MC LC

I. Thc trng s dng cht mu : ..................................................................... 3

II.

Tng quan v cht to mu trong thc phm: .......................................... 5

1. Lch s hnh thnh: ....................................................................................... 5

2. Vai tr trong thc phm ................................................................................ 6
III. Cht to mu t nhin ................................................................................ 7
1. Khi nim: .................................................................................................... 7
2. Phn loi: ...................................................................................................... 8

Clorophyll: ................................................................................................ 9
Carotenoit ............................................................................................... 12
Antoxyan .................................................................................................. 14
IV.

Ngun chit xut v phng php trch ly: ............................................. 17

1) Ngun chit xut: ....................................................................................... 17

a. Clorophyll ............................................................................................... 17
b. Carotenoid ............................................................................................... 17
c. Antoxyan .................................................................................................. 17
2) Phng php trch ly: ................................................................................. 17
a. Clorophyll ............................................................................................... 19
b. Carotenoid : ............................................................................................ 20
c. Antoxyan: ................................................................................................ 21
Bo qun: ................................................................................................... 21
V. ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm : ..................................................... 21

a. Chlorophyll................................................................................................. 22
b. Carotenoid: ................................................................................................ 23
c. Antoxyan ..................................................................................................... 25
VI.

Ngng s dng v lu : ........................................................................ 26

a. Ngng s dng: ........................................................................................ 26

Nhm mu Chlorofil ................................................................................ 27
Nhm mu Carotenoid ............................................................................. 27
Nhm mu Antoxyan: .............................................................................. 27
b. Nhng lu : .............................................................................................. 27

Nhm mu Chlorofill ............................................................................... 27

Nhm mu Carotenoid ............................................................................. 28
Nhm mu Antoxyanyl: ............................................................................ 29
VI. MT S CHT MU T NHIN KHC : ............................................. 29

Curcumin .................................................................................................... 29
Riboflavin (lactoflavin) hoc vitaminB2 ..................................................... 30
Axit cacminic ........................................................................................... 30
Caramen ................................................................................................... 31
Polyphenol .................................................................................................. 31
VII. KT LUN: .............................................................................................. 32
a. u im: ..................................................................................................... 32
b. Nhc im: ............................................................................................... 33
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................. 35

I.

Thc trng s dng cht mu :

Trn th trng phm mu c s dng rt ph bin vi hu ht cc loi sn phm

thc phm nh bnh, mt, ko, cc loi ung, ru mu v cc sn phm ch
bin t tht nh tht quay, ch qu, xc xch
mi nc, c mt bn danh mc cc cht mu thc phm ring, c cht c
php s dng nc ny nhng li b cm nc khc. Tuy nhin, tt c u
thng nht l phng s lm dng cc cht mu cho thm vo thc phm,
trc khi s dng mi cht phi c nghin cu k v an ton cht lng .
Theo nguyn tc, phm mu thc phm phi m bo cc yu cu nh, th nht,
phm mu khng gy c hi sau mt thi gian s dng bng ng tiu ha v
khng qua ng tiu ha trn t nht l hai loi sc vt trong c mt loi khng
gm nhm,vi liu lng thng thy trong thc n. Sau khi quan st sut c
mt i con vt cn phi theo di t nht l hai th h sau ca loi .
Th hai, nhng phm mu s dng khng c l ngun gc gy ung th cho
ngi v qua thc nghim phi khng c gy ung th cho mt loi sc vt no
, vi bt k liu lng no, vo c th bng bt c con ng no. Phm mu
bo m ng nht v thun khit khng c ln vi nhng sn phm khng cho
php, phi cha ti thiu 60% phm mu nguyn cht, cht ph phi l cc cht
khng c nh ng, tinh bt.
Theo Hi Khoa hc K thut an ton thc phm Vit Nam, t xa xa, nhn dn ta
bit nhum mu thc phm t nhng nguyn liu thc vt nh gc, ngh, dnh
dnh, t, c chua.... Cc cht mu t nhin liu dng khng gii hn, ngoi cht
mu th cc sn phm t nhin cn cung cp cho chng ta ngun dinh dng v
cc cht vi lng khc rt tt cho sc khe. Tuy vy cc mu t nhin thng

khng bn mu trong mi trng axt. Do , vi tnh cht cng nghip, ngy nay,
ngi ta thng s dng phm mu tng hp, thng p v bn mu. C th dng
hn hp nhiu mu pha ln vi nhau to thnh mt mu mi theo tng loi sn
phm.
cc nc chu u khuyn co 6 cht ph gia b cm dng trong thc phm
cho tr nh v tr di 3 tui trong c cc phm mu tartrazine (mu vng
chanh); qiunoline (mu vng), Brilliant Blue (xanh); sunset yellow (vng),
carmoisine (mu ), carmine (mu son ), Allura red AC () v cht bo qun
Natri benzoate.
Mt s nghin cu cho bit khi s dng cc cht mu ny kt hp vi Natri
benzoate th s lm cho tr hiu ng thi qu, do vy ngh vin chu u thng
qua lut bt buc sau ngy 20/7/2010 cc thc phm c s dng phm mu phi
ghi trn nhn sn phm dng ch Thc phm c s dng phm mu ngi
tiu dng bit m chn la khi s dng cho tr.
Cn Vit Nam, mc d hin nay, qun l s dng phm mu c nhc n
nhiu nhng chng ta vn cha kim sot ht vic bun bn v nhp khu nguyn
liu ny. Phm mu khng c ngun gc xut x c by bn v s dng trn lan
trn th trng hu ht l phm mu cng nghip cha nhiu tp cht, khng nm
trong danh mc cho php s dng nhng li c bn mu cao v tnh bo qun
lu di.
Qua thanh tra th trng cho thy, trong 203 mu nguyn liu gm 9 loi mu th
100% mu xanh dng, tm nho, hng, u l nhng mu khng nm trong danh
mc cho php v ch c 2/32 mu mu xanh l cy l cho php.
Nguy hi hn tng t c phm mu Sudan v ht da nhum phm mu
Rhodamine B c hi c pht hin trn th trng Vit Nam
Kt qu xt nghim trn 50 mu thc phm m Vin Kim nghim an ton thc
phm quc gia thc hin trc dp l tt cho thy c n 80% mu ht da, t bt

