Grammar A1

Grammar Notes Topic2 Myself Lesson 3
wa de su
Basic sentence
Watas hi wa Kaara de su.

I'm Kara.
Use
Used when talking about N1's name, nationality or profession.
Structure
N1
N2
:O nl y s t u di e d in M A RU G OTO (S t ar t e r A1 R ik ai)
Examples

Watashi wa gakus e e de su.
I'm a student.

Watashi wa Kimu de su.
I'm Kim.

Yan-s an wa Mar e e shiajin de su.
Ms. Yan is Malaysian.
Watas hi wa kais hainjanai de su.
I'm not an oce worker.
A: Kimu-s an wa Kankokujin de su ka.
A: Ms. Kim, are you Korean?
B: Hai, Kankokujin de su.
B: Yes, I am.
A: Kimura-s an wa gakus e e de su ka.
A: Mr. Kimura, are you a student?
B: Iie, gakus e ejanai de su. Kaishain de su.
B: No, I'm not a student. I'm an oce worker.
A: O shigoto wa nan de su ka.
A: What's your job?

B: Enjinia de su.
B: I'm an engineer.
Commentary
A.N is armative. N is negative.
N is interrogative.
B. The in N1 is pronounced "wa".
C. In cases when it is understood what N1 is,
N1 is sometimes omitted. ()
ga dekimasu
Basic sentence

Watas hi wa Nihongo ga de kimasu.
I can speak Japanese.
Use
Used to talk about the languages one can speak.
Structure
N1
(Per s on)
N2
Language
Examples

Watashi wa Chuugokugo ga de kimasu.
I can speak Chinese.

A: No da-s an wa Furansugo ga de kimasu ka.
A: Mr. Noda, Can you speak French?

B: Iie, dekimas en.
B: No, I can't.

A: Kaara-s an wa Nihongo ga de kimasu ka.
A: Kara, can you speak Japanese?

B: Hai, sukoshi dekimasu. B e nk yoo-c huu de su.
B: Yes, I can speak a little. I'm studying at the moment.
Commentary
A. is armative. is negative. is
interrogative.
B. In cases when it is understood what N1 and N2 are, or
may be omitted. ()
mo
Basic sentence

Watas hi mo enjinia de su.
I'm an engineer, too.
Use
indicates that there is a similar object (person etc.) besides N1.
Structure
N2
Language
Examples

Shin-s an wa gakus e e de su. Watashi mo gakus e e de su.
Mr. Shin is a student. I'm a student, too.

Watashi wa Ee go ga de kimasu. Furansugo mo de kimasu.
I can speak English. I can also speak French.
Commentary
N or N is replaced by N.
to
Basic sentence

Kazoku wa c hic hi to haha to watashi de su.
My family is my father, my mother and me.
is used for connecting nouns.
Structure
N1
N2
Examples

Watashi no kazoku wa f utari de su. Tsuma to watashi de su.
There are two people in my family. My wife and me.

Watashi no kazoku wa yo-nin de su. Ot to to watashi to

ko domo f utari de su.
There are four people in my family. My husband, me and our two children.
Commentary
Nouns combined withcan be used as a single noun in the sentence.
ni sunde imasu
Basic sentence

Ane wa O os aka ni sunde imasu.
My sister lives in Osaka.
Use
Used when saying where one lives.
Structure
N1
Person
N2
Place
Examples

Ani wa Hokkaidoo ni sunde imasu.
My brother lives in Hokkaido.
A: D oko ni sunde imasu ka.

A: Where do you live?

B: Took yoo ni sunde imasu.
B: I live in Tokyo.
Commentary
A. is used with to show that N2 is the place where
someone lives.
no
Basic sentence
Ane no ko domo wa ni-s ai de su.

My sister's child is two years old.
Use
Used with multiple nouns when talking about ownership or aliation.
Structure
N1
N2
Examples

Watashi no kazoku wa yo-nin de su.
My family has four members.
Ani no ko domo wa s an-s ai de su.

My brother's child is three years old.
A: Kono hito wa dar e de su ka.

A: Who is this person?
B: Ane no ot to de su.
B: He's my sister's husband.
Commentary
modies N2.
Grammar Notes Topic3 Food Lesson 5
ga suki de su
Basic sentence

Niku ga suki de su. Yas ai wa sukijanai de su.
I like meat. I don't like vegetables.
Use
Used when talking about likes and dislikes.
Structure
N1
(Food/Drink)
Examples

Watashi wa kudamono ga suki de su.
I like fruit.

Biir u wa sukijanai de su.
I don't like beer.

A: Tanaka-s an wa s akana ga suki de su ka.
A: Mr. Tanaka, do you like sh?
B: Hai, suki de su.
B: Yes, I do.
A: Koohii ga suki de su ka.
A: Do you like coee?
B: Iie, sukijanai de su.
B: No, I don't.

A: Tab emono wa nani ga suki de su ka.
A: What foods do you like?
B: Yas ai ga suki de su.
B: I like vegetables.
Watashi wa niku ga suki de su. Sakana mo suki de su.
I like meat. I also like sh
Commentary
A. is armative. is negative.
is interrogative.
B. In cases when it is understood what N is, N/ is
sometimes omitted. ()
masu
Basic sentence
As a-gohan o tab emasu.

I eat breakfast.
Use
Used when talking about actions such as what one eats or drinks.
Structure
Examples

Watashi wa as a-gohan o tab e masu.
I eat breakfast.
A: Nani o tab emasu ka.

