyn vo
trong b m ho t bn tri .
Mi d liu bit chuyn vo to
ra 2 bit d liu u ra xc nh
bi php cng modul 2 . u ra c xc nh bi b to a thc . B m ho convulation n gin c
gi l b m ho t l vi di cng bc 2 . T l m ch t l ca s bit vo / bit ra , v di
cng bc 2 m ch m ch s tr trong b m ho . Cc tham s ny , cng vi b to a thc , xc
nh li x l ca m .

Ch rng , hai v tr u tin trong hnh 4-2-1 c nt ngoi mu en . Gi tr cc v tr ny gi l

trng thi ca b m ho . B m ho convolution c th c xem nh mt my gii hn trng thi , s
thay i trng thi da trn mt iu kin u vo v to ra mt u ra khi n thay i trng thi .

Hnh 4-2-2 trnh by mt v d n gin dng b m ho nh hnh 4-2-1 m ho mt tp hp

bit . Ch rng iu kin khi to b m ho c gi thit tt c bng khng - zeros v pha u ( top )
ng ra c thc hin trc pha cui ( bottom ) u ra .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 34 ca 143

Hnh 4-2-2 M t b m ho convolution n gin vi mt tp hp bit .

Mi node trong li mt co Trellis i din mt trng thi . Mi ng i din cho mt cp bit thu
. Ch rng mi trng thi c 2 ng dn ti v 2 ng i ra khi n . Khi 2 bit c thu , mt s dch
chuyn xy ra gia trng thi hin ti v trng thi mi . Loi ng kt ni trng thi hin ti v trng
thi mi ( nt m hay chm chm ) xc nh b gii m s cho ra gi tr 0 hay 1 theo p ng 2 bit
thu c . Ch rng 2 bit to thnh 1 bit ra i ngc vi b m ho 1bit vo to 2 bit ra .

Hnh 4-2-3

Li mt co v gii thut Viterbi .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 35 ca 143

Cng trong hnh 4-2-3 ch rng cc s trn mi ng i din u vo b thu m n s to ra trng

thi dch chuyn . Loi ng ( m nt v chm chm ) i din ng ra ca b gii m.
Gii m mt m convolution c th thc hin vi mt li mt co trellis v gii thut Viterbi . Li
mt co Trellis trong hnh 4-2-3 c th c dng cho v d b m ho ny .
Nu khng c li xy ra , cc bit thu trong mt trng thi tng ng ti mt trong cc ng dn ra
ca trng thi . Khi li xy ra trn ng , cc bit thu c th tng ng vi kt qu khng c ng ra
trng thi m cng khng bit ng no khng r rng . Gii thut gii m cho php nhiu ng dn
paths xuyn qua li mt co c th hot ng . Bng s tnh ton s li xy ra trong mi ng dn path , gii thut gii m s chm dt hot ng ca cc ng dn khi s li xy ra ln . S m li gi
l metric. Mi ln chuyn qua v vic x l gii m li tip tc , mt ng dn vi metric thp c
chn thc hin v tt c cc ci khc s c kt thc . ng dn ny hnh thnh ng ra b gii m .
Hnh 4-2-3 l mt li mt co c th c dng gii m , mi node i din mt trong 4 trng thi .
Cho mt v d v gii m l phng php tt nht hiu gii thut gii m . Lu m ng ra
hnh 4-2-2 .
Gii thut gii m cho 4 bit u tin 0000 c ch ra hnh 4-2-4 .

Hnh 4-2-4 : Gii thut gii m li mt co vi 4 bit u tin 0000

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 36 ca 143

Cc bit thu ch li mt co trn l 00,00 . Trong 4 bit ny , tt c cc ng dn trong li mt

co ang c hot ng ( bc ny l s bt u ca gii thut ) . Ti mi node , mt metric - b tnh
ton vic m li gia cc bit thu v cc bit ng dn ( path ) . ( Ch rng metric tnh ton tng mi
ng path ) . Ti im ny , cc ng c a ra theo nguyn l :
1. Hai ng s dn ti mi node trong b trng thi k tip .
2. Trong mi node , theo ch mt ng ti mi node , c bit , u tin ng c metric thp
nht .
Ch :
V d trn dng gii m quyt nh cng ( p t ) . Mt phng php khc , dng quyt nh
mm , khng gii m hon ton cc bit thu trc lui mt co trellis, nhng thay v gn mt b m li
metric ti bit thu th ch th th lm th no c th xc nh ti 1 hay 0 . Gii m mm c th tt hn gii m
cng nhiu dB .
3. Kt thc cc ng khc s n node .
Ch rng 4 ng dn ( path) lun lun hot ng ( Active ) . Theo , mt ng chnh s
thc hin ngang qua li trellis , v cc ng khc s kt thc . Trong thc tin , c mt t tr cn
thit nhn dng ng dn ng dn path .

Hnh 4-2-5 S
di chuyn trong
li mt co .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 37 ca 143

Quay tr li vi v d , xem xt 2 bit c thu tip theo . Tnh trng ny th hin hnh 4-2-5 .
Hnh 4-2-5 v d s di chuyn dc theo li mt co trellis - ch mt trong 2 ng dn ca mi
trng thi c i theo tip tc . Cc nguyn l trnh by trc by gi dng quyt nh ng dn no
c chn i theo . Trong v d , trong node u , ng dn xuyn qua ng nh du 00 s c i
theo thay v ng xuyn qua ng nh du 11 . Ci trc thc hin m li ca 2 , ngc li ci sau
a ra m li ca 3 . V vy ci ng u tin c php i theo , ci ng th hai c kt thc .
Hnh 4-2-6 trnh by bc tip theo trong x l gii m .

