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Δίκτυα
Δίκτυα
.
.
( ).
(, .).
(switching)
-
(multiplexing)
( )
.
.
M (Packet switching)
bytes, 1000
K
.
.
.
.
.
M (Packet switching)
:
1) (datagram):
K
.
.
.
.
.
2) - (virtual circuits):
.
.
,
.
,
( ),
.
.
.
.
.
entities .
e-mail .
.
.
. .
, ,
.
.
.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Internet
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
Torrent
-Network Architecture :
1.
.
2. .
3. .
.
,
.
.
(layers) (levels)
:
(layers)
.
.
.
,
.
(interface)
,
.
IBM
SNA (System Network Architecture)
OSI ISO
ISO (International Standard Organization)
OSI RM(Open Systems Interconnection reference model)
( )
TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
( Internet)
OSI
.
.
OSI
OSI
OSI ,
, .
.
.
.
.
OSI
OSI
OSI
IEEE-ECMA
IEEE:
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
.
ECMA:
(European Computer Manufacturing Association)
1961
.
IEEE-ECMA
IEEE 802.3
ethernet
.
Xerox '70
Digital Equipment Corporation Intel,
Xerox, 1980.
1985 Ethernet IEEE
802.3 (LAN).
()
(. ).
,
WAN (Wide Area
Networks).
WAN :
( ,
, modem .)
(
), , , .
.
-INTERNET
.
OSI
(Open Systems Interconnection).
,
,
OSI.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol)
:
1.
2.
3. ()
.
-INTERNET
:
OSI
( ),
.
.
,
-INTERNET
-INTERNET
,
,
:
, -
.
, :
OSI ( . ,
, )
,
.
-INTERNET
.
,
OSI,
.
-INTERNET
-INTERNET
, ,
.
.
.
:
,
,
.
-INTERNET
:
1.
2.
:
: ,
.
:
.
-INTERNET
,
:
1.
2.
(datagrams)
-INTERNET
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
-INTERNET
,
,
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
-INTERNET
,
.
,
.
-INTERNET
:
3,
2,
3
D V
-INTERNET
, .
,
()
, .
, . ,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
,
.
:
, ,
.
.
,
.. Windows UNIX)
. .
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP :
TCP/IP
,
.
.
TCP/IP
.
:
TCP/IP
,
.
, , TCP/IP,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP ,
.
,
hardware ,
software . ,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
,
TCP/IP,
,
TCP/IP TCP
IP
TCP/IP,
TCP/IP TCP/IP
(Internet).
TCP/IP,
TCP/IP (TCP/IP internets).
TCP/IP
(Internet).
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
TCP/IP.
(Internet)
.
TCP/IP (
).
()
Internet ..
(World Wide Web, WWW).
Internet,
TCP intranet,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
:
1960
(ARPA, Advanced Research Projects
Agency).
DARPA (Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency).
1960,
,
:
.
.
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
:
(
)
.
,
,
.
()
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
:
ARPANET
ARPANET 1971,
: FTP telnet).
.
ARPANET ,
1974 TCP/IP
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
:
.
.
,
,
.
1982 TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP
ARPANET .
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
:
ARPANET
.
MILNET
,
ARPANET
.
, ARPANET
, .
Internet.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
.
1. TCP/IP;
;
2.
TCP/IP
;
3.
TCP/IP
;
4.
: TCP/IP ,
(Internet),
TCP/IP (intranet).
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
. -
TCP/IP
TCP IP.
TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP
.
.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP.
Internet .
TCP/IP (intranet)
.
ARPANET Internet.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP
......... .............. .
TCP/IP
.................................................... ,
.
TCP/IP ......................
, .
.......................................................
TCP/IP.
, TCP/IP
.............................................................................................
.
........................................... ,
.............................. .
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
OSI TCP/IP
OSI 7
TCP/IP 4
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
OSI
TCP/IP ,
TCP/IP
, OSI
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
OSI
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
:
TCP
, User Datagram
Protocol, UDP
, IP
, Internet
Control Message Protocol, ICMP
()
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP .
UDP .
,
IP ICMP.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
Telnet: Telecommunications Network (:
Teletype Network)
(
) .
SSH (Secure Shell).
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
.
FTP.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
.
( email) Internet
.
TFTP:
(Trivial FTP)
FTP
( ) FTP.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
1.
.
: , ,
.
TCP/IP ( OSI),
, .
TCP/IP
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
2.
TCP UDP
().
IP
.
IP
( IP)
( .
).
(IP)
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
2.
:
;
IP (..
)
,
MAC,
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
2.
( )
MAC (Media Access Control) OSI.
IP
ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol)
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol).
ARP:
RARP:
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
2.
ICMP, Internet
Control Message Protocol
.
IP.
.
TCP/IP
.
:
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
3.
.
TCP ( )
UDP (
).
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
3.
TCP ,
(-).
. TCP
(..
).
,
TCP.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
3.
TCP ,
(-).
.
TCP
.
.
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
3.
. UDP
.
. ,
TCP.