A: What do you eat?

B: Raamen to tamago o tab e masu.
B: I eat ramen noodles and eggs.

A: Nani o nomimasu ka.
A: What do you drink?

B: Biir u o nomimasu. Wain mo nomimasu.
B: I drink beer. I also drink wine.

Watashi wa koohii wa nomimas e n.
I don't drink coee.

A: It sumo as a-gohan o tab e masu ka.
A: Do you always eat breakfast?
B: Iie, tab emas en.

B: No, I don't.
Commentary
A. is armative. is negative.
is interrogative.
B. indicates that N is the object of the action.
Yoku masu
Basic sentence

Ko ohii o yoku nomimasu.
I drink coee often.
Use
Used when saying how frequently something is done.
Structure
Examples

Hos e-s an wa koohii o yoku nomimasu.
Jose often drinks coee.

Shin-s an wa koo c ha wa amari nomimas e n.
Mr. Shin doesn't drink tea very often.
A: Yoku niku o tab emasu ka.

A: Do you often eat meat?

B: Iie, niku wa amari tab e mas e n.
B: No, I don't eat it very often.
Commentary
A. indicates a high frequency.V indicates that
an action is not done frequently.
Sukina wa de su
Basic sentence

Sukina r yoori wa kar e e de su.
My favorite dish is curry.
Use
Used when talking about what one likes or dislikes within a specic
category.
Structure
N1
N2
Examples

Sukina r yoori wa tenpura de su.
My favorite dish is tempura.

Kiraina tab emono wa s akana de su.
I don't like sh. (The dish I don't like is sh.)

A: Sukina r yoori wa nan de su ka.
A: What is your favorite dish?
B: Sushi de su.
B: It's sushi.
Commentary
A. N1 is something from one of the categories "cooking", "foods" or
"drinks."
de masu
Basic sentence

Raamen'ya-s an de raamen o tab e masu.
I eat ramen noodles at a ramen shop.
Use
Used when talking about where one eats or drinks.
Structure
N
(Place)
Examples

Ko ohii-shoppu de s andoic c hi o tab e masu.
I eat sandwiches at a coee shop.

A: Kyoo doko de hir u-gohan o tab e masu ka.
A: Where will you eat lunch today?

B: Ano mis e de tab emasu.
B: I'll eat lunch at that shop.
Commentary
A. indicates that N is where the action takes place.
wa ide su
Basic sentence
Ano mis e wa oishii de su.

That shop is delicious.
Use
Used when the speaker is giving their opinion or thoughts on something.
Structure
N
A -
A -
Examples
"Fujiya" wa yasui de su.

"Fujiya" is cheap.

Ano osushiya-s an wa takakunai de su.
That sushi shop is not expensive.

A: Ano raamen'ya-s an wa doo de su ka.
A: How about that ramen shop?

B: Oishii de su yo. Watashi wa suki de su.
B: It's delicious. I like it.
Commentary
A.A- is armative. A- is negative.
B. When it is understood in context what N is, may be omitted.
()
Grammar Notes Topic4 Home Lesson 7
ni ga arimasu
Basic sentence

Ie ni eakon ga arimasu.
I have air-conditioning in my house.
Use
Used when asking or explaining the location of inanimate things.
Structure
N
(Place)
(Place)
N2
(Inanimate object)
Examples

Watashi no heya ni s ofa ga arimasu.
There is a sofa in my room.

Yos hida-s an no ie ni de nwa wa arimas e n.
There isn't a telephone in Mr. Yoshida's house.

A: Yamada-s an no ie ni te r e bi ga arimasu ka.
A: Is there a television in your house, Mr. Yamada?

B: Iie, arimas en.
B: No, there isn't.

A: Ano heya ni nani ga arimasu ka.
A: What is in that room?

B: Te ebur u to b e ddo ga arimasu.
B: There is a table and a bed.
Commentary
A. indicates the existence of inanimate things.
B. Used with and verbs that express existence such as ,
N1 indicates the place where N2 is located.
C. In cases when it is understood what N1 is, 1 is sometimes
omitted. ()
ni ga imasu
Basic sentence
Ie ni neko ga imasu.
There is a cat at home.
Use
Used when asking/explaining who (or what) is in a certain place.
Structure
N1
(Place)
N1
(Place)
N2
(Living
creature)
(Person)
Examples

Watashi no ie ni inu ga imasu.
There is a dog in my house.

Ano heya ni gakus e e wa imas e n.
There isn't a student in that room.
(There aren't any students in that room.)

A: Sens e e no uc hi ni neko ga imasu ka.
A: Is there a cat in the teacher's house?
(Teacher, do you have a cat at home?)
B: Iie, imas en.
B: No, there isn't. (No, I don't.)

A: San-ze r o-ic hi no heya ni dar e ga imasu ka.
A: Who is in room 301?

B: Otoko no gakus e e ga imasu.
B: There is a male student there.
Commentary
A. indicates the existence of living creatures.
B. Used with and verbs that express existence such as ,
N1 indicates the place where N2 is located.
C. In cases when it is understood what N1 is, 1 is sometimes
omitted. ()
ga arimasu
Basic sentence
B e ddo ga f utat su arimasu.

There are two beds.
Use
Used when saying how many of something exists.
Structure
N1
(Place)
N1
(Place)
N2
(Inanimate
object)
N2
(Inanimate
object)
Number
+
Counter
Number
+
Counter
Counter
10
Examples

Tanaka-s an no ie ni isu ga f utat su arimasu.
There are two chairs in Mr. Tanaka's house.