cha Rhodamine- B - cht nhum mu cc k c hi, c th gy ung th. Nh

vy, vic bun bn, s dng phm mu ng bo ng v phi c qun l ht
sc cht ch.
Ngoi ra mt iu ng ch l ngi tiu dng lun c thi quen s dng cc sn
phm bt mt diu khin cho cc nh sn xut tm mi cch s dng phm mu
trong qu trnh ch bin, nht l mu tng hp.
II.

Tng quan v cht to mu trong thc phm:

1. Lch s hnh thnh:

-T xa xa,con ngi con ngi tnh ton thm hoc thay i mu sc t
nhin trong thc phm t thi rt sm to nn
nhng mu sc mong mun trong qu trnh ch
bin thc phm. Ngi Ai Cp c i s dng
mu vng t ngh ty trong nu nng.
-Nm 400 TCN nhng ngi La M giu c n
bnh m trng c lm trng bng cch s dng
phn bt.
- Trong ngi nh ln ca Chu u thi trung c,
u bp s dng mu c chit xut t thc
vt. Cng vi bc tranh ca thi gian v thuc
nhm thy tinh, cc mn n cui ca thi k
Gothic c trang tr cng phu v mu sc
phong ph. Nhng thc n sang trng, b dng
c trang tr bng thch nhiu mu sc nh ,
tm, xanh dng, xanh l cy, v mu vng. Ngh ty c a t Ba T n
Anh vo gia th k 14, v chit xut mu ca chm, cy bng quy, ankanet (cy

lu ly), Saunders (g bt), cc vn th, ngh, du rum, rau mi ty, rau bina,
hoa qu, v cnh hoa thng c trong cc loi thc phm ca nhng ngi giu c.
- Trong thi k phc hng sm (1470 1530), mt nim tin ph bin chu u,
da trn tng Rp l mu trong thc phm khng ch cho gi tr dinh dng
m cn l thuc kt ni vi cc sc mnh tinh thn. n nho ngt mu th c
nhiu mu, thc phm mu en nh ht tiu hoc nm gy ra u su, v cc loi
thc phm mu vng thc y nng lng mt tri ca Thin Cha cha lnh
bnh.
- Chu u vo khong th k th mi su trong thc phm xut hin mu Cari,
paprika, brazilwood, v mu cnh kin. Ti Mexico nm 1518 Hernando Cortes
quan st thy ngi Aztec nui cc loi cn trng nh (Dactylopus mt th vi
trng costa) mu cnh kin n qu cy xng rng (qu mng ). Nhng con cn
trng tp hp sc t theo bn v mt t, i hi 70.000 xc lm cho mt
pound. Nm 1600 khong 500.000 pounds ca mu cnh kin c vn chuyn
sang Ty Ban Nha. [ 3 ]
2. Vai tr trong thc phm [ 5 ]
Mu sc cung cp thng tin trc quan v cht lng ca thc phm v iu kin
nh hng n nhn thc hng v ca thc phm.Trong t nhin, mu sc c
xc nh bi phm cht vn c ca thc n, cc loi ch ra hng v v ngt,
chn, hoc phn r. Tuy nhin, con ngi tnh ton thm hoc thay i mu
sc t nhin trong thc phm t thi rt sm v v nhiu l do cho mc ch thm
m, tng s thm n, hp dn, hiu ng biu tng, lm cho mt thc phm
khng hp dn tr nn hp dn hn.
Trong thc phm, mu gi mt a v rt quan trng. N lm cho sn phm bt mt
hn,hp dn hn, tng cm gic ngon ming,kch thch s thm n, hiu ng biu

tng v gip to nh hng tt v mt phm cht.

Mu sc l mt ch tiu rt quan trng trong 5 ch tiu nh gi cht lng cm
quan thc phm mc d n khng phi l thc phm c gi tr dinh dng.

Pasta c bin tu mu sc gip hp dn hn

III.

Cht to mu t nhin

1. Khi nim:

(Hnh nh minh ha)