Hnh 4-2-6 S di chuyn tip theo trong li mt co .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 38 ca 143

Hnh 4-2-6 l mt v d vic di chuyn theo lui mt co trellis , ch rng cui cng s tm
mt ng i ng vi mt metric bng 0 .
Ch rng cc metric mi n gin hn cc metric trc c mt s li mi c thm vo . Metric
tt nht c mt gi tr 0 , biu th l mt ng vin cho mt ng ng s c chn .
Hnh 4-2-7 ch ra kt qu lp li nhiu ln .

Hnh 4-2-7 Kt qu s di chuyn trong li mt co c lp li nhiu ln .

Hnh 4-2-

Kt

qu

ng

ra

li

mt

co .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 39 ca 143

Ch rng c nhiu ng b kt thc v ch c mt ng chnh c chn . ng chnh ny c ni

bt hnh 4-2-8 , v u ra gii m cho mi cp u vo xut hin cui li mt co.
Cc kt qu ng ra ny ph hp vi cc bit vo b gii m . Mi ln qua v b gii m li tip tc ,
ng chnh c chn s tin xa hn trong lui mt co trellis v c thm cc u ra c gii m .

Hnh 4-2-8 , ng dn c th c gii m cho ti im ni m ng chnh b r . ng dn

no tn ti th c chn ti im xc nh , cc ng xu khc s b loi b . Cc bit tip tc vo theo
sau s tip tc c gii m tng t nh im ny .
Hnh 4-2-7 M t s lp li nhiu ln v d .
Hnh 4-2-8 m t ng ra ca li trellis .
V d trc xem xt vic gii m khi khng c li to ra trong knh ; v th s sa li khng cn
thit . By g xem xt trng hp c li xy ra trn knh vi mt bit thu khng ng .
Hnh 4-2-9 trnh by 3 bc u tin ca tin trnh gii m .

Hnh 4-2-9 M t trng hp c mt li bit thu .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 40 ca 143

Mc d khng metric no bng 0 , ging cc nguyn l c dng di chuyn ngang qua li trellis . V
d c tip tc lp li nhiu ln nh hnh 4-2-10 .

Hnh 4-2-10 : M t trng hp c nhiu li bit thu .

Hnh

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 41 ca 143

4-2-9 M t vi ln lp li u tin trong knh mu vi mt li bit thu , ch rng khng metric no bng
0 trong trng hp ny .
Hnh 4-2-10 M t vi nhiu ln lp li trong mt knh vi nhiu li bit thu , ch rng cc ng
dn c s kt thc v c metric cao .
Trong hnh 4-2-10 , nhiu metric c hnh thnh , nhng ch c mt metric c gi tr nh . Tng
t , ch rng c mt im xc nh trong li trellis tng ng ng c chn vi metric thp nht ,
ng ny c t en trong hnh 4-2-11 v ng ra c trnh by cui li mt co trellis .

Hnh 4-2-11 m t gii m trellis trng hp c xy ra li v ch mt ng cn sng st .

Li bit xy ra trn ng , ng ra ca v d ny thc hin trnh t sa li ; minh ho c ch sa li

hng ti FEC . Tm li , ch mt ng chnh c chn v tng ng mt kt qu u ra , cn cc
ng khc s cho kt thc .
M ho m chp convolution coding c th kt hp vi iu ch tn hiu . Khi kt kt hp vi iu
ch QAM ( c th l cc k thut iu ch khc nh PAM ... ) , kt qu cho ra iu ch trellis code

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 42 ca 143

Trellis code modulation . Thng thng , mt tp con (subset) cc bit ( mt hay hai ) to thnh mt
symbol QAM , n c tri qua gii iu ch . Cc bit khng iu ch thng dng xc nh cu
phng (/2) hay phn nh mt im . Cc bit m ho c ngha nht dng nhn bit mt im t
cc im ln cn . S m ho cc bt c ngha nht c b xung thm tnh kh nh rng im trong
bng constellation s c gii m khng sai , trong hu ht cc trng hp li ca QAM .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 43 ca 143

V. XEN D LIU - INTERLEAVING

Nhiu khi sa li hng ti FEC c trc trc khi thc hin sa li vi chui bit di . Cc li xy
ra chung trn cc knh trong cc kt ni DSL ( v d , nh hng st trn i dy cp ) . Mc ch xen l
tn ra s c bng n li knh . S xen thng xy ra gia mt khi modun FEC v mt modun iu
ch trong b pht . Tng t trong b thu l khi gii xen ( de-interleaving ) . Phn sau y m t 2 loi
interleaving :

Khi b xen ( Interleaver ) .

Khi xen - chp ( convolution interleaver ) .

B xen n gin d hiu ; tuy nhin , b xen - chp dng nhiu hn trong DSL , n to tr v

thun li v cc yu cu nh . Ch ; Vic lc khng tt nhiu do bm chung hoc st c th to ra li .

Hnh m t do khng dng xen tn hiu , khi b nhiu ph hu d liu b mt hon ton .