UDP:
Internet
UDP.
. .
UDP
,
,
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
4.
. ()
,
, ,
.
.
TCP/IP.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
4.
TCP/IP
- .
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
4.
. (),
( server)
.
. ,
.
.
( )
.
.
.
-INTERNET
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
4.
, ,
.
-
Firefox ,
.
(Web Server),
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP,
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
() TCP/IP
. e-mail
, . , .
. e-mail
. SMTP,
.
( )
.
, ,
TCP IP.
TCP IP
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
:
TCP/IP
:
1.
2.
TCP UDP (
).
.
3.
IP
.
4.
( )
(.. Ethernet).
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
.
,
.
.
:
:
..
Internet)
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
, (
).
.
,
(Internet IP).
.
.
,
IP ).
,
IP .
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
1:
15000
bytes.
,
.
30 500
bytes.
15000
bytes.
,
( .
).
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
1:
,
. .. 14
13.
.
.
TCP.
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
:
,
, .
TCP/IP
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
:
1.
,
.
,
.
2.
Internet (
. ,
ADSL
).
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
3.
( )
.
,
.
, IP
.
4. ,
.
. ,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
- IP
IP,
.
, ,
, , fax Internet,
.
IP
.
, IP address
.
IP "" .
IP
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
, Transmission Control Protocol
TCP
TCP/IP
TCP ,
, .
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP
().
TCP
.
, .
segments.
TCP.
(Header)
(Data) .
TCP .
TCP ,
TCP
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
,
:
1.
Sequence Number
2.
Acknowledgment number
3.
- Window Size
4.
(ports) TCP
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
1.
Sequence Number
.
.
. .
.
.
. ,
.
. , 3,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
2.
Acknowledgment number
. ,
.
.
.
.
(bytes) .
. , 1500
1500.
.
, .
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
3.
- Window Size
. TCP
.
.
(Window size).
.
, .
(
).
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
3.
- Window Size
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
3. - Window Size
1000,
1000 .
12000,
12000 12000+1000=13000.
. 12000.
:
1
byte .
. byte .
, 12000
11999 bytes
12000 .
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
TCP ports
.
. TCP
( )
TCP .
. , TCP
.
(..
Internet ,
),
.
.
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
. ,
Firefox , TCP
,
.
.
(
).
. ,
,
Firefox.
. Firefox
(.. tabs), TCP
,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
, ;
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
:
,
(/)
.
IP
.
,
/.
(/, IP) ,
/ (
).
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
. , TCP
.
. ,
(..
) TCP,
.
. , ,
, .
. ,
80.
. Firefox, TCP
80
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
4.
(ports) TCP
.
.
. FTP 21,
SMTP 25 ...
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
, TCP
,
TCP
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP
TCP
.
.
:
1. .
.
2.
.
IP
,
( )
.
TCP (
)
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) .
FTP ( )
TCP.
IP .
:
1. FTP
.
.
2.
FTP
.
FTP TCP port
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
FTP .
TCP FTP
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
:
1.
FTP
2.
FTP
.
. FTP
.
. FTP
,
TCP port 21.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
port,
, ,
,
FTP
TCP port 21, FTP
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP ,
IP :
IP
IP .
:
1. IP .. 62.103.240.22.
.
2. . 1234.
3. IP .. 61.74.29.32.
4. , 21.
,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
;
1.
(FTP)
.
2.
(..
Firefox) site .
3.
. (:
, UNIX
.
).
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
:
:
, IP .
, IP
.
, .
,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
-INTERNET
TCP/IP :
TCP
.
TCP
. .
.
,
.
TCP .
.
TCP , ,
.
, TCP
.
. ( UDP)
-INTERNET
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol )
E
:
. (
TCP).
, . :
,
.
.
.
-INTERNET
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol )
,
, UDP (User Datagram Protocol
).
UDP :
TCP.
,
UDP
.
:
.
.
-INTERNET
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol )
UDP :
.
.
.
UDP
, .
.
.
-INTERNET
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol )
UDP :
TCP, UDP (ports),
UDP ports.
TCP 16 bits (
. 0 65535).
UDP .
-INTERNET
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol )
UDP :
UDP ports
.
,
DNS (Domain Name System),
UDP 53 .
-INTERNET
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol )
UDP :
UDP ports
.
,
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol
),
161.
-INTERNET
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol )
UDP :
, ( TCP)
.
UDP ,
.
IP
TCP UDP
.
UDP
IP
UDP.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
IP
datagram.
(
).
, TCP.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
TCP UDP
IP.
IP (
)
.
IP.
IP
( )
.
.
TCP UDP segments
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
IP
,
IP .
64 Kbytes.
, IP
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
,
:
1. TCP/IP
2. OSI
:
1. .. Ethernet
2. ,
64 Kbyte
IP.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
MTU,
(Maximum Transfer Unit)
, .
Ethernet MTU 1500 bytes.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
,
(MTU) IP .
IP
.
, IP
fragments.
IP
IP
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
fragments
fragments
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
fragments
.
IP.