Cht mu t nhin l cc cht mu c chit sut ra hoc c ch bin t cc

nguyn liu hu c (thc vt) sn c trong t nhin, nhng cht vn c v tn ti
trong cc thnh phn ca nguyn liu, mi loi nguyn liu khc nhau th s c
mu sc khc nhau mang c th ca chnh n.
Tt c cc cht mu t nhin l nhng hp cht ho hc phc tp ,c to nn
trong qu trnh sng thch ng vi cc loi thc vt.
Mc bn ca chng rt khc nhau v trong qu trnh bo qun, ch bin nhit v
cc gia cng khc s b thay i i theo nhng cch khc nhau.
Cht mu t nhin th khng gy c. [ 2 ]
2. Phn loi: [ 4 ]
Cht mu t nhin thng gp ch yu trong cc nguyn liu thc vt, v c th
chia ra 3 nhm chnh c chia lm 3 loi :
- Clorofil (sc t mu mu xanh l cy) cn gi l dip lc t hay cht mu xanh l
cy.
- Carotenoit : mu da cam, vng, i khi c mu ,cht ny c trong lc lp.
- Antoxyan : mu n tm
Tt c cc sc t ny l nhng hp cht ho hc phc tp v c to nn trong
qu trnh sng thch ng vi cc loi thc vt.
Mc bn ca chng rt khc nhau v trong qu trnh bo qun, ch bin nhit v
cc gia cng khc s b thay i i theo nhng cch khc nhau.
V vy lc dang ti sn phm thng c mu sc p, sau khi ch bin mu sc
s b km i mt phn hoc c khi mt mu hn. iu lm cho gi tr mt hng
v gi tr s dng gim i v v hp dn bn ngoi ca th n s b km.

Tnh c hi: tt c cc cht mu t nhin u khng c

Clorophyll:

S phn b chlorofyll trong nguyn sinh cht

CH=CH 2
H 3C

CH=CH2
N

N
Mg
N

N
CH3

H 3C
CH 2
O
CH 2 COOCH
3
CH 2OOC20H 39

Khi nim:

Clorofil l cht mu xanh l cy ca thc vt hay cn gi l ht dip lc .Clorofil

phn tn trong cht nguyn sinh gi l ht dip lc hay lc lp .
Hm lng clorofil trong cy xanh chim 1% cht kh.
Phn loi:
Clorofil c 2 loi
Clorofil a: c cng thc C55 H72 O4N4Mg
Clorofil b : c cng thc C55H70O6N4Mg c mu nht hn clorofil A.
T l clorofil A v clorofil B trong thc vt khong 3:1
X

CH=CH 2
H 3C

CH=CH2
N

N
Mg
N

N
CH3

H 3C
CH 2
O
CH 2

COOCH 3

CH 2OOC20H 39

Cu to ca clorofil A v B [A : X l CH3 ; B : X l CHO]

Tnh cht:

L tnh:
- L mt cht kt tinh
- Khng tan trong nc, tan trong ru, ete, benzen (cc dung dch u c mu
xanh)

 Ha tnh:
- Di tc dng ca nhit , acid ca dch bo th mu xanh b mt i v Mg b
acid ly mt v Chlorophyl bin thnh pheophytin mu sm oliu.
Chlorophyl + 2HX MgX2 + Pheophytin (mu sm oliu)
V vy nhng sn phm thc phm chua nh l me b mt mu xanh v c mu
oliu ngay trong qu trnh chn
- Khi cho tc dng vi kim nh (carbonat km v kim th) th chng s trung ho
acid v mui acid ca dch bo v to nn mi trng kim lm chlorophyl b x
phng ho cho sn phm c mu xanh m, l cc mui phc tp c Mg gi l
chlorophylin hay chlorophylit.
Chlorophyl a + kim (C32H30ON4Mg)(COOH)2 + CH3OH + ruphytol
Chlorophyl b + kim (C32H28O2N4Mg)(COOH)2 + CH3 OH + ru phytol
- Clorofil cng b oxy ho do oxy v nh sng do tip xc vi cc lipid b oxy ho
hoc do tc dng ca enzym lipoxydaza
- Di tc dng ca Fe, Sn, Al, Cu, th Mg trong chlorophyl s b thay th v cho
mu khc nh:
+ Vi Fe: cho mu nu
+ Vi Sn, Al: cho mu xm
+ Vi Cu: cho mu xanh sng bn

 Carotenoit

C rt

Gc

C chua

Khi nim:
- L nhm sc t ho tan trong cht bo lm cho qu v rau c mu da cam, vng
i khi .
- Nhm ny gm 60-70 sc t t nhin, tiu biu l carotenoid, xanthophyl,
capxanthin
- Hm lng trong l xanh chim khong 0,07-0,2% cht kh.

 Phn loi:
Gm khong 60-70 cht mu thc vt
+ Licopen: mu , c nhiu trong c chua.
+ Caroten: mu da cam, c nhiu trong c rt, m.
+ Xanthophyl: mu vng lng trng g (C40H56O), c nhiu trong l xanh, rau
xanh cng vi chlorophyl v caroten, ng thi n cng c trong c chua cng vi
licopen.
+ Capxanthin: C40H58O3, l dn xut ca caroten, nhng c mu nht hn cc
carotenoid khc 10 ln. Chim 7/8 tng s cht mu ca t.
+ Criptoxanthin: mu da cam c nhiu trong cam qut (C 40H56O)
+ Astacxanthin: l dn xut ca caroten c mu vng , c cc loi gip xc.
Tnh cht:
L tnh
- Kt tinh dng tinh th, hnh kim, hnh khi lng tr, a din, dng l hnh thoi.
-Nhit nng chy cao: 130- 220 0C
- Khng tan trong nc. nhng li tan trong dung mi hu c.
Ha tnh:
- Rt nhy (khng bn) vi acid v cht oxy ho.
- Bn vng i vi kim.
- Da vo quang ph hp thu ca n, ngi ta thy kh nng hp th nh sng ph
thuc vo ni i lin hp, ph thuc vo nhm C9 mch thng hay mch
vng,cng nh vo nhm chc gn trn vng. Ngoi ra trong mi dung mi ho

tan khc nhau,kh nng hp th nh sng ti a cng khc nhau vi cng 1 loi.
Kh nng hp th nh sng mnh, ch cn 1 gam cng c th thy bng mt thng
- Cc carotinoit bn vi s thay i pH ca mi trng v cc cht kh, nhng
khng bn vi tc dng ca nhit v nh sng .Do c h thng ni i lin hp nn
n d b oxi ha mt mu hoc ng phn ha, hydroha to mu khc v vy
khng nn s dng cho cc sn phm lm t tht v trong qu trnh sn xut phi
qua giai on x l nhit.
+ Cc tc nhn nh hng n bn mu : nhit ,nh sng,phn ng oxy ha
trc tip,tc dng ca ion kim loi,enzyme,nc.
- Carotenoid khi b oxy ha to hp cht c mi thm nh cc aldehyde khng no
hoc ketone ng vai tr to hng thm cho tr.