Hnh 5-1-1 M t hu qu ca vic khng thc hin xen md liu .

Hnh m t c s dng xen tn hiu , cc block tn hiu c tn ra u , khi b nhiu ph hu , th
cc block tn hiu khng b ph hu hon ton .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 44 ca 143

Hnh 5-1-2 M t hiu qu ca vic c thc hin xen d liu .

V.1 KHI XEN D LIU

Hnh 5-1 trnh by c trng khi xen interleaver , vi s ct D= 3 v s hng N= 7 .
Cc s trong khi biu trng s xp xp cc bit vo b xen . Tng qut , cc bit c vit theo
hng v c ra theo ct . Thng thng , mt hng n cha hon ton mt t m FEC . V th t m
trong v d ny l 7 .

Hnh 5-1-3 : M t
c trng khi xen t
b FEC ti knh
vi D = 3 , N = 7 .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 45 ca 143

Hnh 5-1-4 M t c trng b gii xen t knh ti FEC vi D=3 v N=7 .

Cc bit y n t knh , c vit vo trong b gii xen theo ct v c ra theo hng . Hng
xp xp hp thc cc bit nh nh trc cho khi FEC .

Bit Order (No

Interleaving)
Bit

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

15 2

16 3

10 17 4

Order

(With

11 18 5

12 19 6

Interleaving)
Error Burst
Received

Bits

(No

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

10 11 12 13 14 X

Interleaving)
Received

Bits

(De-

16

Interleaved)
Bng 5-1-5 M t kt qu cc gi tr gi tr xen d liu .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 46 ca 143

Hai hng u tin ca bng 5-3 trnh by s xp xp , cc bit ny s c gi ln knh m khng

cn thc hin xen b xen hnh 5-1 . Nu c s bng n li xy ra trong knh nh ch ra hng th 3
bng 5-3 , ch s bit b ph hu trong mi trng hp . Hai hng cui bng 5-3 ch cc bit s c gi
ti khi FEC trong b thu trn cng knh . Ch rng khi c dng xen , cc bit b ph hu , to c hi cho
b FEC sa li . Trong v d ny phi c dng trn mt knh ni c s bng n li , c s bit hng
khng di hn 3 bit . Thc t cc b xen c tham s D v N ln hn .
S xen b xung thm tr cho truyn ti d liu dng end to end v yu cu c b nh m c
hai u thu pht . Ni chung , c hai b thu pht cn khong DxN bit khng gian nh p ng cho khi
xen v mt tr c nh khong 2DN bit . V d n gin trong bng 5-3 c v khng ngha , nhng
trong mt b xen c D v N ln th rt ngha .
Ch :
Cc giao thc lp cao hn c dng s nhn bit Acknowledgment , nh TCP , tr c th gy ra
cho giao thc s tr hon , gim ti thiu d liu a vo .

V.2 XEN CHP Convolution Interleaving

Xen chp hiu qu hn xen vi lu v cc yu cu b nh v tr end to end . Ch rng xen
chp khng bao hm cc vn lin quan n FEC , n c th thc hin chc nng vi cng vi khi
hay kt hp vi cc k thut FEC . Mt b xen chp vi mt t m c size N=7 v su D=3 nh thy
hnh 5-2-1 .

Hnh 5-2-1 B
xen chp trong
b pht vi
N=7,D=3.

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 47 ca 143

Trong v d ny , cc biu din B miu t t m m B l thuc . Cc s biu din ph miu t s

bit trong t m . Cc t m c vit li vo trong b xen theo hng v c ra theo ct . S khc nhau
gia cch thc hin ny v cch thc hin ca khi b xen l t m khng lun lun bt u cng mt
ct trong xen chp nh n lm trong khi b xen . Hn na , cc hng th khng c kt thc . su
v di ca b xen quyt nh c hoc khng t m tip theo s c vit hng k tip hay trong
hng u mt cch tc th tip theo sau t m c vit trc .

Hnh 5-2-2 M t b gii xen chp trong b thu khi b pht dng xen chp .

Hnh 5-2-2 l b gii xen chp vi D=3 , di N=7 , cc gi tr c ra ca b gii xen khng r
rng nh trong khi gii xen .
Cc bit y c vit theo ct v c ra theo hng trong s x l y ca khi FEC . B gii
xen ch c mt t m n t mi hng v ri x l ti hng k tip cho n hng cui cng c c .
Sau khi c hng cui cng , b gii xen quay tr li hng u v c tip t m v tr k tip cha c .
Xen chp c th phn chia di t m N trong mt khong ca ND , phi chu mt tr end to
end ND bit .
Ch rng mc d cc v d xen cho trong mt gii hn bit ( su D v kch c t m N ) ,
c nhiu cch thc thc hin m lm vic m mc byte ( v d , m Reed Solomon CRC hot ng vi

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 48 ca 143

hm sinh GF256 ) , hay chung hn mc symbol . V d , c t m gm 7 byte , dng ti c xen

mc byte , v tr end to end ca b xen chp v gii xen l ND byte .
Ch rng cc loi xen khc cng c th cho php . V d , xen kiu xon c l mt kiu xen
khc .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 49 ca 143