A: Ie ni heya ga ikut su arimasu ka.
A: How many rooms are there in your home?
B: Mit t su arimasu.
B: There are three.

A: Ic hi-zer o-yon no heya ni gakus e e ga nan-nin imasu ka.
A: How many students are there in room 104?
B: Futari imasu.
B: There are two students.
Commentary
A.numbercounters indicates quantity.
B. is used when counting things and when counting
people.
wa i de su
Basic sentence
Watas hi no ie wa s emai de su.

My house is small.
Use
Used when describing the nature or characteristics (colour, shape, size, etc)
and the condition of an object.
Structure
A-
A-
A-
A-
A-
A-
Examples
Watashi no ie wa f ur ui de su.
My house is old.

A: Mr. Tanaka, is your hous e new?
A: Is Mr. Tanaka's house new?

B: Hai, ataras hii de su.
B: Yes, it is.

A: Mr. Shin, is your hous e big?
A: Is Mr. Shin's house big?

B: Iie, o okikunai de su.
B: No, it isn't./No, it's small.
Commentary
A. When it is understood from the context what N is, can be
omitted. ()
to sunde imasu
Basic sentence

Suzuki-s an wa kazoku to sunde imasu.
Mr. Suzuki lives with his family.
Use
Used to explain with whom someone lives.
Structure
N1
(Person)
N1
(Person)
N2 (Person)
Examples

Watashi wa ot to to sunde imasu.
I live with my husband.

Watashi no imooto wa hitori de sunde imasu.
My sister lives alone.

A: Dar e to sunde imasu ka.
A: Who do you live with?

B: Tsuma to sunde imasu.
B: I live with my wife.
Commentary
A. If someone lives by himself/herself, (alone) is used. ()
wa
de su
no
Basic sentence

Ningyo o wa tana no ue de su.
The doll is on the shelf.
Use
Used to indicate the location of something.
Structure
N1
N2
N1
Examples

Hon wa tana no ue de su.
The book is on the shelf.

Toir e wa of ur o no mae de su.
The toilet is in front of the bath.

Nihon no c hawan wa hako no naka de su.
The Japanese bowl is in the box.

A: Inu wa doko de su ka.
A: Where is the dog?

B: B e ddo no shita de su.
B: It's under the bed.
Commentary
A.N2 indicates the position of something with N2 as a starting point.
B. In cases when it is understood what N1 is, 1 is sometimes
omitted. ()
Grammar Notes Topic5 Daily Life Lesson 9
-ji de su
Basic sentence
Ima nan-ji de su ka. Ku-ji de su.
What time is it now? It's nine o'clock.
Use
Used when talking about the time.
Structure
Examples

Ima juu-ji de su.
It's ten o'clock now.

Nyuuyooku wa as a shic hi-ji de su.
It's seven a.m. in New York.

Ima yo-ji s anjuppun/yo-ji-han de su.
It's four-thirty/half-past four now.

A: Ima nan-ji de su ka.
A: What time is it now?

B: Gogo ni-ji-han de su.
B: It's two-thirty p.m.

A: Indo wa ima nan-ji de su ka.
A: What time is it now in India?

B: Yor u juu-ic hi-ji de su.
B: It's eleven o'clock in the evening.
Commentary
A.Number + () indicates the time.
B. The ways of reading :30 are and
. ()
-ji ni masu
Basic sentence

Watas hi wa s hic hi-ji ni okimasu.
I get up at seven o'clock.
Use
Used to say when one does something.
Structure
Examples

Watashi wa r oku-ji ni okimasu.
I get up at six o'clock.

A: No da-s an wa mainic hi nan-ji ni ne masu ka.
A: What time do you go to bed every day, Mr. Noda?

B: Juu-ic hi-ji ni ne masu.
B: I go to bed at eleven o'clock.

Mainic hi juu-ni-ji-han gor o ne masu.
I go to bed at around half-past twelve every day.

A: It su of ur o ni hairimasu ka.
A: When do you take a bath?

B: As a de su. Hac hi-ji gor o hairimasu.
B: In the morning. I have a bath around eight o'clock.
Commentary
A. indicates that N is the time at which an action takes place.
B. indicates an approximate time. In this case, isn't used.
()
kara
made de su
Basic sentence

Kais ha wa ku-ji kara go-ji made de su.
The company's working hours are 9 till 5.
Use
Used when talking about the starting and ending time of something.
Structure
N1
(Starting time)
N2
(End time)
Examples

Watashi no kaisha wa ku-ji kara go-ji-han made de su.
My company's working hours are from nine o'clock to half-past ve.

Watashi wa get suyoobi kara kin'yoobi made kaisha ni ikimasu.
I go to work from Monday to Friday.

A: Gakkoo wa nan-ji kara nan-ji made de su ka.
A: What time is school from and until?

B: Hac hi-ji-han kara s an-ji made de su.
B: From half-past eight to three o'clock.
Commentary
A. indicates that N1 is the starting point if N1 is a word that
expresses time.
B. indicates that N2 is the ending point if N2 is a word that
expresses time.
-jikan masu
Basic sentence

Shic hi-jikan s higoto o s himasu.
I work for seven hours.
Use
Used when saying how long one does an action for.
Structure
Hours
Minutes
10
Examples

Mainic hi s hic hi-jikan s higoto o s himasu.
I work for seven hours everyday.