Antoxyan [ 6 ]

Khi nim:
Anthocyanin l nhng glucozit do gc ng glucose, glactose... kt hp vi gc
aglucon c mu (anthocyanidin).Cht antoxyan mu c nhiu trong thc vt

nh cc loi rau qu c mu t n tm nh: qu nho, qu du, bp ci tm, l ta

t, u en, qu c tm, go np than, go ...
Tu vo s lng v t l khc nhau trong rau qu, hoa v cc b phn khc nhau
ca thc vt lm cho chng cho nhiu mu sc khc nhau.
Phn loi:
C 4 loi antoxian l pelacgonidin, xianidin, denfinidin v apigenidin.
Cc cht mu t nhin khc l antoxyanin E163, betain E162, cht nhum mu
eno E163 ii v carmin E120.
- Antoxianin E163 t cc nguyn liu khc nhau nh: qu phc bn t en,qu
nho, qu cm chy, qu thanh lng tr..., s dng tt nht pH<4.
- Betanin E162 hay l nc p c ci c c c kh nng nhum mu tt nht
ti pH 3,5 5,0, ng dng ch yu trong ch bin cc sn phm sa v ng.
- Cht nhum mu eno t nc p qu nho v qu cm chy, trong
mit r n g a x it t o ra m u , c n tr o n g m i t r n g tr u n g t n h v
k i m t o ra m u xanh.
- Carmin E120 c chit xut t mt loi cn trng c bit c tn gi
lCoccus Sactic sng trn cy xng rng mc nhiu Nam M v chu Phi,
E120s d n g r t t t c ho c c s n p h m s a v t h t, n n g t t n h t
l t 0 , 0 0 5 n 0,025%.
Tnh cht:
Anthoxianin l nhng glucozit do gc ng glucose, glactose... kt hp vi gc
aglucon c mu (anthoxianin).

Aglucon ca chng c cu trc c bn c m t trong hnh 1. Cc gc ng c

th c gn vo v tr 3,5,7; thng c gn vo v tr 3 v 5 cn v tr 7 rt t.
Phn t anthocyanin gn ng vo v tr 3 gi l monoglycozit, v tr 3 v 5 gi
l diglycozit.

R1
OH
B

O+

OH

A
5

R2

OH
OH

Hnh 1: Cu trc c bn ca aglucon ca anthocyanin

Cc yu t ch yu nh hng n n nh ca antoxyan l nhit , pH,
oxy, cc ion kim loi, axit ascobic v nhng cht khc. Tuy nhin mu sc ca
anthocyanin thay i mnh nht ph thuc vo pH mi trng.
Thng thng, pH<7 c mu ; pH > 7 c mu xanh.VD: rubrobraxianin clorua
l antoxian ca bp ci , l mt triglucozit ca xianidin.
pH = 1-3,5 cc anthocyanin thng dng mui oxonium mu cam n .
pH = 4 - 5 chuyn v dng baz cacbinol hay baz chalcon khng mu.
pH= 6 dung dch c mu tm
pH = 7 - 8 li v dng baz quinoidal anhydro mu xanh.
pH=10-11 dung dch c mu xanh l cy

IV.

Ngun chit xut v phng php trch ly:

1) Ngun chit xut:

a. Clorophyll
Mu xanh l cy ch ly t thc vt ch yu l mu xanh ca nhm chlorophylle
c chit t l da, l tre, my, l khc, b ngt... Thng dng nhum mu
cc loi bnh.
Ngoi ra,Chlorophyll c chit xut d dng t cc loi l cy nh: c linh lng,
l du, rau spinach, rau mi ty (Parley), rau ci xoong, ti ty, v b ao, t nhiu
loi to, thm ch t phn tm bng cc loi dung mi thch hp.
b. Carotenoid
Ch yu c to thnh nh nhm carotenoid tan trong du v nhm flavonid tan
trong nc ca cc nguyn liu c ngun gc thc vt. Ngoi ra cn c th dng
betalain , cartamin... c chit sut t qu dnh dnh, c ngh, ht iu, c dn
dng nhum mu bnh, xi v mt s mn nu trong gia nh.
c. Antoxyan
Cht antoxyan mu c nhiu trong thc vt nh cc loi rau qu c mu t
n tm nh: qu nho, qu du, bp ci tm, l ta t, u en, qu c tm, go np
than, go ...
2) Phng php trch ly:
Trong sn xut cht mu ngi ta thng p dng phng php trch ly chit
cht mu. Nguyn liu sau khi c ra sch v x l s b nh ct, bm, x
tith c em i trch ly bng mt dung mi hu c thch hp (dung mi dng