VI. B TRN D LIU SCRAMBLER

Hu ht DSL bao gm mt b trn d liu ( ni gn li l b trn ) u pht v mt b gii trn
u thu . B trn gia tng kh nng to chui di bit 1 , 0 c chuyn ti b iu ch . Cc chui bit di
xy ra trong cc h thng truyn ti gi ( d liu ) hay h thng ATM khi khng c gi hoc t bo cell
pht hoc ng vo b pht c t chc mc cao hoc thp ( ngng kho ) . Thng ngi ta ni
b trn d liu ngu nhin v b gii trn xo ngu nhin .
Lu :
Cc ng T1/E1 khng dng cc b trn , tuy nhin , ADSL , VDSL , HDSL v ISDN u c
dng b trn trong pht v thu .
Vic trn d liu r rng c li trong mt h thng vin thng . Trc tin , n gip m bo rng
cng sut pht ph tp trung u ra b pht c th d bo c . Khi c s cn bng trong mt cng
sut ph - Power Spectral Densities - , s kt lun ny thng qua vic thng k ti cc b pht .
K n , nhiu kiu mch in v cc gii thut ph thuc vo s ho trn cc bit 1 , 0 hot
ng thch hp . Thi gian khi phc vng kho pha v mt vi gii thut cn bng p ng l cc v d
minh ho v li ch ca vic trn d liu . S trn gip m bo s phi hp thch hp gia cc khi chc
nng . Lu vic trn tn hiu trong mt b pht th khng dng m ho d liu hay cho cc mc ch an
ninh . ngha vic gii trn d liu thu b thu n gin cho hiu qu v cc ng dng an ninh .
Hnh 6-1 m t m b trn v mt b gii trn tn hiu . Cc khi z-1 biu th tr mt bit , cc
khi ny l cc b cng modul 2 .

Hnh 6-1 . M t b trn v gii trn d liu .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 50 ca 143

Lu b trn l mt thit b qui . Ngc li , b gii thu khng dng cc tc nhn hi qui (
feedback ) . Tnh cht hai hnh trnh by trn c biu th bng a thc sinh g(x) c phng trnh 6.1 ,
hnh 6-1 .
Phng trnh 6.1 .

B trn ph bin ny c dng trong nhiu tiu chun . Cc h s trong phng trnh 6.1 biu
th quan h v tr m b trn thc hin ch duy nht bng hm HOC - OR . Vic to ra a thc ca b
trn l cc gi tr khng i ca 1 hoc 0 . Gi s c c cc h s ph hp c chn , cc b trn
di s to ra ln chiu di cc chui .
Lu :

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 51 ca 143

Gi s cc quan h khi to ca mt b trn khng hon ton l 0 th di chui ca b trn l

2n-1 , n y l s xp xp ca a thc sinh ca b trn .
B trn hnh 6-1 c gi l b trn t ng b ( self- synchronizing Scrambler ) . Tn ny
tng ng vic b gii trn c th bt u t mt trng thi tu nghi v sau mt thi lng hon tt , bt
u xut ra d liu chnh cc khng trn . Hn na , mt bit li trn knh s khng nh hng ln n
b gii trn hay gy ra nhiu li . Vic khng thc hin hi tip b gii trn c quan h trc tip ti cc
thuc tnh ny , hi tip ( feedback) c th gy ra li bit , s to ra v vn nhng nh hung n hot
ng ca khi .
Mt bit li trn knh c mt t phn b tng cng bi b gii trn . Ni chung , mt li bit n c
gia tng bi mt nhn t cn bng vi cc quan h s khc 0 ( nonzero ) trong b gii trn . ( Chnh xc
hn , mt li bit u vo to li bit u ra , n lan truyn ti tt c cc quan h v tr c gi tr 1 (
nonzero ) . Vic ny thng gi l nhn t lan truyn li . S gia tng li thng c cho rng c th
chp nhn khi cn tho hip cc tng phn li ch ca vic trn tn hiu .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 52 ca 143

VII. CN BNG TN HIU EQUALIZATION

Hu ht cc h thng thng tin lin lc hin i hot ng gn gii hn l thuyt th u ng dng
cn bng trong b pht , b thu , hay c hai t ti u hay gn ti u truyn dn . Thng s cn bng
c thc hin bng s cc b lc iu hp s . S tip cn ny cung cp mt phng php uyn
chuyn iu tit ph hp cc loi knh khc nhau v cc mi trng nhiu khc nhau . Trong hu ht
cc DSL ( modem bng tn thoi ) , cc b lc p ng hi t ti u cc ci t khi to sut qu trnh
chy th nghim v c cp nht sut qu trnh hot ng ca h thng . Qu trnh ci t chy th
nghim c th khng cn nh trc v thi gian .
Lu :
Vic cp nht , b xung rt cn thit khi c nhiu knh v cc iu kin nhiu thay i trong qu
trnh hot ng . V d nh s thay i ca tnh cht i dy do nhit thay i khc nhau gia ngy v
m .
Bt k lc no , p ng tn s ca knh thng khng bng phng u trong di tn s pht , s
chng lp gia cc symbol ISI ( Intersymbol Interferenca ) c th xy ra . Mt knh vi mt p ng tn
s khng bng phng i khi c gi l Knh khng phng ( nonflat chanel ) , knh phn tn (
dispervive chanel ) , hay n gin l knh ISI .
Lu :
Mt knh bng phng s c mt p ng xung ng xung . Knh ny gi l knh khng c k c
( Memoryless chanel) . Hnh 6-1 trnh by p ng xung ca mt knh b ISI .

