744



744

745


:
)Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE



.
.

:
:
( :
CH3 -CH 2 -OH
CH 2 =CH 2 + H 2 O

745

746


( :
CH CH + H 2
CH 2 =CH 2

) (cracking
) (naphtha
.

: ) (

) (Tubular Reactor

746

747


) : (

) (
) (demethanized
) (deethanized
) ( ) .(0.5 % O2
)( (1000
) 3000 atm
) .(175 200 C
) (5 cm
) (15 cm

747

748


) .(100 106 kg/year

) (Pilot Plant )(20 m
) (5 mm
) .(3 kg/hour


.
) (
.

748

749


) : ( .

749

750


( (50 60 % ) %
( . . /(0.91 0.94 g/cm3)
( ) (100 C

.
(
.
(
)( .
(
.

.

750

751


:
.

( :
) .(0.001 to 0.005 inch
) (70 %
.


.

) (green house
.

751

752


(
)(Injection Molding
) (
) (13 % .
( :
) (1 %

.
( Coatings


.

.
) (3 % .

752

753


(

) (blow molding ) (2 %



.

753

754


:
)High Density Polyethylene (HDPE

) (linear
.

.

(

)(heterogeneous
) (
) (slurry reactor ) (
.

) .(slurry
) (120 C ) (90 C
) .(5 30 atm
754

755


.
.

) : ( -

755

756


( Philip's Method
) (
) (CrO3
) .(Al2O3

).(

) : (

756

757


:
(
Fixed Bed Reactor
) (
) ( ) (isooctane
) .(2 4 %
) (
) (150 180 C )(20 40 atm
) -/ ( .



.
.

757

758


) : (

(
Slurry Reactor
) (
) ( .
) (
)
( ) (150 C
)
(
758

759


.
) .(20 40 atm
.

.
.

) : (

759

760


)(90 %

.
)C

(127

) (135 C
)(0.95 0.97 g/cm3

)(100,000
) (20,000
.
.

.

760

761


(
) (40 %
.
( . (20
) % ) .(HDPE

.
( .
(

.

761

762


:
)Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE

) (LDPE
) (HDPE
).(LDPE
) (
) (fluidized bed (gas phase
) ( .

) (fluidized bed ) (30 atm
) (100 C .
) (2 5 hours
) (500
.

762

763


) : (

)(600,000 kg

) (

.
-.

763

764


:
Polypropylene
:

.

) (


.


).(0.905 g/cm3

764

765


)) (165 C
(.
.

.

.


.

(

) (50 %
.
(
) ( )(staple
.

765

766


:
Polystyrene
:

) (MgO .

766

767


) (emulsion
) (solution
) (suspension
).(bulk


) (atactic
.


.
) (240 C ).(80 C

.

) (90 C
.
767

768


.
) (
).(1.65
.
) / (.



.

.
) (
) (240 C

) .(82 88 C
.

768

769


769

770


(


)(60 %
(40 %)
)( .

.

) (
.
.
(
) (76 %
)%

(24 ) (CH2=CH-CN

.
770

771


) .(90 92 C

.
(


) (dispersion

)(toughness
.
( ABS


) (
) (ABS

) (A )(B

) (S .
).(
771

772


) : ( )(ABS

ABS

ABS


).(electroplating

772

773


(

.
) (ABS
) (24 %
.

773

774


Ionic Exchange Resins

: )(
Cationic Exchange Resins

) (divinyl benzene
)polymerization

.(suspension

) (
) (SO3H .

.

: )(
Anionic Exchange
) (

.

774

775


Cl-CH2-O-CH3
.
) : ).((

775

776


) : (

776

777


(
)Polystyrene Foam (Styrofoam
) (250 300
.

.


(20
) C .
:
:
)
( ) .(

777

778


) : (

) .(

) : ( ) (.

778

779


: Acrylic Plastics
( ) (
)Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA




.
: )(MMA

)
(
.
.

779

780


:
) (Bulk

) (suspension
) . .(
) (
) (
.
) (bulk
.

780

781


) : (

781

782


)(PMMA

) (70 75 %
) (syndiotactic
) (-OOCH3
.

.
) (PMMA


. ) (PMMA
.
) (10,000 .

.
).(90 C
.
.
782

783


(
)
) (50 %
.

.

) (plexiglass

)(lucite

(
Polyethyl Cyano Acrylate

) (ethyl cyano acrylate

.

.

783

784


784

785


:
Poly Vinyl Acetate

CH2 = CH-O-OC-CH3
:
CH CH + CH3 - COOH
CH3 - COO - CH = CH 2

.
:
:
( ): (Bulk




.

785

786


( Suspension


.
( Emulsion




.


.

) (28 C
.


.

786

787


.


).(chewing gum

.


.
)
(
)( ).(latex paints

:
( ) (polyviny alcohol
) (

787

788


. "
".

) (

)(.
( ) (polyvinyl acetal
)
(.

) (
.
788

789


) (safety glass .