 trch ly), dung mi ny phi ha tan c cht mu cn tch, khng c hi v

cho hiu sut cao.
Sau khi trch ly ta thu c dung dch cht mu, to ra sn phm th dung dch
phi c c c chn khng. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny nhm lm tng nng
ca dung dch n nng theo yu cu bng cch tch mt phn dung mi nhit
si.
Khi dung dch t n nng nht nh th ta chuyn dung dch qua cng on
sy. Sy l qu trnh tch nc ra khi vt liu m, vt cht i t pha rn hay pha
lng vo pha kh. i vi cht mu ngi ta thng dng phng php sy phun,
thit b ny lm vic theo nguyn tc phun vt liu lng thnh nhng dng bi, qu
trnh sy c thc hin rt nhanh, nhanh n mc khng kp t nng vt liu ln
qu gii hn cho php, sn phm thu c dng bt mn, sau khng cn phi
nghin tn na.
Ngoi ra trong thc t ngi ta cng thng s dng my sy tip xc sy kh
cht mu, my ny lm vic ch chn khng.
Cu to my sy tip xc gm mt t, bn trong c xp khay ng vt liu. Hi m
thot ra ng ni th c bm chn khng ht sang thit b ngng t hn hp hay
thit b ngng t b mt.
- Loi ny c cng sy ca b mt trung bnh vo kkang 1-2kg/m2h, lng
hi t tiu th khng t hn2kg/kg m.
- My sy chn khng c cnh khuy gm mt thng hnh tr nm ngang c v hi
v cnh khuy lp trn trc rng.Vt liu c np vo thng qua ca pha trn. V
cc cnh khuy lp trn trc vi mt na c hng phi, cn na s kia c hng
tri v ca sau mt thi gian khong vi pht th trc cnh khuy li i chiu quay
mt ln nn vt liu c y ra t gia ra hai u thng ri t hai u thng vo
gia thng.

- Nhng ng c bt kn c hai u t gia cc cnh khuy v ln t do khi

thng quay lm cho vic o trn v nghin vt liu tt hn. My sy c ni vi
thit b ngng t hi v bm chn khng. Qa trnh lm vic nh sau: khi quay
cnh khuy, vt liu c np vo bng tay hay t thng cha ri vo thng, sau
ng ca np liu li v to chn khng trong thit b ng thi t nng
bng hi qua v. Hi m nh bm chn khng ht qua thit b ngng t, hi ngng
t cn khng kh th c x ra ngoi. Trc khi kt thc qu trnh sy vi
pht ngi ta ng ng hi t v chn khng li, m thng cho thng vi kh
quyn ri tho vt liu sy kh qua ca tho, trung bnh mi m sy c gn
500-600kg sn phm vi thi gian sy khong 6-10 gi, cng ca b mt t
khong 15-20kg/m2.h
- Khi dng my sy chn khng c cnh khuy th qu trnh tr nn thun tin hn,
tc nhanh hn, d thao tc, cht mu thu c dng bt, mu sc vn m bo
cht lng.
a. Clorophyll
C rt nhiu phng php tch chit chlorofyll c cng b. 1 s l phng
php s dng acetone 90% ly trch chlorofyll trn to. phng php ny tin
hnh bng cch dng ht micro-bead trong qu trnh ng ha tng kh nng
ph vch t bo ln gp ba ln cc phng php khc. Hiu sut thu hi chlorofyll
trong nghin cu ny t 39-85%.
Trong mt nghin cu khc,cc tc gi s dng dimetyl sulfoxide tch chit
chlorofyll t a y,h cng s dng acetone 90% c b sung MgCO3 tch
chlorofyll nhit lnh v nh sng m.[1]
Bn cnh ,mt s nh nghin cu cng tin hnh phn tch chlorofyll t rau
chn vt bng acetone,methanol trong iu kin lnh,ti.

Ngoi ra,cc phng php nhn gian hay s dng l dng lc c hc ch xt,gi
nhuyn v vt ly nc,hoc nu nhit cao
b. Carotenoid :
Cc dung mi v h dung mi hu c thng c s dng l axeton, axeton : nhexan (4:6), n-hexan : izopropanol (3:2). EtOH : n-hexan (4:3) l h dung mi rt
hiuqu tch chit cc t c chua (Lin v Chen, 2003). Ngi ta cng thng s
dng n-hexan v dietyl ete lm dung mi chit lutein v zeaxanthin t hoa cc
vn th.Nn chit sut carotenoit t nguyn liu ti, nu l nguyn liu kh th
nn hydrat holi trc khi chit. ng nht mu chit bng phng php nghin
hoc nghin kt hpvi gi. i vi cc loi l v cc nguyn liu kh chit khc
nn ngm nguyn liuvo dung mi chit 15-30 pht trc khi nghin lm mm
thnh t bo, ng thitrnh cho carotenoit khi b ng phn ho v b phn hu
trong qu trnh nghin. Cth b sung MgCO3 v cc tc nhn trung ho khc
trung ho cc axit hu c ctrong mu nhm trnh s phn hu v ng phn ho
nu vic chit sut c tin hnh nhanh chng ngay sau khi x l mu th khng
nhng ngn chn c s oxy ho bi xc tc ca ezim m cn khng cn thit
phi b sung tc nhn trung ho. Vic lc dch chit c thc hin bng phu lc
thu tinh (porosity 3, kchthc l 20-30 m) hoc dng phu Buchner. B lc
c chit li cho n khi mtmu, thng tin hnh chit 3 ln. Tin hnh tch
nc v dung mi khi dch chit bng cch b sung ete du ho(im si 3560oC), dietyl ete, n-hexan, diclorometan hoc hn hp ca chng. X phng ho
bng KOH, c b sung cht oxy ho BHT (butyl hydroxytoluen) loi clorophyl
v cc cht bo khc, thu carotenoit tng. tch tng hp cht carotenoit tinh
khit, ngi ta thng s dng phngphp sc k ct m (OCC) v HPLC iu
ch.