Hnh 7-1 p ng xung ca mt knh b ISI .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 53 ca 143

Hnh 7-2 M t ng ra ca mt knh b ISI khi kch bi mt xung u vo .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 54 ca 143

Lu xung b tri b ra ngoi , mo u ra ca knh . Phn b b ra s b chng lp , giao thoa vi

xung k tip truyn . Cng vy , xung truyn trc s giao thoa vi ci khc . Thc t knh c th lm
mo xung rt ln , c th b ra chng lp khng ch mt xung bn cnh m c th nhiu xung trong mt
symbol . Vn chnh l s khc nhau ca s cn bng tn hiu , lm sao thc hin xo b mt vi hay
tt c cc knh b ISI ti u dng xung ca cc symbol u vo b thu . Nhng phn tch theo sau
c thc hin trong cc vng bin i khc nhau , tu thuc min no c tnh trc gic hn cho s phn
tch .

VII.1 KHOANH VNG PH TN

Trc khi phn tch cc loi khc nhau ca cc b cn bng ( sa xung ) , cn xem xt ph tn
hiu v nh hng ca s ly mu ph tn hiu . Trc tin xt mt tn hiu S(t) vi ph tn S(f) ngang
qua h thng LTI c hm h(t) vi ph hm H(f) c trnh by nh hnh 7-1-1 .

Hnh 7-1-1 . Xt ph tn ca mt tn hiu c ly mu .

Lm vic trong min tn s , ng ra h thng Y(f) cho bi php nhn ph tn u vo v hm

bin i ri rc nh phng trnh 7.1.1
Phng trnh 7.1.1 .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 55 ca 143

Khi ng ra c ly mu vi tn s fs , cc mu ng ra c biu th bi
ra c biu th bi

yf(f)

. Ph tn ny l mt vng ph ( b gii hn ) .

yi

yf(f)

v ph tn s ng

c biu th nh

phng trnh 7.1.2 .

Phng trnh 7.1.2

Lu nu Y(f) khng c cc phn t tn s cao hn fs/2 th ph tn

yf(f) s gng nh Y(f) .

Bnh thng , khi vng ph c tnh , n ch c tnh ton cc gi tr n nh ( -2 ,-1 ,1,2 ) v cc

phn t ny c biu th trong tnh ton .(ng thi y l vng tp trung nng lng tn hiu ) .
Lu :
Cch khc , aliasing trong trng hp ny khng xy ra v tn hiu c ly mu t l cao hn t
nht hai ln phn t c tn s cao nht n c th chia ht .
Cc ph tn khoanh vng , v kha cnh tn s i khi khng c xc nh r hoc ni mt
cch chung chung . Bc thc hin ny nhm mc ch khoanh vng r min tn s , gc tn s ly mu

2fs cn bng ng mt chu k . Bin tn f

c thay bng

fs/2

vi

bin tn s gc . Vng

tn s c xc nh nh phng trnh 7.1.3 .

Phng trnh 7.1.3

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 56 ca 143

V f c xc nh trong khong ( -fs , fs ) , xc nh trong khong (-/2,/2) .

VII.2 CN BNG TUYN TNH

B cn bng tuyn tnh LE ( Linear Equalizer ) c t trong b thu trc gii iu ch .

Hnh 7-2-1 B cn bng tuyn tnh LE .

phn tch b cn bng LE ta xt hnh 7-2-1 .

Tp hai Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

Trang 57 ca 143

Cc hm lc c kt hp thc hin theo tng . Tuy nhin v mc ch trnh by , n c tch

bit ra thnh nhiu phn t . Gi s cc b lc thc hin bng s v cc mu tn s c di ln
ngn nga chng gp ln nhau , cc tn s c xc nh c ca tt c cc tn hiu phi nh hn fs/2 .
Khoanh vng tn s ( hn ch bng tn ) thng c t u ra b ly mu hoc u vo ca b thu
bng mt b lc bng M(t) match filter . B lc bng c t ph hp kt hp vi p ng tn s
ca knh v p ng vi xung kch . Phng trnh 7.2.1 th hin p ng ca b lc bng M(t) .
Phng trnh 7.2.1 .

Theo sau l b lc nhiu trng . Mc ch b lc ny l xo cc nhiu u ra ca b lc M(t)

trc khi x l gii iu ch . Phng trnh 7.2.2 cho bit p ng tn s ca b lc nhiu trng .
Phng trnh 7.2.2

G(f) v G*(f) l cc h s ca bin i hm gia b iu ch v b lc nhiu trng bao gm u

vo knh , b lc dng sng v b lc bng . y l tng phn ca hnh 7-2-1 . G(f) v G*(f) c chn
sao cho W(f) c th chp nhn c vi G*(f) c pha nh nht .
K t ( * ) biu th s lin hp phc . B cn bng tuyn tnh theo sau b lc nhiu trng .
C th dng 2 k thut ti u p ng cho b lc tuyn tnh .

K thut cn bng tuyn tnh cng bc zero ZF ( Zero forcing ) .

K thut cn bng tuyn tnh MSE ( Mean squared error ) .

B cn bng tuyn tnh ZF dng ti u ho tiu chun mo nh . Tiu chun ny cng bc ng

ra ca b cn bng khng cho to phn nh ra c th gy ISI ( s giao thoa , chng lp gia cc symbol )
. Trong mt b cn bng y , p ng mo nh th hin bi phng trnh 7.2.3.