A: Mainic hi nan-jikan te r e bi o mimasu ka.
A: How many hours do you watch TV every day?

B: Ni-jikan gurai mimasu.
B: I watch TV for about two hours.

Shin-s an wa s anjuppun gurai undoo o shimasu.
Mr. Shin exercises for about thirty minutes.

Mainic hi ic hi-jikan-han gurai ter e bi o mimasu.
I watch TV for about an hour and a half every day.
Commentary
A. () and () expresses the duration of time.
B. () is used more often than
()30(). ()
C. indicates an approximate duration. ()
ga ii de su
Basic sentence
Kin'yo obi ga ii de su.

Friday is the best day.
Use
Used when saying a suitable day, time or date.
Structure
(Word
denoting time)
(Word
denoting time)
Examples
A: It su ga ii de su ka.
A: When is good?
B: D oyoobi ga ii de su.
B: Saturday is good.

A: Raishuu no shokuji wa it su ga ii de su ka.
A: When would be best for the meal next week?
B: Kayoobi ga ii de su.
B: Tuesday would be best.

A: Sumimas en. Kayoobi wa dame de su. Haha to kons aato ni ikimasu.
A: I'm sorry. Tuesday's no good. I'm going to a concert with my mother.
A: Nan-ji ga ii de su ka.
A: What time is best?
B: Roku-ji wa doo de su ka.

B: How about six o'clock?
A: Ii de su yo.
A: Okay.
Grammar Notes Topic6 Holidays and Days o 1 Lesson 11
ga suki de su
Basic sentence
D okus ho ga suki de su.

I like reading books.
Use
Used when talking about one's hobby or something one likes.
Structure
Examples

Watashi wa manga ga daisuki de su.
I like comics very much.

A: Kimura-s an wa dokusho ga suki de su ka.
A: Mr. Kimura, do you like reading books?
B: Iie, sukijanai de su.

B: No, I don't.

A: D onna e e ga ga suki de su ka.
A: What kind of movies do you like?
B: Horaa ga suki de su.

B: I like horror.
A: Kome dhi wa?

A: How about comedies?
B: Kome dhi wa sukijanai de su.

B: I don't like comedies.
Commentary
A. is used when asking the type of thing someone likes from
a given category. ()
ga dekimasu
Basic sentence

Gitaa ga dekimasu.
I can play the guitar.
Use
Used when talking about the sports/musical instruments one can play,
or the languages one can speak.
Structure
N
Examples

Watashi wa tenisu ga de kimasu.
I can play tennis.

Kankokugo ga sukoshi de kimasu.
I can speak a little Korean.

A: Ari-s an wa piano ga de kimasu ka.
A: Ari, can you play the piano?

B: Hai, dekimasu.
B: Yes, I can.

A: Gitaa mo dekimasu ka.
A: Can you also play the guitar?

B: Iie, gitaa wa dekimas e n.
B: No, I can't play the guitar.
de masu
Basic sentence

Uc hi de e e ga o mimasu.
I watch movies at home.
Use
Used when saying what one does (or will do) and where.
Structure
N (Place)
Examples
Uc hi de hon o yomimasu.
I read books at home.

A: D oko de ongaku o kikimasu ka.
A: Where do you listen to music?

B: Heya de ongaku o kikimasu.
B: I listen to music in my room.

A: D oko de shashin o torimasu ka.
A: Where will you take pictures?

B: Koo en de torimasu.
B: I'll take pictures in the park.
Commentary
A. indicates that N is where the action takes place.
Tokidoki
masu
Basic sentence
Tokidoki kaimono o s himasu.

I sometimes go shopping.
Use
Used when talking about how frequently one does a particular action.
Structure
Examples

Tokidoki e e ga o mimasu.
I sometimes watch movies.
Hon wa amari yomimas e n.

I don't read books very often.

A: Kimura-s an, yasumi no hi ni nani o shimasu ka.
A: Mr. Kimura, what do you do on your days o?

B: Soto de yoku shashin o torimasu.
B: I often take pictures outside.

A: Yasumi no hi ni sup oot su o shimasu ka.
A: Do you play sports on your days o?

B: Iie, sup oot su wa zenze n shimas e n.
B: No, I don't play sports at all.
Commentary
A. The pattern indicates that something happens
repeatedly at intervals.V indicates that something
never happens at all.
B. and are used with armatives (), whereas
and are used with negatives ().
ni masu
Basic sentence
Ic hi-gat su ni Sapp or o ni ikimasu.

I'll go to Sapporo in January.
Use
Used when saying what one does (or will do) and when.
Structure
Examples

Nic hiyoobi ni paathii ni ikimasu.
I'll go to the party on Sunday.

A: It su Took yoo ni ikimasu ka.
A: When will you go to Tokyo?

B: San-gat su ni ikimasu.
B: I'll go there in March.
A: It su e e ga o mimasu ka.
A: When will you watch the movie?

B: Rais huu mimasu.
B: I'll watch the movie next week.
Commentary
A. indicates that N is the time an event takes place.
B. cannot be preceded by words like ()
or the interrogative . ()
ni ga arimasu
Basic sentence

D oyo obi ni kons aato ga arimasu.
There is a concert on Saturday.
Use
Used when saying when an event or happening will take place.
Structure
Examples

Hanabi-taikai ga arimasu.
There is a reworks display.

Nic hiyoobi ni paathii ga arimasu.
There is a party on Sunday.

A: It su taiko-kons aato ga arimasu ka.
A: When is the taiko drum concert?
B: Shi-gat su s anjuu-nic hi ni arimasu.