c. Antoxyan:c 2 giai on trch ly

- Chit cht mu bng dung mi thch hp.
- Ch bin CMTP thu c sn phm c nng cao, bn khi bo qun v t
tiu chun dng cho thc phm. Tch antoxyan t thc vt bng cch chit nh cc
dung mi nh nc hay dung dch ru - nc ca cc axit hu c hoc cc alcol
(metanol, etanol). Hiu qu ca qu trnh, chit phn ln ph thuc vo phng
php s ch nguyn liu.
Tch antoxyan t c ci bng x l nhit, x l bng vi sng v dng nc lm
dung mi chit. Hn hp chit xut c gi 70-80oC. Mun c n nh cao
thm mt lng nht nh mui ca cc kim loi kim vo khi dung dch sau
chng ct ht dung mi.
Bo qun:
Cht mu l mt loi cht rt nhy vi iu kin mi trng xung quanh, chng d
dng b h hng, bin mu di tc dng ca cc yu t bt li nh nhit , nh
sng, nng oxy. Bi vy cht mu thu c sau khi sy ta phi c bin php
bo qun chng trong mt iu kin thch hp, vi iu kin ny sn phm s
khng b h hng m chng c m bo v mt cht lng v c bit l mu
sc.
V.

ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm : [ 5 ]

Trong thc phm, cht mu c s dng rt nhiu. Cht mu thng c a

vo nhum mu cho cc sn phm nh: bnh, mt, ko, nc gii kht, kem b,
cc sn phm ch bin t tht, c
Cc cht mu c b sung vo thc phm vi mc ch to cho sn phm c mu
sc p, tng tnh hp dn. Theo cc nghin cu th cht mu t nhin thng t

gy c cho c th hn so vi cht mu tng hp. Mt s nhm cht mu t nhin

c ng dng nhum mu trong thc phm nh:
a. Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (xanh olive):
Dng cho bnh ko, sp, st, cc sn phm tri cy, cc sn phm sa, rau mui
chua v nc chm, mt, thc ung v thc n th king.
Copper chlorophyll (xanh l):
Dng cho bnh ko, sp, st, rau mui chua, nc chm, cc sn phm tri cy,
kem, yaourt, mt ng, trng ming, nc gii kht.

Mt kiwi Lt

Nc st Goan Extra Hot Lime

Bnh l np thm (l da)

Whizzers Chocolate u

c bit,dng to mu cho mt s loi ru

Ru Absinthe c sn xut t tinh du c

b. Carotenoid:
Nhm carotenoid gm :
- Annatto (cam): gm bixin v norbixin.
Phm mu bixin tan trong du: dng cho cc sn phm ca cht bo v sa, ph
mai, b, margarin, kem, trng ming, thc phm nng v bnh snack.
Phm mu norbixin tan trong nc: dng cho bnh ko, ph mai, c xng khi,
kem v sn phm ca sa, trng ming, sn phm ca ng cc v bnh m (phn
rut bnh).
- - carotene (vng cam): dng cho b, margarin, du, m, ph mai.
- - carotene dng phn tn trong nc: dng cho nc gii kht, nc qu, bnh
ko, kem, yaourt, trng ming, hp

 Canthaxantin ( cam v cam):

+Dng cho bnh ko, st, sp, cc mn n c tht v c, kem, bnh bch quy, rut
bnh m, du trn salad
+Tn ti trong t nhin nhng cht mu thng mi l dng tng hp, tan km
trong du v khng tan trong nc, nhng cng c dng c bit phn tn c
trong nc. Canthaxantin phi trn tt vi Beta-Caroten to ra sc mu cam.

Cc sn phm bnh

Cc sn phm ko

c. Antoxyan
S dng kh an ton trong thc phm nhiu mu sc hp dn.
Cc polyphenol thuc nhm antoxyan lm vitamin P c hot tnh nng cao gi
tr dinh dng ca mn n.
Antoxyan l hp cht c nhiu hot tnh sinh hc qu nh: kh nng chng oxy ha
cao nn c s dng chng lo ha, hoc chng oxy ha cc sn phm thc
phm, hn ch s suy gim sc khng; c tc dng lm bn thnh mch, chng
vim, hn ch s pht trin ca cc t bo ung th; tc dng chng cc tia phng
x.
"Cht Antoxian tp trung nhiu trong qu qut c kh nng ngn nga bnh tim.
Ngoi ra, n cng cha cht Lutein v cht x gim nguy c mc bnh i ng
v nhng vn v lu thng mu", Joanne Shearer, chuyn gia dinh dng ti
bnh vin Tim ca min Nam Dakota Sioux Falls.
c s dng trong sn xut bnh ko ( hng tri cy,ko do)
To mu t nhin cho ru vang ,nc tri cy

Ko do bc ng

Nc p du
VI.

Ko tri cy

Rc vang

Ngng s dng v lu :

a. Ngng s dng:
V l nhng cht mu c chit xut t t nhin khng c hi cho c th con
ngi nn liu lng s dng ch yu l khng gii hn, ch mt vi cht l phi
s dng di liu lng cho php.