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Phng trnh 7.2.3 .

Lu , kt qu thu c ca b lc nhiu trng v b cn bng cng bc zero ZF l s o

ngc knh ti u vo b lc nhiu trng ( c thm x l tr y s c gii thiu sau ) . Gi s t
l baud ca h thng l T , kt qu t l SNR qua b cn bng tuyn tnh ZF c th hin phng trnh
7.2.4 .
Phng trnh 7.2.4

Trong phng trnh ny , N0 l l cng sut mt ph PSD ( power spectral density ) ca N(f) ,
v S(f) l PSD ca cng sut tn hiu ng ra b iu ch . Lu , cc ph tn trnh by l cc vng tn
s c khoanh vng v thc hin ly mu vi tc baud ca h thng . Cc ph tn c khoanh
vng Xf(f) c cho bi phng trnh 7.2.5 .
Phng trnh 7.2.5

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Ch phng trnh 7.2.4 , khi

Xf(f)

rng hoc c vi gi tr gn bng 0 , th gi tr SNR ca b

cn bn tuyn tnh ZF rt nh . Li ch ca b cn bng ZF c hnh thnh , v ti cc tn s quan trng

ca knh b mt , b cn bng to s n b li cao . li tng cng nhiu nn , gy ra t s SNR
tin ti 0 .
B cn bng tuyn tnh MSE ( Mean Squared Error ) gim thiu nng lng khng c vung vn
ng ra . Loi cn bng ny tp trung c s lng li gy ra ISI v s lng li gy ra nhiu nn .
Trong b cn bng y , p ng ti u ca b cn bng MSE th hin phng trnh 7.2.6 .
Phng trnh 7.2.6

Trong phng trnh ny , N0 l h s x l nhiu trng N(f) . Lu , khi nhiu khng ng k , b

cn bng MSE tr thnh ging nh b cn bng ZF . Phn d l kt qu li SE ( Squared Error ) ca b
cn bng MSE c ch ra nh phng trnh 7.2.7 .
Phng trnh 7.2.7

Kt qu t s SNR ng ra b cn bn tuyn tnh MSE c cho bi phng trnh 7.2.8 .

Phng trnh 7.2.8

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Hin nhin t hai phng trnh 7.2.7 v 7.2.8 , b cn bng tuyn tnh MSE khng thc hin tt
trong mi trng ni bng ph knh b thu b rng , v li gia tng cho nn SNR gim . Cc v tr rng
xy ra trn nhiu knh trn i cp . Vn thc hin ca b cn bng trn cc knh ny l thc , kch ,
s cp cc phn sau .

VII.3 S CN BNG QUA QUYT NH HI TIP - DFE

( Decision Feedback Equalization ) .
Vn thc hin thc , kch ca b cn bng qua nghin cu vi k thut cn bng phi tuyn .
B cn bng hi tip DFE l mt k thut . Mt DFE cu thnh b lc hng ti v b lc hi tip . Cc
b lc ny l l b lc tuyn tnh , nhng n c dng cng vi cc thun li phi tuyn . DFE c m t
nh hnh
7-3-1.

Hnh 7-3-1 : M t b DFE trn mt knh lin lc .

Slicer trong hnh 7-3-1 l thit b ra quyt nh . V vy , u vo slicer l mt symbol tin lng
c gii m , v u ra l mt tn hiu thc gn vi s tin lng . Slicer l mt b phn phi tuyn
ca b DFE . Lu , u ra ca Slicer li i vo b lc hi tip b(t) . u ra ca b lc hi tip , tn hiu
c lm gim . Kt qu , b phn hi tip ca DFE lm mt hin tng chng lp symbol ISI . Th tc
ny n nh vic gii hn hin tng ISI ( to ra mc ngng v ISI , nu c th xy ra ISI th Slicer s

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cho php mt hi tip m v b lc hi tip nhm hn ch tn hiu ra , trnh xy ra ISI ) m khng cn

khuch i nhiu ( mc ch khuch i nhiu l lm gim t s SNR ) .
Ch :
Tt nhin , tha nhn rng cc quyt nh c to ra bi slicer khng lun lun chnh xc . Tuy
nhin , khi kh nng li c th xy ra thp ( 10

-7 )

, th gi thuyt ny ny cho php mt s phn tch n

gin hn v s hot ng ca b DFE .

trnh by vic tnh ton hot ng ca b lc hi tip , nn xem xt vic ti u ho ca k
thut lm gim thiu li squared error ng ra b slicer . Gi tr li mong mun c th c vit nh cng
thc 7.3.1 .
Phng trnh 7.3.1
Gi s r(t) l hm p ng ca kt hp ca cc b phn nh hnh 7-3-1 trn . Ta thy ti ti ng
vo ca b slicer c cu thnh 3 s hng ; 3 s hng ny gm 2 thnh phn tn hiu v nhiu t b lc
hng

ti

thnh

phn

tn

hiu hi tip . V
vy Yk c vit
nh phng trnh
7.3.2 bn cnh.
Trong
phng trnh 7.3.2 , cc kt qu n gin dng th ba t s phn chia php tnh tng u tin thnh cc
s hng th hai v th ba . Nu chng ta thay phng trnh 7.3.2 bng mt phng trnh li cu phng
quared error ta s c kt qu nh phng trnh 7.3.3.
Phng trnh 7.3.3