B: It's on April 30th.

A: Paathii wa it su arimasu ka.
A: When is the party?
B: As hita arimasu.
B: It's tomorrow.
Commentary
A.N indicates that an event or happening will take place.
B. indicates that N is the time an event takes place.
C. cannot be preceded by words like ()
or the interrogative . ()
de
ga arimasu
Basic sentence

Kokus ai-Hoor u de e e ga ga arimasu.
There is a movie showing at the Kokusai Hall.
Use
Used when saying where an event or happening takes (will take) place.
Structure
N1 (Place)
N2 (Happening/
Event)
N2(Happening/
Event)
Examples

JF-Sup oot su-Sentaa de ke ndoo ga arimasu.
There's kendo at the JF sports center.

Minato-Mac hi de G oor ude n-Uiiku ni ir oir ona ib e nto ga arimasu.
There are various events held in Minato-Machi during Golden Week.

A: D oko de taiko-kons aato ga arimasu ka.
A: Where is there a taiko drum concert?
B: Kokus ai-Hoor u de arimasu.

B: There's one at Kokusai Hall.
A: It su arimasu ka.
A: When is it?
B: Shi-gat su s anjuu-nic hi ni arimasu.

B: It's on April 30th.

A: G o-gat su yokka ni nani ga arimasu ka.
A: What's on May 4th?

B: Minato-Paaku de dansu-konte suto ga arimasu.
B: There's a dance contest in Minato Park.
Commentary
A.N indicates that an event or happening takes place.
In this case, is used to indicate the place the event took place,
rather than .
ni ikimasu
Basic sentence
Sumo o o mi ni ikimasu.
I'll go to watch sumo wrestling.
Use
Used when saying what one goes (will go) to do.
Structure
V
Examples

Watashi wa b ons ai-konte suto o mi ni ikimasu.
I'll go to watch a bonsai contest.

Ko o e n ni shashin o tori ni ikimasu.
I go to the park to take pictures.

A: Raishuu no yasumi ni nani o shimasu ka.
A: What are you going to do on your next day o?

B: Anime no dhiibuidhii o kai ni ikimasu.
B: I'm going to buy some anime DVDs.
Commentary
A. V can be made by removing from V, as in
() ().
B. indicates that V is the purpose of the movement one makes.
mas en ka mashoo
Basic sentence

Is s ho ni koo en ni ikimas e n ka.
Why don't we go to the park together?
Ikimas ho o.
Yes, shall we?
Use
is used when inviting someone to do something.
is used as a response when accepting an invitation.
Structure
Examples

A: Ashita is sho ni koo e n ni ikimas e n ka.
A: Do you want to go to the park with me tomorrow?
B: Ii de su ne. Ikimashoo.
B: That's a good idea. Let's go.
A: Raishuu mat suri ga arimasu yo. Is sho ni mi ni ikimas e n ka.

A: There is a festival next week. Do you want to go and watch it together?

B: Ii de su ne. Mi ni ikimashoo.
B: Yes. Let's go watch.

A: D oyoobi ni is sho ni karaoke o shimas e n ka.
A: Do you want to go to karaoke with me on Saturday?
B: D oyoobi wa c hot to. Sumimas e n.

B: Sorry, I'm a little busy on Saturday.
Commentary
A. V can be made by removing from V , as in
() ().
B. When declining an invitation, the following response is often used:
Note: = a bit (That's a bit inconvenient for me.)
Grammar Notes Topic7 Towns Lesson 13
kara made de masu
Basic sentence

Uc hi kara eki made basu de ikimasu.
I take a bus from my home to the station.
Use
Used when saying how one gets from somewhere to another place.
Structure
N (Place)
N2 (Vehic le)
Examples

Sakura-eki kara Fuji-eki made c hikatet su de ikimasu.
I take the subway from Sakura Station to Fuji Station.

Gakkoo made jitensha de ikimasu.
I go to school by bicycle.

A: Fuji-eki kara doo yat te ikimasu ka.
A: How do you get there from Fuji Station?
B: Ar uite ikimasu.
B: I walk.

A: Koko kara Took yoo-eki made ikura de su ka.
A: How much does it cost to go from here to Tokyo Station?
210
B: Nihyaku-juu-en de su.
B: 210 yen.

Fuji-Hoter u made one gais himasu.
Take me to Fuji Hotel, please.
Commentary
A. indicates that N is the beginning of the range if N is a word
that expresses location.
B. indicates that N is the end of the range if N is a word that
expresses location.
c. indicates a form of transport.
de ni norimasu
Basic sentence
Eki de densha ni norimasu.
I get on the train at the station.
Use
Used when saying where one gets on or gets o a vehicle/mode of
transport.
Structure
N1 (Place)
N2 (Vehic le)
Examples

Watashi wa Midori-eki de c hikatet su ni norimasu.
I get on the subway at Midori Station.

Ko ob e de f une o orimasu.
I get o the ship at Kobe.

A: D oko de densha ni norimasu ka.
A: Where do you get on the train?

B: S akura-eki de norimasu.
B: I get on at Sakura Station.

A: D oko de basu o orimasu ka.
A: Where do you get o the bus?

