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Week 5 ARDS - 27 November 2012
Week 5 ARDS - 27 November 2012
Week 5 ARDS - 27 November 2012
DISTRESS SYNDROME
Yani Purnamasari NP
Edema Paru
Definisi
Akumulasi cairan ekstravaskuler dalam
paru.
Selalu merupakan manifestasi dari suatu
penyakit serius atau gangguan.
Dapat mengancam jiwa tetapi dgn terapi
yg efektif dapat menyelamatkan
penderita.
Hukum Starling:
Jv = LpS [(Pc-Pi) -d (c - )]
Edema paru
Pe
Pe
Pe
Pe
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
PENATALAKSANAAN
TERAPI DARURAT
Prinsip terapi: mengatasi gagal napas akut.
Kebutuhan esensial:
1. Penjagaan saluran nafas
2. Ventilasi yang adekuat
3. Oksigenasi yang baik
Terapi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
akut
Oksigenasi
Radiografi toraks
bilateral opasiti yg
paru
kiri
dikutip dari (4)
Trauma multiple
Pneumonia difus
Syok
Tenggelam
Vaskulitis paru
Bypass cardiopulmoner
PATOLOGI
1. Fase eksudatifa edema & perdarahan
Inflamasi & eksudasi cairan, plasma protein & sel
debris keluar alveolar space
inflamasi interstitiel, membr. Hyalin lapisi alv.
2. Fase proliferatif organisasi & perbaikan
Pemasukan & proliferasi fibroblas, organisasi
eksudat intra-alveolar & interstitial, perub.
menetap
3. Fase fibrotik
Pemulihan dan resolusi inflamasi fibrosis luas
alv. & interstitium
Waktu
Proliferatif
Fibrosis
Organisasi intermedate
fibrosis lambat(3mgg)
Konsistensi
kaku, berat
Tegas, konsolidasi
spongy, kistik
Penampilan
hemoragik
abu-abu pucat
pucat
Kongestif, kumpulan
proliferatif, hipertrofi
kompresi, proliferasi
medial, trombi
Proliferasi pneumosit
fibrosis
eksudat inflamasi
mikrokiste
membran hyalin,
kolaps partial
nektin,deposisi kolagen
Makroskopik:
Microskopik :
Vaskularisasi
Alveoli
Membran
Eksudat
Proliferasi
Fibrosis
gundul
pemasukan gaps dg
gangguan
basal
dinding
miofibroblas
edema
alveoler
duktus
penebalan kolagen
blas
dilatasi
alveolus
Interstitiel
proliferasi miofibro-
proliferasi miofibro-
fibrosis
blas
Volume volume
Edema
volume
proliferasi miofibro-
fibrosis
blas
Pleura
nekrosis supleural
Subpleural
Dikutip dari (6)
PATOGENESIS ARDS
Faktor yg mpengaruhi aliran cairan dr kap. paruinterstitiel:
Tek. Hidrostatik kap., permeabiliti endotel, tek.onkotik kap.
ARDS permeabiliti endotel kap. & alveoli me cairan
kap. mengalir ke interstitiel (protein & eritrosit) &
alv. me(+) kerusakan epitel prod. surfaktan me
compliance paru me
Fibrin,plasma protein & sel debrismembran hyalin melapisi
alveoliggn. ventilasi, perfusi baik
Teori ttg kerusakan endotel teori netrofil aktifasi
komplemen, shg netrofil melepaskan berbagai zat yg
dpt
merusak endotel kapiler paru
PATOGENESIS ARDS
Trigger
Cellular & chemical
mediators
Complication
Alveolar-capilarry
injury
Syndrome characterized by:
Permeabiliti edema
Abnormal surfactant
Shunt, hypoxemia
Capillary thrombi
Pulmonary hypertension
ARDS yg tjd secara lgs & tak lgs ggn. aktiviti permk.
sama.
Defisiensi dan disfungsi surfaktan k/ plasma
protein pd
air space patofisiologi ARDS melalui mekanisme
atelektasis, gangguan pertukaran gas,
peningkatan pembentukan edema dan gangguan pertahanan
host lokal.
Inflamasi paru
Inflamasi sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(SIRS) ketidakimbangan antara mediator
proinflamasi dan antiinflamasi tidak mampu
mengontrol
& mengaktifasi mekanisme cideranormal melindungi host
thd invasi mikrobial dan kerusakan jaringan.