 Nhm mu Chlorofil
-ADI: khng gii hn
-Trong ch bin mt, thch qu liu lng s dng 200mg/kg, dng mt
mnh hay kt hp vi cc cht mu khc.
-Trong sn xut phomat theo gii hn ca GMP.
Nhm mu Carotenoid
+Curcumin
-ADI: 0-0,1
-, kem hn hp c liu dng 50mg/kg, trong sn phm cui cng.
-Du, m, b, margarin theo gii hn ca GMP.
+Canxanthin
-Sn xut phomat (15mg/kg)
-Nc sp (30mg/kg)
+Bixin based: trong sn xut b liu lng s dng 20mg/kg
+Acid cacminic dng trong cc sn phm khai v, tht chn, cc sn phm
sa vi liu lng cho php 2,5 mg/kg khi lng c th
Nhm mu Antoxyan:
+Antoxian c liu lng s dng chung l 0,1 mg/kg khi lng c th
+ S dng kh an ton trong thc phm.

b. Nhng lu :[ 7 ]
Nhm mu Chlorofill
Cc loi rau qu c mu xanh trong qu trnh un nu thng mu xanh t nhin
ca chng d b bin i. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l
- Do s tc ng tng h gia chlorophyl vi cc acid cha trong dung dch ca
t bo ca rau qu.

- Thi gian un nng cng lu th chlorophyl chuyn thnh pheophytin cng nhiu.
- Cc loi rau qu c hm lng acid cng cao th cng d b bin i mnh v
nhanh khi un nu.
Cch bo v mu chlorophyl trong sn xut thc phm, c bit l hp rau qu
- Lm gim hm lng acid t do (tc l tng pH trong nguyn liu)
- Gia nhit nhanh trong mt lng nc si ln 3-4 lt nc/1kg thc phm (
lm gim lng acid, acid s bay hi cng vi nc)
- Gia nhit rau xanh trong nc cng; cacbonat kim s trung ho mt phn acid
dch bo.
- Cho vo hp rau qu mt t cht m kim nh dinatri glutamat ( tng pH).
- Nhum mu xanh cho rau qu hp bng chlorophyll
Nhm mu Carotenoid
Do tnh cht ho tan trong cht bo ca cc carotenoid, nn khi xo rn nhng loi
rau qu c cha nhiu carotenoid nh c rt, c chua, t th mt phn carotenoid
trong thc phm s ha tan trong cht bo v lm cho cht bo c mu vng da
cam.
i vi mt s mn n carotenoid ho tan trong cht bo va lm tng mu sc
hp dn ca mn n va lm cho kh nng hp thu ca c th i vi carotenoid.
Trong qu trnh ch bin nhit cc loi tm cua thnh phn protein ca cht
xianin c v tm cua b bin tnh. Do , astacxanthin c tch ra di dng
sc t mu vng . Khi luc cua, rang tm tp u thy hin tng ca sn
phm ny xut hin mu .
Cch bo v mu vng carotenoid
-Carotenoid rt bn vi nhit cao v cc bin i phn ng ca mi trng
- V carotenoid khng ho tan trong nc nn chng khng b mt i khi ra, chn

v cc qu trnh tng t khc.

- V carotenoid tan trong du m nn khi rn hay ng hp cc loi rau qu cha
nhiu carotenoid nh c rt, t , c chua carotenoid s chuyn vo du rn.
Nhm mu Antoxyanyl:
- Khi un nng lu trong nc, anthocyanin b ph hy mt phn.
-Anthocyanin ha tan tt trong nc v trong dch bo ha, khi kt hp vi ng
lm cho phn t anthocyanin cng d ha tan hn.
-S thay i khc nhau ca mu antoxyanyl xy ra xuyn sut qu trnh un nng
s sn sinh cc mu vng nht hoc nu nht.
-Trong qu trnh ch bin,antoxyanyl thng b mt mu. Nhng mu ca
antoxyanyl thng tr li trong qu trnh lm mt. Nhng ph hy v mt vt l
nh ct,gt,dt mng lm ph v mng t bo cho php vic tip xc ca
enzyme v cc thnh phn rau qu trc b tch ri. cc enzyme b v hot
trong qu trnh gia nhit. s khc nhau v tnh n nh trong cc mu ca
antoxyanyl lin quan n mc v h ca rau qu.
-Mt s trng hp,mu ca antoxyanyl b mt s tr li khi ngui.
VI. MT S CHT MU T NHIN KHC :
Curcumin

-Curcumin c mu vng da cam, c th thu c cht ny t c ngh v

cth t c nng 99%.
-Curcumin c dng trong sn xut bt c ri, m tt, nc dng bt
canhv cc sn phm sa.
-K hiu E100i.
-Liu dng: 0,1 mg/kg khi lng c th.
Riboflavin (lactoflavin) hoc vitaminB2

-C mu vng da cam. Ngi ta thu c cht ny t nm men, nm la m, trng

v gan ng vt.
-Riboflavin c dng trong sn xut cc sn phm sa, kem, lm bnh ngt,mt
ko.
-Liu dng: 0,5 mg/kg khi lng c th.
Axit cacminic
-C mu ti, cht ny thu c t trng v con non ca mt loi cn
trng rp sy kh.
-Ch phm c cha t 10-15% axit cacminic.
-Axit cacminic c dng cho cc sn phm khai v, tht chn, cc sn phmsa.
-Liu dng: 2,5 mg/kg khi lng c th.