B: Kuukoo-eki de orimasu.
B: I get o at Kuko Station.
Commentary
A. In N2, N2 indicates the mode of transport one gets on.
B. In N2, N2 indicates the mode of transport one gets
o/alights.
wa ga ii de su
Basic sentence

Kuuko o wa densha ga ii de su.
The train's the best way to get to the airport.
Use
Used when giving advice on the best mode of transport to use.
Structure
N1 (Place)
N2 (Vehic le)
Examples

A: Koko kara kuukoo made doo yat te ikimasu ka.
A: How do you get from here to the airport?

B: Kuukoo wa basu ga ii de su yo.
B: It's best to take the bus to the airport.
kara
Basic sentence

Kuuko o wa densha ga ii de su. B e nri de su kara.
The train's the best way to get to the airport. That's because it's convenient.
Use
Used when giving reasons.
Structure
A
A
Examples

A: Koko kara kuukoo made doo yat te ikimasu ka.
A: How do you get from here to the airport?

B: Kuukoo wa basu ga ii de su yo. Yasui de su kara.
B: It's best to take the bus to the airport. That's because it's cheap.

A: Koko kara Guriin-Paaku made doo yat te ikimasu ka.
A: How do you get from here to Green Park?

B: Guriin-Paaku wa densha ga ii de su yo. B e nri de su kara.
B: It's best to go to Green Park by train. That's because it's convenient.
na
Basic sentence
Fur ui jinja, nigiyakana mac hi

An old shrine, a lively town
Use
Used when talking about the condition or characteristics of a particular
thing.
Structure
A-
A-
Examples
Fur ui jinja ga arimasu.

There is an old shrine.

Fuji-Mac hi ni yuume e na hakubut sukan ga arimasu.
There is a famous museum in Fuji-Machi.
Commentary
A./ placed before N modies N.
ni ga arimasu
Basic sentence

S aitama ni f ur ui jinja ga arimasu.
There is a old shrine in Saitama.
Use
Used when explaining or asking about the things found in a certain place.
Structure
N1 (Place)
N1 (Place)
N2 (Obje c t)
Examples

Saitama ni yuume e na hakubut sukan ga arimasu.
There is a famous museum in Saitama.

Ko o en no naka ni bijut sukan ga arimasu.
There is an art gallery in the park.

Fuji-Mac hi ni nigiyakana toori wa arimas e n.
There aren't any busy roads in Fuji-Machi.

A: Fuji-Mac hi ni nani ga arimasu ka.
A: What is there in Fuji-Machi?

B: Atarashii eki ga arimasu.
B: There is a new station.
no
Basic sentence

Eki no tonari, kis s aten no mae
Next to the station, in front of the coee shop.
Use
Used when talking about locations.
Structure
N2
Examples

Ginkoo wa konbini no tonari de su.
The bank is next to the convenience store.

A: Ima doko de su ka.
A: Where are you now?

B: Eki no mae de su.
B: I'm in front of the station.
Commentary
A. indicates the location.
wa no ni arimasuimasu
Basic sentence

Kis s ate n wa eki no tonari ni arimasu.
The coee shop is next to the station.
Use
Used when explaining or asking about the location of something.
Structure
N1
N2
N1
Examples

Ginkoo wa depaato no c hikaku ni arimasu.
The bank is near the department store.

Watashi wa ginkoo no mae ni imasu.
I'm in front of the bank.

A: Sobaya wa hoter u no naka ni arimasu ka.
A: Is there a soba noodle shop in the hotel?

B: Iie, hoter u no naka ni wa arimas e n.
B: No, there isn't one in the hotel.
A: Ima doko ni imasu ka.

A: Where are you now?

B: D epaato no naka ni imasu.
B: I'm in the department store.
Commentary
A. In cases where it is understood what N1 is, is sometimes
omitted. ()

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic8
2
Shopping
Lesson 15
ga hoshii de su
Basic sentence

Watas hi wa akus e s arii ga hoshii de su.
I want some accessories.
Use
Used when talking about things one wants, or wants to buy.
Structure
N1Person
N2
Examples
T
Watashi wa T-shat su ga hoshii de su.
I want a T-shirt.
Atarashii ter ebi ga hoshii de su.

I want a new television.

A: Shin-s an wa nani ga hoshii de su ka.
A: What do you want, Mr. Shin?

B: Kakkoii kur uma ga hoshii de su.
B: I want a cool car.

A: D onna akus e s arii ga hoshii de su ka.
A: What kind of accessories do you want?

B: Kawaii akus e s arii ga hoshii de su.
B: I want some cute accessories.
Commentary
A. is treated like an I-adjective. The conjugation is the same as
other I-adjectives.

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic8
2
Shopping
Lesson 15
ni o age masu
Basic sentence

Watas hi wa Kaara-s an ni hana o age masu.
I give Kara some owers.
Use
Used when talking about what is given to whom.
Structure
N1
(Person)
N1
N2
(Person)
N3
N3
N2
Examples

Ab e-s an wa Kaara-s an ni hankac hi o age masu.
Mr. Abe gives Kara a handkerchief.

Kyonen no tanjoobi ni haha ni b ooshi o age mashita.
I gave my mother a hat for her birthday last year.

A: Hos e-s an wa Kaara-s an ni nani o age masu ka.
A: What will you give Kara, Jose?

B: Chokor e eto o agemasu.
B: I'll give her some chocolates.

A: Kir e e na hankac hi de su ne. Dar e ni age masu ka.
A: That's a pretty handkerchief, isn't it? Who will you give it to?