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Lu trong phng trnh 7.3.3 , gi tr mong mun ca tt c php nhn cc s hng giao nhau
bng 0 v khng ph thuc , v v vy , vic nhn cc s hng giao nhau khng c trnh by dng
cui . Ga s rng I2 l bin ca In v No/2 l bin s hng nhiu , phng trnh 7.3.3 c n gin nh
phng trnh 7.3.4 .
Phng trnh 7.3.4

Ch rng cc s hng trong phng trnh 7.3.4 th dng v ch s hng lin quan th hai lin
quan cc h s t b lc hi tip . Ta c th d dng nhn thy rng bn = rn vi n>0 th hiu qu ca b
lc hi tip ti u . Kt qa ny s buc s hng th hai ca ca phng trnh 7.3.4 bng 0 v cc tiu
jMSE i vi b lc hi tip . Mt cch logic , gi tr ny xy n v rn ( vi n>0 ) xc nh s giao thoa t
cc symbol trc ti ng vo hin ti slicer . S lp li hot ng ny trong b lc hi tip v s gim tr
ng ra ca n lm xa hin tng giao thoa k t ISI .
Tr li li cu phng , gim thiu li cu phng , jMSE , bng cc k thut tiu chun ti u v
gii quyt bi b lc hng ti ( feed Forward Fillter ) . Hn na , s ti u c th c thc hin trong
b lc xung b pht . Kt qu l b lc hng ti l mt b lc phi hp bng mt ng mc r tr .

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Ch :
Nu b lc phi hp c trin khai pha u ca b lc hng ti , n n gin l ng mc
r tr .
Phng trnh 7.3.5 cho kt qu MSE sau khi c n gin .
Phng trnh 7.3.5

SNRf

trong phng trnh ny i din SNR c khoanh vng ng vo b thu cho bi

phng trnh 7.3.6 .

Phng trnh 7.3.6

Trong phng trnh ny , C(f) l p ng kt

hp ca b lc dng sng xung v knh . Kt qu
SNR ng vo ti b Slicer c ch phng trnh
7.3.7 .
Phng trnh 7.3.7
Xc sut gi tr dng th hai ca phng trnh
7.3.7 bao hm tt c cc JMSE < 1 .
Lu v s khc nhau gia SNRf v SNRs . Ci u tin l hm tn s biu din t s SNGR ca
cng sut tn hiu trn nhiu u phn u b thu mt tn s cho . Cng sut tn hiu trong
trng hp ny c cu thnh ca nng lng tn hiu t nhiu symbol gy ra ISI . S hng th hai ,

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SNRs , l t s SNR ng vo thit b quyt nh ( b lc qua quyt nh hi tip ) . Cng sut tn hiu
trong trng hp ny ch do nng lng ca symbol vo b Slicer . Cng sut nhiu do nhiu nn v bt
c nhiu no sinh ra bi ISI .
Phn tch cc DFE trn quan im ny c gi thit trn mt h thng PAM . Mt DFE c th
c p dng ti h thng CAP/QAM gii m symbol thu c tt . Hnh 7.3.2 trnh by cu trc c
bn mt DFE - B cn bng qua quyt nh hi tip trong mt h CAP/QAM .
Hnh 7.3.2

Lu rng c hai ng dn I v Q c mt b lc hng ti feed forward fillter . Hn na , 4 b lc

hi tip hin hu , cho php kt thc s
giao thoa trn hai nhnh do bi cc b
phn trn hai nhnh I v Q . Phng trnh
7.3.8 cho bit SNR ng vo Slicer trong
b DFE ca CAM/QAM .
Phng trnh 7.3.8 .

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Gii hn SNRr v SNRf cho bi phng trnh 7.3.9 .

Phng trnh 7.3.9

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VIII. TIN M HA THP - TOMLINSON - HARASHIMA

( TOMLINSON - HARASHIMA PRECODING)
Mc d cha cp su phn u , tin m ha TOMLINSON , i lc gi l tin m ha
TOMLINSON - HARASHIMA (THP) ; lin quan n " cn bng hi tip - quyt nh" . S khc nhau
chnh gia hai ci l trong THP , b lc hi tip khng hin din trong b thu , nhng d nhin mt b lc
hi tip tin m ha
c hin din trong
b pht . Hnh 8-1
trnh by h thng
THP n gin .

Hnh 8-1 : Trnh by b tin m ha TOMLINSON - HARASHIMA trong mt b pht vi mt

knh v mt b thu .
Ton t r(x) trong hnh 8-1 l mt ton t modulo . Khng quan tm ti ton t , ng ra ca b thu
cho bi phng trnh 8.1 .
Phng trnh 8.1

Hnh 8-2 trnh by mt DFE vi ghi ch tng t .

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Hnh 8-2 l s khi ca " b cn bng quyt nh - hi tip " .

Gi s cc quyt nh l tng , ng vo Slicer c biu din bng phng trnh 8.2 . Trong
phng trnh 8.2 , dng th 2 phn nh gi thit quyt nh l tng .
Phng trnh 8.2

Trong trng hp cng bc Zero - Zero forcing , khng c xy ra ISI ti u vo thit b ra

quyt nh . Trong THP , ta c phng trnh 8.3 .
Phng trnh 8.3

Trong DFE , iu kin cng bc zero bt buc phng trnh 8.4 phi hin hu .
Phng trnh 8.4

Lu rng phng trnh 8.4 c th c vit thnh phng trnh 8.5 .