 Caramen

-C mu en, cht ny thu c bng cch sy ng sacaroza nhit

cao.
-Phn ng caramen ha c nh hng ln n mu sc ca cc sn phm
giung nh bnh ko, mt...Phn ng xy ra mnh m nhit nng
chy cang.
-Caramen c dng cho cc sn phm dm, ru vang, bia, ru to,
tht,c, u ph,...
-Liu dng: 100 mg/kg khi lng c th.
Polyphenol

- Polyphenol b oxy ha c mu nu m, cht ny c tng hp t

ch en, n l mt hn hp nhiu cht trong ch yu l teaflavil (TF) v
Tearubigin(TR), t l TF/TR nh hn 1/12.

-Cht ny c dng cho nhiu sn phm nh nc ung, tht, c, bnh, ko.

-Liu dng: khng hn ch ty thuc vo mu sc ca sn phm m ngi taiu
chnh hm lng cht mu.
VII.

KT LUN:
a. u im:

Cht mu t nhin l nhng cht mu sn c trong thc vt t nhin, khng gy

c v khi s dng khng nht thit tun theo nhng ch s kht khe.
Ngoi ra cht mu t nhin li d kim, cch s dng khng phc tp v khng
gy ra nhng mi v l cho sn phm.
Cc cht mu t nhin ph bin thng gp nh mu vng cam ca gc, mu vng
ca ngh, mu tm ca l cm, mu nu ca c ph, cacao, mu xanh ca l da
hay mu en ca l gai V thc cht, chng u l nhng thnh phn d trch ly,
to c mu sc v mi thm cho thc phm theo yu cu ca ngi ch bin..
Cc cht mu vng cam hoc mu ly t qu gc l cc hp cht carotenoid nh
beta-carotene, lutein v lycopene l nhng phn t m c th chuyn thnh
vitamin A. y l cht kch thch mnh m t bo min dch, gip bo v c th
chng nhim khun v ung th; lutein c th lm gim nguy c thoi ha vng
mc, lycopene c th gip ngn nga ung th tuyn tin lit.
Carotenoid cn lm gim nguy c bnh tim mch, gim nng cholesterol mu
v tc hi ca nh nng mt tri trn da..
Mu vng ca ngh l cht mu thin nhin c dc in cng nhn vi m s
E.100 nhum mu dc phm thay th cht mu tng hp nh tartrazine E.102.
Ngh c tc dng chng vim lot d dy, thng mt, kch thch t bo gan v co
bp ti mt, lm gim hm lng cholesterol trong mu. Ngh cn c vai tr trong

vic lm gim t l ung th v, tuyn tin lit, phi v rut kt nh c tnh chng
oxy ha ca curcumin trong ngh.
Bn cnh mu cam hp dn ca gc, mu vng ti ca ngh, cc cht c mu tm
c th ly t c dn, l cm.. lm bnh hoc nu xi. L cm c v ngt nht,
mu thc phm p v khng c, tnh mt, c tc dng gim ho v cm mu.
Cc cht mu tm antoxyanin (E163) c c t cc nguyn liu trn s gi mu
tt nht pH 3,5-4.
Ngoi ra cn nc l da mu xanh va to mu, va to mi thm cho thc phm
ch bin.
S dng nhng cht mu thin nhin khng c, p ng tiu chun y t trong vic
nhum mu thc phm ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v sc khe ngi
tiu dng. V vy la chn nguyn liu thc phm ly mu t nhin cho iu
kin ch bin gia nh va m bo c an ton thc phm m cn gip tng
cng sc khe.
b. Nhc im:
Nhc im chnh ca phm mu t nhin l t gp nhiu ln so vi phm mu
tng hp.
Phm mu t nhin khng n nh, nu cho vo axit hoc kim s bin i mu,
nh mu xanh cho vo thc phm c axit mu s nht.
Thi gian bo qun ca mu khng lu, thm ch ch vi gi ng h mu phai
hoc hng hoc nht hn mu bnh thng. Tr khi cc c s sn xut c cng
ngh ring, lc ch bin phi m bo mi trng, nhit chun mi c kh nng
s dng mu t nhin. Nhng vic ny rt hn ch, thm ch l khng th p dng

vo thc t.
Khng ch sn xut cng nghip m lm th cng th phm mu t nhin cng c
nhng hn ch nh bo qun t sng n chiu b bc mu, nu qua ngy s
hng.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[ 1 ] : Tp ch khoa hc Effect of varios factors on chlorofyll extraction

from ( porphyra sp.) NGUYN THY LINH V L PHM CNG HOAN- KHOA
THY SN I HC NNG LM TP.HCM

[ 2 ] : Cc cht ph gia dng trong sn xut thc phm PGS.TS NGUYN

DUY THNH TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI.

L NGC T HA SINH CNG NGHIP NXB KHOA HC K THUT.

[ 3 ] CC CHT PH GIA DNG TRONG SN XUT THC PHM -NGUYN

DUY THNH

[ 4 ] PH GIA THC PHM Th.S TRNG TH M LINH I HC CNG

NGH SI GN

[ 5 ] PH GIA TRONG SN XUT THC PHM TS. L NGUYN BNH KHOA

NNG NGHIP V SINH HC NG DNG I HC CN TH

[ 6 ] LUN VN ANTHOXYANYL V NHNG NGUYN LIU CHA

ANTHOXYANYL ( kilobook.com)

- Ti liu tham kho trn internet:

http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/chat-mau-thuc-pham.346670.htm
http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/bai-giang-cac-chat-phu-gia-dung-trong-san-xuatthuc-pham-part-1.680476.html
[ 7 ] http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/showprint/entry_id/5017958