B: Haha ni agemasu.
B: I'll give it to my mother.
Commentary
A. N2 can never be the speaker.
B. In cases when N1 is the speaker or it is understood who N1 and N2
are, N1 and/or N2 are sometimes omitted. ()

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic8
2
Shopping
Lesson 15
ni o moraimasu
Basic sentence

Kaara-s an wa Hos e-s an ni c hokor e eto o moraimashita.
Kara received some chocolates from Jose.
Use
Used when talking about what was received from someone.
Structure
N1
(Person)
N2
(Person)
N3
N1
N3
N2
Examples

Kaara-s an wa otoos an ni bide o-kamera o moraimashita.
Kara got a video camera from her father.

A: Dar e ni toke e o moraimashita ka.
A: From whom did you get that watch?

B: Haha ni moraimas hita.
B: I was given it by my mother.

A: Tanjoobi ni nani o moraimashita ka.
A: What were you given for your birthday?

B: D enshi-jisho o moraimashita.
B: I got an electonic dictionary.
Commentary
A. N2 can never be the speaker.
B. In cases when N1 is the speaker, or it is understood who N1 and N2 are,
N1 and/or N2 are sometimes omitted. ()

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic8
2
Shopping
Lesson 15
mashita
Basic sentence

Kyone n Nihon de toke e o kaimashita.
I bought a watch in Japan last year.
Use
Used when talking about a past action.
Structure
V
Examples

Kyonen Nihon de kawaii f uku o kaimashita.
I bought cute clothes in Japan last year.

Kyonen no tanjoobi ni haha ni b ooshi o age mashita.
I gave my mother a hat for her birthday last year.
A: Kut su o kaimas hita ka.

A: Did you buy shoes?
B: Iie, kut su wa kaimas e nde shita.

B: No, I didn't.
Commentary
A. is past armative. is past negative.

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic8
2
Shopping
Lesson 16
wa ikura de su ka
Basic sentence
Kor e wa ikura de su ka.

How much is this?
Use
Used when talking about the price of something.
Structure
N
Examples
A: Sumimas en, koohii wa ikura de su ka.

A: Excuse me, how much is a cup of coee?

B: Sanbyaku-gojuu-en de su.
B: It's 350 yen.
A: Sor e wa ikura de su ka.

A: How much is that?
B: Hyaku-en de su.
B: It's 100 yen.

A: Sumimas en, ano sukaaf u wa ikura de su ka.
A: Excuse me, How much is that scarf?
B: Ar e wa s en-nihyaku- e n de su.
B: That's 1200 yen.

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic8
2
Shopping
Lesson 16
o kudas ai
Basic sentence
Kono T-shat su o kudas ai.

I'd like this T-shirt, please.
Use
Used when asking for an item in a shop, etc.
Structure
N
Examples

A: Kono kamera o kudas ai.
A: I'd like this camera, please.

B: Hai.
B: Okay.
A: Sumimas en. Kor e, kudas ai.

A: Excuse me. I'll take this one.
B: Hai. Sen-nihyaku-en de su.

B: Okay. That'll be 1200yen.
Commentary
A. When shopping or ordering in a restaurant, is sometimes
omitted. N
()

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic9
2
Holidays
and Days o 2 Lesson 17
mashita
Basic sentence

Kino o depaato ni ikimashita.
I went to a department store yesterday.
Use
Used when talking about a past action.
Structure
V
Examples
Atarashii depaato ni ikimashita.

I went to the new department store.

A: Kinoo paathii ni ikimashita ka.
A: Did you go to the party yesterday?

B: Iie, ikimas ende shita.
B: No, I didn't.

A: Yasumi no hi ni nani o shimashita ka.
A: What did you do on your day o?

B: D epaato de kaimono o shimashita.
B: I went shopping at a department store.
Commentary
A. is past armative. is past negative.

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic9
2
Holidays
kat ta de su
de shita
Basic sentence
Kaimono wa tanos hikat ta de su.

Going shopping was fun.
D e paato wa nigiyaka de shita.
The department store was crowded.
Use
Used when talking about the condition/state of things in the past, or
when stating the speaker's opinion or impression about an event or an
incident in the past.
Structure
N
A-
A-
Examples
Mac hi wa nigiyaka de shita.

The town was busy.

Hoter u no heya wa amari shizukajanakat ta de su.
The hotel room wasn't very quiet.
Piza wa ois hikat ta de su.

The pizza was delicious.
A: D epaato wa doo de shita ka.

A: How was the department store?
B: Nigiyaka de s hita.
B: It was busy.

A: Senshuu no yasumi wa doo de shita ka.
A: How was your day o last week?
B: Tanos hikat ta de su.

B: It was fun.

Kinoo no e e ga wa yokat ta de su.
Yesterday's movie was good.
Commentary
A.The conjugation of the I-adjective is exceptional.
is negative, is past armative.
is past negative.

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic9
2
Holidays
doko ni mo
mas e n nani mo
mas e n
Basic sentence

Watas hi wa doko ni mo ikimas e nde shita.
I didn't go anywhere.
Use
Used when saying one didn't do anything special or go out anywhere.
Structure
Examples

A: Yasumi ni doko ni ikimashita ka.
A: Where did you go during your holidays?

B: D oko ni mo ikimas e nde shita.
B: I didn't go anywhere.

A: Soo de su ka. Watashi mo nani mo shimas e nde shita.
A: Is that so? I didn't do anything either.