Phng trnh 8.5

V kt qu ny ph hp phng trnh 8.3 , r rng rng cng bc zero - ZF t trn cc cc b

lc THP cc kt qu ging vi cc yu cu c t trn cc b lc DFE . V vy , ti u ho F(f) , B(f)
ging nhau trong 2 h thng .

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iu kin MSE ng dng trong THP khng c kt qu trong mt s so snh trc quan vi DFE .
Tuy nhin , n c th c chng t rng iu kin tt nht cho F(f) v B(f) trong MSE l nhn bit c
n trong MSE DFE .

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IX. CN BNG MIN TN S - FDE

FREQUENCY DOMAIN EQUALIZATION
S cn bng c th c thc hin trong min tn s thay v trong min thi gian . Cho mt tn
hiu S(t) v b lc khng i theo thi gian vi p ng xung s(t) , mi quan h cn bn gia vic lc (
kt hp ) trong min thi gian v vic lc trong min tn s c cho bi phng trnh 9.1
Phng trnh 9.1

Du <=> trong phng trnh ny biu din bin i Fourier . Cc t khc , s kt hp trong min
thi gian tng ng php nhn trong min tn s , nh trnh by hnh 9-1 .

Hnh 9-1 : Th hin tnh hai mt min thi gian - min tn s ca b lc .

R rng k thut iu ch nh DMT c lin quan n bin i gia min thi gian v min tn s
b thu dng bin i ri rc Fourier , t n gip thm vic cn bng min tn s . Trng hp ny ,
mt php nhn s phc cc gi tr thu trong mi knh DMT s cn bng y knh . Tuy vy , cng cn
xem xt mc thc t trc khi trin khai .
Lu :

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S cn bng i khi c mm do hn nhiu trong min thi gian . Cc b lc di c ngha

quan trng thc t lin quan n s tit kim s php nhn cn thit .
Gi s rng c 2 tn hiu s(t) v h(t) c ly mu v thc hin phn tch Fourier vi N im . Kt
qu cc php nhn cc phn min tn s lin quan n cc gi tr min thi gian ly mu nh phng
trnh 9.2 .
Phng trnh 9.2
Cc tha s trong phng trnh 9.2 biu din kch c cc mu . S khc nhau cn bn gia hai
phng trnh 9.1 v 9.2 ; mt ci c s kt hp ( convolution ) c tnh chu k v ci cn li c s kt hp
c tnh tuyn tnh ( phng trnh 9.2 ) . Vi cc min ri rc , php nhn trong min tn s tng ng
s kt hp ( convolution ) c tnh chu k trong min thi gian . Vn r rng hn vi vic trin khai trc
tip vic cn bng min tn s , ng ra ca mt knh ( i dy ) trng ging mt s kt hp ( convolution
) tuyn tnh ca u vo v p ng knh khng phi l s kt hp ( convolution ) c tnh chu k .
to ng ra ging nh mt s kt hp ( convolution ) c tnh chu k , mt tin t chu k ( cyclic
prefix ) c thm vo mi k t symbol pht trn knh . Qui trnh lin quan vic thm vo cc mu L
cui trong symbol ti s bt u ca symbol trc khi gi n ln knh . Nu symbol nguyn thu di N
mu th symbol kt qu s di N + L mu nh trnh by hnh 9-2 .

Hnh 9-2 : V d v Khi chn tin t chu k .

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 b thu , ch c N mu c x l , v cc mu L c tch ra . Tuy vy , khi di N xut hin

s hnh thnh s kt hp ( convolution ) c chu k . Ni cch khc , knh c to ra chu k ho .
Lu rng vic thm mt tin t chu k lm tng thm overhead v lm gim s lng tin tc
truyn trn knh . Trong cc khi d liu di ( s N ln ) . Overhead ny thng l mu nh ca ti (
payload ) v c th b qua . Cng vy , nu p ng xung ca knh ln hn chiu di ca tin t chu k
thm th nng lng t symbol trc s cn vng vi vo cc mu N ( ang x l ) , v knh n khng
di ging bng 1 chu k . S vic ny thng xy ra . Gii php l kt hp s cn bng min thi gian
u v cui trc khi b cc mu N b thu . S cn bng u v cui c th hiu qu ngn ti p ng
knh ti cc mu N ngay tc khc , v vy n khi phc li chu k ho nh mong mun .

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X. SA DNG SNG ( SHAPING )

Cc b lc sa dng sng thng dng ng ra b iu ch . Cc b lc s hay tng t u
c dng . Thng hu ht vic sa dng sng c dng m bo dng sng ng ra ca b pht
gi ng yu cu ph thch hp . Sa dng sng cng l mt thch thc , lm sao nng lng ngoi
bng phi c tiu hao thch hp v nng lng trong bng phi gim thiu c mo.

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XI. S KHI C TRNG CA CA MT H THNG

THU PHT ADSL

Cc phn ni dung trnh by va qua l s m t v chc nng nhim v v cch thc hot
ng ca cc cc b phn cu thnh nn mt b thu pht ADSL hon chnh . Ta c s c trng mt
h thng thu pht ADSL nh hnh 11-1 sau y :

Hnh 11-1 S khi mt thit b thu pht ADSL .

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