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
1. IP
,
IP IP fragment
.
,
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
2.
IP
IP
fragment
IP .
blocks 8 bytes*
* .
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
3. More Fragments (MF)
IP ,
(fragment) .
More Fragments (MF)
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
3. More Fragments (MF)
1,
fragment
.
0 ,
, fragment
, .
,
MF=1 .
0 1 flags
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
4. Dont Fragment, (DF)
.
, DF 1.
IP
.
,
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
5.
.
:
IPv4 IPv6.
IPv6).
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
6.
32 bits.
5.
5*32=160 bits,
8, 160/8=20 bytes.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
7. TOS, Type of Service
.
IP
:
1. , 2. 3.
:
,
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
8.
IP ,
.
,
64 Kbytes = 64*1024 = 65536 bytes.
20 bytes.
65536-20=65516 bytes.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
9.
1
.
,
.
.
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
10.
IP
.
, 6,
TCP.
, IP.
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
11.
IP ()
.
,
.
12.
IP .
( )
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
13.
IP .
.
14. IP
.
15.
32 bits.
IP ( 14)
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
1400 bytes
20 bytes.
620 bytes.
Dont Fragment (DF)
0, .
:
. ,
.
. MF
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
.
. 1420
bytes.
DF=0, .
.
, MF fragments
1 0.
8
(
fragment ).
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
fragment 620 bytes.
: fragment.
, 600 bytes
20 bytes .
MF 1. .
0.
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
620 bytes. 600 bytes
20 bytes .
H MF 1. .
(
) 600 bytes
600/8=75.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
200 bytes .
200 bytes +
20 bytes = 220 bytes.
H MF 0
.
600+600=1200 bytes .
1200/8=150
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
20 bytes 20*8=160 bit.
5 532=160.
.
IP .
,
.
1
. IP
,
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
.
20 bytes,
IP .
.
.
( )
( MF=0).
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
,
.
,
.
:
, . (
).
100.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
.
IP MF
.
MF 1, ,
.
0 75,
.
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
.
IP , MF=1 o
.
IP
(100)
IP .
.
-INTERNET
IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
:
.
IP
, MF 0.
IP
.
IP
.
(.. TCP, UDP) .
IP
.
-INTERNET
IP ,
IP .
,
.
,
.
(
).
,
(DNS).
IP .
-INTERNET
,
,
IP
.
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
:
1.
IP
2.
(hardware
address).
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
,
.
(
)
.
OSI, Media Access Control,
MAC.
.
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
-
MAC .
MAC
,
.
, .
OSI
( IP ).
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
MAC
( ).
( Ethernet)
48 bits.
.
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
MAC
( ).
( Ethernet)
48 bits.
.
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
,
, IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers.
24 bits MAC
.
24 bits
.
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
,
, IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers.
24 bits MAC
.
24 bits
.
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
24 bits
, OUI, Organization Unique Identifier.
bit ( )
.
0 (Individual)
(Group).
,
.
OUI 1,
:
.
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
bit
.
0,
IEEE, 1 .
,
.
.
bit (
).
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
22 bit
IEEE .
24 bit
.
(OUI),
(.. Ethernet) .
24 bit ,
24 OUI .
,
IEEE OUI.
-INTERNET
IP
TCP/IP IP 32 bit.
IP :
1.
2.
-INTERNET
IP
:
IP (.
) .
,
.
( DNS ).
IP
.
() (
).
-INTERNET
IP
:
.
:
, Internet
:
10.14.28.10
Ethernet
81.186.52.182 Internet
.
-INTERNET
IP
IP ,
1.
2.
,
,
:
3.
4.
, IP
.
-INTERNET
IP
7.22 :
22.
, 35, 45 55.
(1,2,3,4)
.
-INTERNET
IP
octets.
8
. byte.
0 255.
( )
,
IP:
1. bytes = 3 * 8 = 24 bits.
2. byte = 8 bits
32 bits.
-INTERNET
IP
,
,
-INTERNET
IP
, Network Information Center, NIC
InterNIC.
, NIC
.
TCP/IP
NIC.
:
;
-INTERNET
IP
:
;
ADSL,
IP Internet .
.
NIC
,
.
,
.
-INTERNET
IP
,
.
24 bits,
.
,
24 bits
.
IP 24 + 24 = 48 bits.
-INTERNET
IP
32 bits.
,
(
) ,
.
, A, B, C, D
bits
.
-INTERNET
IP
,
:
-INTERNET
IP
1. :
0.
7 bits
24 .
128 16
.
-INTERNET
IP
2.
10.
14 bits 16
bits .
16384 65536
.
-INTERNET
IP
3. C:
C 110.
21 bits,
8 bits.
2
256 .
-INTERNET
IP
4. D:
D .
(multicast).
.
D 1110.
-INTERNET
IP
IP
8 bits ,
.
.. :
10.14.28.32
.
-INTERNET
IP
,
.
:
, :
...
, :
...
C, :
...
, C
192.168.2.34. 192.168.2 , 34
.
-INTERNET
IP
.
.