UNIT-V

Z TRANSFORMS
PART-A
Define Z Transform of a function f(n)

1.
Solution:

Let f n be a sequence defined for n n 0, 1, 2, 3,...... then Z-transform is defined as

Z f n

f n z n ,

Where z is a complex number

F ( z)

Show that
2.
Solution:

z[1]

z
z 1

Here f n 1

By the definition of Z-transform

Z [1] 1.z n
n 0

1
n
n 0 z
1 1 1
1 2 3 ...
z z z

1
1
1
1 for | | 1 Using [Q 1 x 1 x x 2 ...if | x | 1]
z
z

1
1
z
z

z 1

Prove that Z 1 log

, n 0.
3.
n
z
1
Solution:
By the definition of Z-transform

1 n
1
Z z
n 1 n
n

1 z 1 1 z 2 1 z 3 ......
3
1
2
z 1

z 1

......

log 1 z 1

Using log 1 x x

x 2 x3
.....
2 3

1
log 1
z

Prove that Z 1 z log z

n 1
4.
z 1
Solution:

By the definition of Z-transform

1
1 n
Z
z

n 1
n 0 n 1

1
1
1
z 0 z 1 z 2 .....
1
2
3
1
1
1 2 .....
(Multiply and divide it by z)
2 z 3z
1 1 1 1 1

3 .....
2
3z
z 2z

1 1

1
z z
z
.....
z

2
3

z log 1
z

z log
z 1

Using log 1 x x

x 2 x3
.....
2 3

z 1

z log

1
z

z log

n 1
z
1

Prove that Z [a n ]

z
za

5.
Solution:
By the definition of Z-transform,

Z [a n ]

a n z n

n 0

an
n
n 0 z

a

n 0 z

a a
1 ....
z z

a
1
z

u sin g 1 x

1 x x 2 x 3 .....

z
a
1
za
z

6. Find Z [4.3n 2( 1) n ]
Solution:
using linear property

Z [4.3n 2(1) n ] Z [4.3n ] Z [2( 1) n ]

4Z [3n ] 2 Z [(1) n ]
4.

z
z
2.
z 3
z 1

n
Find Z a
n !
7.

Solution:
By the definition of Z-Transform

a n
Z
n!

an n
z
n 0 n!

z
Z a n
za

az 1
n!

n 0

1
eaz

az

1!

az 1
2!

...

a
ez

Prove that
8.
Solution:

Z [nf (n)] z

using e x 1

x x2
...
1! 2!

d
f z
dz

By the definition of Z-Transform

Z [ f (n)] f n z n
n 0

d
d
f z f n zn
dz
dz n0

d
f n z n
dz
n 0

f n (n) z n1
n 0

f n (n) z n z 1
n 0

z 1 nf n z n
n 0

1
Z [nf (n)]
z
d
Z [nf (n)] z f z
dz
Find Z t 2e t

9.
Solution:
By first shifting theorem,

Z e at f t F z

zze

aT

where F z Z f t

2
Here , f t t and a 1

Z f t Z t 2

Z nT

T 2 Z n 2
T 2.

z z 1

z 1

Q Z n2

z z 1

3
z 1

z z 1
3
z 1

Z et .t 2 T 2

z zeT

T
T
ze
ze

T2
3

zeT 1

Find

10.

Z eiat

Solution:

By first shifting theorem,

Z eiat

Z eiat .1

Z 1

z zeiaT

z 1 z zeiaT
zeiaT
iaT
ze 1

Find Z(n+2)
11.
Solution:
Using linear property
Z n 2 Z n Z 2
= Z n 2 Z 1

z 1

2.

z
z 1

z
Q z 1 z 1

z 2 z z 1

z 1

z 2z2 2z
( z 1) 2

3z 2 z 2

z 1

State the Initial and Final value theorems of Z transform

12.
Solution:
Initial value theorem:
If Z f n

F z = f 0 = lim
f 0
= F z then lim
z
t0

Final value theorem:

If

Z f t

Then

lim
t

= F z

f t = lim
z1

z 1 F z

Find the initial and final values of the function F z =

13.
Solution:
By initial value theorem, we have,
f 0

1 z 1
z 1 0.25 z 2

F z
= zlim

= lim

Lim z
1

f 0

1
1 0.25

1
1
1
= 1

z 1 .
= lim
z1

1
z

1 0.25

By final value theorem,

f

1 z 1 .
1 0.25 z 2

1 z 1
1 0.25 z 2

1
z2

1
0

lim z 1
z1

(1 1).
=

1
z

1 0.25
1
1

1 0.25

1
z2

1
1

Define Inverse Z-transforms:

14.
Solution:
The inverse of Z-transform of
When

f z

is defined as

Z f n f z

Z 1 f z f n ,

Define convolution of two sequences

15.
Solution:
The convolution of two sequences

f n and g n

is defined as

f ( n) g ( n ) f ( r ) g ( n r )
r 0

State the convolution theorem for Z transforms

16.
Solution:
The convolution of two functions is defined by
Z f (n) g (n) F ( z ).G ( z )
Use convolution theorem to find the inverse Z-transform of

17.
Solution:

z 2
z
z
1
Z

Z
.
z a z a
z a 2

z2

z a 2

 a * a
n

a . a
r

r 0
n

n r

r 0

n 1 a

Define Unit impulsive function of Z transforms.

18.
Solution:
A discrete unit impulse function is defined by
k 0
1,
k : 1,0,0,0
k 0
0,
n

1
20. Find the Z-transform of f ( n)* g ( n) if f (n) and g (n) cos n
2
Solution:
1
Z [ f (n)] Z
2
z

1
z
2
F (z)

Z [ g (n)] Z [cos n ]n
Z [(1) n ]
z
z 1
G( z)

Z [ f (n)* g (n)] F ( z ).G ( z )

z
.
1 z 1
z
2

2z2
(2 z 1)( z 1)

2z 2
2z 2 z 1
PART-B

2
(i) Prove that Z cos t
1.

1
and Z n
7

Solution:
2
We know that cos t

Z (cos 2 t ) Z

1 cos 2t
2
1 cos 2t
1
Z (1) Z (cos 2t )

2
2

1 z
z ( z cos 2T )

2
2 z 1 z 2 z cos 2T 1
z
we knowthat Z a n
za

(ii) Find Z sin

2

Solution:

and

z
1
7
7z

7z 1

Z cos

n
We know that Z a
za
n
in
z
i
Z e 2 Z e 2 =
i

z e 2

cos i sin
2
2

z iz
z2 1
2

z z i
z
2
z i
z 1

n
n

z 2 iz
i sin
i.e, Z cos
2
2
2

z 1
By equating real and imaginary part and using linear property, we get
n
z2

Z cos 2
2
z 1

n
z

Z sin 2
2
z 1

2.

(i) Prove that Z cosh at sin bt

Solition:

e at e at

1
sin
bt
Z e at sin bt Z e at sin bt

2
2

1
z sin bT
z sin bT
2

2 z 2 z cos bT 1 z ze aT z 2 z cos bT 1 z zeaT

Z cosh at sin bt Z

(by shifting property)

1
ze aT sin bT
zeaT sin bT
2 2aT

2 z e
2 ze aT cos bT 1 z 2e2aT 2 zeaT cos bT 1

2 n
and Z sin(3n 5)
(ii) Find Z sin
4

Solution:
n

1 cos

2
Z sin 2
z

4
2

1
n

Z 1 Z cos

2
2

1 z
z2

2 z 1 z 2 1

Z sin(3n 5) Z sin 3n cos5 cos3nsin 5

2
using sin x

1 cos 2 x
2

 cos5Z sin 3n sin 5Z cos3n

z ( z cos a)
Q Z cos an 2
z 2 z cos a 1
z sin a
Z sin an 2
z 2 z cos a 1
z sin 3
z ( z cos3)
cos5 2
sin 5 2
z 2 z cos3 1
z 2 z cos3 1
3. (i) Find

Z n 2

Solution:

t
& Z e sin 2t

Z n2
= z

= z

To find

d
Z n
dz

d
z

dz z 1 2

z 1

= Z n n

z 1

Q Z n

z .2 z 1

4
z 1

z 1 2 z
3
z 1

z 1
3
z 1

z z 1

z 1

Z e t sin 2t

We know that,

Z e at f (t ) F ( z ) zzeaT

Z et sin 2t Z (sin 2t )
Z sin at

z sin aT
z 2 z cos aT 1
2

z zeT

Formula:

z sin 2T

z 2 z cos 2T 1

z zeT

zeT sin 2T
z 2e2T 2 zeT cos 2T 1

z3

1
(ii) Find Z

z 1

z 2

Solution:

F z

Let

Now

z3

z 1 z 2

F z
z

B
C

2
z 1 z 1
z2

z2

z 1 z 2
2

i.e, z 2 = A z 1 z 2 B z 2 c z 1
Put

z 1 , B 1
z2, C 4

Equating coefficient of z 2 , we get,

1 = A C A 3

F z
=
z

3
1
4

2
z 1 z 1
z2

i.e., F z =

Z 1 F z

3 z
z
4z

2
z 1 z 1
z2

z
z
z

Z
4 Z 1

z 1
z 2
z 1

1
= 3Z

3 1 n 4 2
n

4. Find the inverse Z-transform of F ( z )

1
, z a using power
1 az 1

series method.
Solution:
Since the ROC is

z a , which is outside of the circle whose

radius is a unit; the sequence is unilateral or casual. In the unilateral

sequence, since all powers of z are negative, we perform the long division
such that the powers of z are negative. The long division is performed as
follows to get power series expansion.

1 a1 z 1 a 2 z 2 a 3 z 3
1 az 1

1 az 1
az 1
az 1 a 2 z 2
a 2 z 2
a 2 z 2 a 3 z 3
a 3 z 3
a 3 z 3 a 4 z 4
a 4 z 4 ......

Thus, we get the series,

F ( z ) 1 az 1 a 2 z 2 a 3 z 3 ..........
=

1
,
1 az 1

za

or

F ( z ) a n z n
n 0

Comparing this sequence with the basic definition, we have

f ( n ) a n u ( n)
2 z 2 4 z
5. Find Z
, by using Residue theorem.
3
z 2
1

Solution:

Let

2z2 4z
F ( z)
3
z 2

z F ( z) z
n1

2z 4z
3
z 2
2

n1

z n1z (2 z 4)

3
z 2

z n (2 z 4)
3
z 2

Here z = 2 is a pole of order 3

Re s z n1F ( z )

z 2

Lim
z 2

1 d2
2 z n1 4 z n
3
z

3
2! dz 2
z 2

1 d
2(n 1) z n 4nz n 1
z 2 2! dz
1
Lim 2n(n 1) z n1 4n(n 1) z n2
z 2 2!
1
2 n 1 nz n 1 4n n 1 z n 1 z 2

Lim

1 n 2
2 n n n 2 n
2
1
2 n 2n 2
2

1 n
2 2n 2
2
2n n 2

2n n 2
f (n) sum of the residues of z n 1 F ( z ) at its poles
2n n 2 , n 0
2 z 2 4 z
2n n 2 , n 0
3
z 2

Z 1

6.

Find Z 1

z 2 , by using Residue theorem

z 2 4

Solution:
Let

z2
F ( z) 2
z 4

z F ( z) z
n1

n1

z2
z2 4

n1
z2

z 4

n 1
z

z 2i z 2i

The poles are z = 2i and z = -2i (simple pole)

n 1

z
Re s z n1F ( z ) Lim z 2i
z 2i
z 2i
z 2i z 2i

2i

n 1

4i
n
2i 2i

4i
n
2i

2
n 1 n
2 i

Re s z n1F ( z ) Lim z 2i

z 2i

z 2i

2i

n1

2i

z n1
z 2i z 2i

4i

2i

4i
n

2
i

1 2 (i)

2
1 2n (i)n
2
2n1 (i)n
f ( n)

= Sum of the residues of

z n1F ( z )

at its poles.

2n1(i)n 2n1(i)n

2n1 cos

n
n
n
n
i sin
cos i sin
2
2
2
2
FORMULA:

n
n
i sin
2
2
n
n
(i)n cos i sin
2
2

Q (i)n cos

2n1 2cos n
2n cos

n
2

z2
n
Z 2 2n cos , n 0
2
z 4
1

Solve the difference equation

7.

y n 3 3 y n 1 2 y n 0 given y 0 4, y 1 0 and y 2 8
Solution:

Taking Z-transforms on both sides of the given equation, we have

Z y n 3 3Z y n 1 2Z y n 0
z 3 y z z 3 y 0 z 2 y 1 zy 2

3 zy z zy 0 2 y z 0

Giventhat y 0 4, y 1 0 and y 2 8
z 3 y 4 z 3 8 z 3z y 12 z 2 y 0

z3 3z 2 y 4 z 3 4 z
3
y 34 z 4 z

z 3z 2

4 z z 2 1

z 3 3z 2

4 z 2 1
y z

2
z
z

1
z 2

4 z 1 z 1

z 1 z 2
2

4 z 1
z 1 z 2

4 z 1
A
B

z 1 z 2 z 1 z 2

4 z 1 A z 2 B z 1
Put z = 1, 8 = 3A , we get

A 8

Put z = -2,-4 = -3B, we get

B 4
3

4 z 1
z 1 z 2

4
3 3
z 1 z 2

8 z
4 z

3 z 1 3 z 2
8 z
4 z
y z

3 z 1 3 z 2
8 z
4 z
i.e., Z y (n)

3 z 1 3 z 2
4 z
8 z
i.e., y (n) Z 1

3 z 1 3 z 2
y z

8
4 1 z
z
Z 1

Z
3
3 z 2
z 1
8 n 4
n
1 2 , n 0
3
3
Solve the difference equation
8.

y k 2 4 y k 1 4 y k 0 given y 0 1, y 1 0
Solution:
Given

y k 2 4 y k 1 4 y k 0 given y 0 1, y 1 0

Taking Z-transform on both sides, we get

Z y k 2 4 y k 1 4 y k 0

Z y k 2 Z 4 y k 1 Z 4 y k 0

z 2 y z 2 y 0 zy 1 4 zy zy 0 4 y 0, where y Z y(k )

Given y(0) = 1 ,y(1)= 0

z2 y z2 4z y 4z 4 y 0
z 2 4 z 4 y z 4 z
2

2
y 2z 4z
z 4z 4

y z2( z 4)
z 4z 4
y ( z 4)
z z2 4z 4
( z 4)

( z 2)2
( z 4) A B
( z 2)2 z 2 z 2 2

------(A)

z 4 A( z 2) B

i.e,

Put z 2 ,
Put z 0 ,

B 2
2 A B 4

A 1

Substituting A 1 and B 1 in (1), we get,

i.e,

( z 4) 1 2
( z 2)2 z 2 z 2 2
y
1

z z 2

z 2

z 2z
z 2 z2 2

Z y (n)

y (n ) z

z z 1 2 z

2
z 2
z 2


= 2n n 2n
n
= 2 (1 n)

(1)

Substituting (1) in (A), we get,

y(n) 2n (1 n), n 0

1
9. Using convolution theorem evaluate Z

z2

z 1 z 3

Solution:

z2

Z 1

z
z
z 1 z 3

1
= Z

z 1 z 3

z
z

Z 1

z 1
z 3

Z 1

z
n
Q Z a z a

= 1n 3n

r 0

(3)nr

(3)nr

r 0
3n 3n1 3n 2 ........ 31 30
1 3 ....... 3n

z2

Z 1

3n1 1

3 1

z 1 z 3

3n1 1
2

8z 2
10. Find the Z

(2 z 1) 4 z 1
1

using convolution theorem

Solution:

8z

(2 z 1) 4 z 1

= Z

8z
1
1
2( z )4( z )

2
4
2

z
= Z
1
1
z
z

2
4
1

1
z
z
= Z
Z
1
z 1

z
z
1

Z
1
1

z
z

2
4

1
= Z

1 1
=
2 4
1
=
r 0 2
n

1
=
2

nr

1

4

n n

1

r 0 2

1

2

n n

1

2

n n

1

2

n n

1

2

n n

1

2

n n

1

2

n n

1
2
r0
4

2r

r0

r 0

r 0

r 0

1
2r
2

1
2 2 2r

r 2 r

1
r
2

1
2 2
2
r0

 1

2

n n

1

r 0 2

n 1

1
n 1
1
2
=
2 1 1

FORMULA:

1 a a 2 a3 ...........

1 an an 1
or
1 a
a 1

1
n 1
1
2
=
3
2

2
2 1

3 2

2 1

3 2

2

3

1
1
2

n

1 1
1

2 2

1
1

2
3
n

n1

1
1

2
2

2 1
1 1

3 2
3 4

n 1