ARDS. yg
cidera paru
kolagen
Tabel 5. Cellular mediators of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
Endothelium
Epithelium
Proinflammatory
Antiinflammatory
Fibrogenesis
Directs leukocyte
migration by
chemokine
secretion and
adhesion molecule
expression.
Modulates local
vascular tone and
coagulation
mechanisms
Express ICAM to
facilitate leukocyte
migration. Secretes
chemokines and
proinflammatory
cytokines. Release
of Reactiv
Oxygen/NS
Possible role of
shedding of
soluble
adhesion
molecules
Secretes
proinflammator
y and
fibrogenic
mediators
Recovers
exposed
alveolar
basement
membrane.
Secretes
surfactant
Secretion and
activation of
TGF-1.Direct
concontact
with fibroblasts
Proinflammatory
Antiinflammatory
Fibrogenesis
Removes
apoptotic cells
by
phagocytosis
and lymphatic
emigration.
Release of IL10
Secretes
proinflamatory
and fibrogenic
mediators
Neutrophil
Removed by
apoptosis,
release IL-Ira
Presence in
BAL corellates
with a poor
outlook in
fibrotik lung
diseases
Efforts of tissue
damage and host
defence through
local release of
proteases and
RO/NS. Secretes
chemokines and
proinflammatory
cytokines
Proinflammatory
Platelet
Lymphocyte
Myofibroblast
Antiinflammatory
Fibrogenesis
Source of IL-10
Removed by
lymphatic
emigration
Source of pro
(IL-$) and
antifibrotik
(IFN-)
mediators
Proliferates
and deposits
extracellular
matrix
Thrombocytopenia in
50% ARDS patients.
Co-factor in
coagulation cascades.
Potential source of
proinflammatory
mediators.
Potential source of
proinflammatory
mediators
Class
Proinflammatory Initiators
Mediator (s)
Comment
Synergistic and
overlapping effects.
Induce sythesis of
downstream
mediators. TNF
induces apoptosis
Chemokines
IL-8, ENA-78,
MIP-i
Neutrophil
chemoattractants
and activators
Late
mediators
and effectors
of tissue
damage
Action
Class
Mediator(s)
Comment
Peptide
cascades
Coagulation
and contact
systems,
complement,
kinins
Reactive
Nitric oxide,
oxygen/nitroge superoxide,
n species
hydrogen,
iNOS
peroxide,
peroxynitrite
Proteases
Elastase,
metalloprotein
ases
Action
Antiinflammatory
Class
Cytokines
Mediator(s)
IL-4, -6*, -10,
-11, -13, TGF
IL-Ira
Comment
Inhibitors of
proinflammatory
cytokine
production
Specific
antagonist of
the IL-I receptor
Enzymes
(antiproteases,
TIMP),
glutathione
Dikutip dari (4)
PATOFISIOLOGI
ARDS pe compliance paru yg besar perub. histologis
epitel alveoli & pe fx. surfaktan.
Cairan dlm jar. interstitial & alveolipe vol. gas dlm paru,
& kolaps alveoli dan sal. napas kecilFRC yg sgt me
Hipoksemiaasidemia,mulanyapengumpulan asam laktat
gab. unsur metabolik+respiratorik k/ ggn pertukaran gas.
(A-a)DO2 yg tinggi fisiologis Dead Space & shunting.
Shunt sgt besar (> 40 %) pe FiO2 100 % tidak me
PaO2
shunt > dead spacegas darah PaO2 dan PaCO2 , fase
akhir hiperkapnea PaO dan PaCO
DIAGNOSIS
Curiga ARDS gagal napas akut (perlu ventilator) ssd
trauma,syok,sepsis,aspirasi/berbg ggn parulgs &
tdk langsung
Px. fisikdispneu, takipneu, tanda konsolidasi, X-foto
dada infiltrat difus bilateral & px.AGD
hipoksemia berat dg pe (A-a)DO2, walaupun dg
FiO2 100 % PaCO2 dlm batas normal / me
sedikit PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg.
Paru kaku dg total Compliance yg me (< 50 ml/cm
H2O).
Pulmonary artery wedge pressure < 18 mmHg & px.
cairan edema mgd proteinedema nonkardiogenik.
PENGOBATAN
Tidak ada pengobatan spesifik, pengobatan suportif
2.
3.
Penggunaan PEEP
4.
5.
6.
7.
PROGNOSIS
TERIMA KASIH