)) (cellulose nitrate (


.


.

789

790


)) (plasticizer
) (dibutyl sebacate ) (40 45 %




.

)) (autoclave (
.

790

791


: )
( Polyvinyl Alcohol

791

792


).(drawing

) (150 C


.

) .(90 C

.

.

792

793


) (
.



:

) (30 % .

793

794


:
)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC
: )(CH2 = CH-Cl

) (- 14 C
:

) .(suspension
.

) .(plastisol and organosol

.

794

795


.


) (HCl
) (.


.

) (HCl
.

.

) (PMMA, ABS
.
795

796


) % (

.

.
) (PVC
) ( :
) (tricresyl phosphate
.
.



" " " ".
)

.
)
( .

796

797


) (
.


) (calendering

) (20 30 % ) (
.

.
% + % +
+ .

.
).(180 C
PVC .

.
797

798


798

799


: Fluorocarbon

) )(Teflon
)(Polytetrafluoro Ethylene

) (CF2 = CF2
) (- 76 C
.

)
(


) (.

799

800


)) (93 98 %
(.
) (237 C
) (2.3 g/cm3
.

.
.


.
)(250 C
.
.




)
800

801


( )
(
.

.

)dispersion

(aqueous

. .
)(

.

)
( .

801

802


802

803


: Polyurethane

) (diisocynate

).(ethylene glycol

) .(-NH-C-O-
.
:
( ) (.
( )(.
( .
( .
( .

803

804


) : (

( ) (Foamed Rubber
:

:
( )
(
.

.
.

804

805


( ) (B

)) .(prepolymer
) ( ) (
) ( (
) ( :

) (B :

(

.

805

806


) (-NCO
.

R-NCO + H 2 O
R-NH 2 + CO 2
)
(.




) (
.
Synthetic Fibers

) (
) (
).(spandex

806

807


( Coating Materials

.

) .(magnetic stirrers

.
( )( Poromerics



) (
.


.
.

807

808


: Polycarbonate
:

)(phosgene

) - ) (bis phenol
-(.

808

809


) (

) (
.

.
) (140 C
.

.
.
) (

.
.

809

810


: Epoxy Resins

.

(epichlorohydrin
.

( )(epichlorohydrin
) (bis phenol

)
(.

810

811


) (A



A .

.



.

811

812


.


.

BF3
) .

) : (

812

813


.



.
.

.

813

814


:
Thermosetting Resins
(
(
Phenol Phormaldehyde

.


.

) (.
:
(
.

814

815


:
( Novolac
) (
) (
.

815

816


. )(1000
) (10
.

.
( Resols




.

816

817


:
( .
(
)(.
(
.
( ) (
.


) .(

817

818


) : (

818

819


) : (

819

820


:
)
(
) ( : .
.
:
:
.
) .( .

) .(hexamethylene tetramine

.
Hexamethylene Tetramine
6CH 2 O + NH3

820

821


.Vacuum

)
(
.
).(A




)( : .


) (B
.
) (

821

822


.
).(C




.


.




.

822

823


:

) (10 15 %
) (
) (


.


.
.

) (ion exchange
.

823

824


( Amino Resins
:
( )(urea formaldehyde
(

).(melamine formaldehyde

.
:
( .

: ).( : .

824

825


(

:

(
)( :
) ( .


.
:

825

826


.
Molding Resin



. .


.
) (.

826

827


.

.


.


.


.

.

827

828


.

) (Alky Resins ) (enamel
) ( ) (baking


:
Butyl or Substituted Monomethylol Urea Formalehyde

828

829


( ) ( :
Reinforced Polyesters Resins


.
)
(


.

.

.
.
.
.
.

829

/
.
.
.
.
.

830


( ) (

) (
) (

.

.
.
(

) (accelerators ) (promoters

. :
(
).(gel
(

830

831


.

) (contact
) (laminating
.

.


.

.
.
.
.

831

832


( Allyl Resins

.


.
:

832

833


( Diallyl Phthalate
)
( .
- .

.

.

.
(
Allyl Diglycol Carbonate

-
)-(CH = CH - CH2 OCOO - CH2 - CH2 - O

.

833

834


( Furan Resins

.

.
.
( Lignin
) (%
.

) (n-propyl benzene


.

834

835


835

836


: )(
)(

.

.
) (
) (

)( ) (Grigrand

)
) .((
) ( ) .(

) .(
) (

.
836

837


( )(PET

) (PET .

)(stretch blow

............. ).(PET

837

838


.


.
( )(PET

)(polybutylene terephalate

) (
) ( ) (PET )(PBT
. ) (PBT


.

( )(Aromatic Polyester

838

839


) (
.
)) (PTFE(
) (
) ( .
) (PTFE .
)
( .
.

839

840


:
)polyimide : (poly benzimidazole

:


) .(amide
.


) (imide
) (.

840

841


)

) .(k
.
.

841

842


)
(

.
.

) (liquid crystals
)
( .


.
)(

.

842