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic9
2
Holidays
masu. Sor e kara, masu.
Basic sentence

Otera o mimas hita. Sor e kara, omiyage o kaimashita.
I saw the temple. Then, I bought a souvenir.
Use
Used when talking about several actions in chronological order.
Structure
S1
S2
Examples

Yuume e na otera o mimashita. Sor e kara, omiyage o kaimashita.
I saw the famous temple. Then, I bought a souvenir.

Hoter u de as a-gohan o tab e mashita. Sor e kara, de nsha de As akus a
ni ikimas hita.
I had breakfast at the hotel. Then, I went to Asakusa on the train.
Commentary
A. Shows that S2 occurs following S1.

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic9
2
Holidays
de su. D e mo
de su.
de su. Soshite
de su.
Basic sentence
O sushi wa ois hikat ta de su. D e mo, takakat ta de su.

The sushi was good. But, it was expensive.
Kabuki wa kir e e de shita. Soshite, omoshir okat ta de su.

The kabuki play was beautiful and interesting.
Use
is used when adding a comment that goes against a particular

state of aairs.
is used when adding a comment in line with a particular state
of aairs.
Structure
S1
S2
S1
S2
Examples

Aisu-kuriimu o tab emashita. Oishikat ta de su. D e mo, c hiis akat ta de su.

I ate an ice cream. It was delicious, but it was small.
To ok yoo-Tawaa o mimashita. D e mo, Fujis an wa mimas e nde shita.

I saw Tokyo Tower. However, I didn't see Mt. Fuji.

Soba o tab emashita. Taihe n de shita. D e mo, oishikat ta de su.
I ate soba noodles. It was hard, but they were tasty.

Kabuki o mimas hita. Kir e e de shita. Soshite, omoshir okat ta de su.
I watched a kabuki play. It was beautiful and interesting.
B e nk yoo wa muzukashii de su. Soshite, t sumaranai de su.

Studying is dicult. Also, it's boring.
Commentary
A. shows that the speaker is adding a negative comment to a
previous positive comment (), or vice-versa (). ( /)
B. shows that the speaker is adding a positive comment to a
previous positive comment (), or a negative comment to a previous
negative comment (). ( /)

GrammarTopic
Notes Topic9
2
Holidays
tai de su
Basic sentence
Kyo oto ni ikitai de su.

I want to go to Kyoto.
Use
Used by the speaker when talking about their hopes or demands.
Structure
V
Examples
Okinawa ni ikitai de su.

I want to go to Okinawa.

Tsugi wa shinkans en ni noritai de su.
I want to ride the bullet train next time.
A: Tsugi wa nani o shitai de su ka.

A: What do you want to do next?

B: Took yoo de takus an kaimono o shitai de su.
B: I want to do a lot of shopping in Tokyo.
Commentary
A. V can be made by removing from V as in
() ().
B. is conjugated in the same way as I-adjectives.

Grammar A1

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Grammar Notes Topic2 Myself Lesson 3

Watas hi wa Kaara de su.

Used when talking about N1's name, nationality or profession.

Ms. Yan is Malaysian.

Watas hi wa kais hainjanai de su.

I'm not an oce worker.

A: Kimu-s an wa Kankokujin de su ka.

A: Ms. Kim, are you Korean?

B: Hai, Kankokujin de su.

A: Kimura-s an wa gakus e e de su ka.

A: Mr. Kimura, are you a student?

B: Iie, gakus e ejanai de su. Kaishain de su.

B: No, I'm not a student. I'm an oce worker.

A: O shigoto wa nan de su ka.

A: What's your job?

Grammar Notes Topic2 Myself Lesson 3

Grammar Notes Topic2 Myself Lesson 3

Grammar Notes Topic2 Myself Lesson 4

My family is my father, my mother and me.

is used for connecting nouns.

Grammar Notes Topic2 Myself Lesson 4

A: D oko ni sunde imasu ka.

Grammar Notes Topic2 Myself Lesson 4

Ane no ko domo wa ni-s ai de su.

Ani no ko domo wa s an-s ai de su.

A: Kono hito wa dar e de su ka.

Grammar Notes Topic3 Food Lesson 5

A: Mr. Tanaka, do you like sh?

B: Hai, suki de su.

A: Koohii ga suki de su ka.

A: Do you like coee?

B: Iie, sukijanai de su.

A: What foods do you like?

B: Yas ai ga suki de su.

Watashi wa niku ga suki de su. Sakana mo suki de su.

I like meat. I also like sh

Grammar Notes Topic3 Food Lesson 5

As a-gohan o tab emasu.

A: Nani o tab emasu ka.

B: Iie, tab emas en.

Grammar Notes Topic3 Food Lesson 5

A: Yoku niku o tab emasu ka.

Grammar Notes Topic3 Food Lesson 6

I don't like sh. (The dish I don't like is sh.)

A: What is your favorite dish?

Grammar Notes Topic3 Food Lesson 6

Grammar Notes Topic3 Food Lesson 6

Ano mis e wa oishii de su.

"Fujiya" wa yasui de su.

Grammar Notes Topic4 Home Lesson 7

I have air-conditioning in my house.

A: Is there a television in your house, Mr. Yamada?

B: No, there isn't.

A: What is in that room?

B: There is a table and a bed.

Grammar Notes Topic4 Home Lesson 7

B: Iie, imas en.

B: No, there isn't. (No, I don't.)

Grammar Notes Topic4 Home Lesson 7

B e ddo ga f utat su arimasu.

Grammar Notes Topic4 Home Lesson 7

Watas hi no ie wa s emai de su.

Grammar Notes Topic4 Home Lesson 7