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10 Thsem 1 Studyguide
10 Thsem 1 Studyguide
Meha Siyam
10th Grade
SAT II Chemistry
Pioneers Baccalaureate School
Spring 2016
Study Guide
I. BASICS
MATTER
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space.
MASS
Mass: the amount of matter in a substance.
! Measured in grams or kilograms or milligrams
! 1 kg= 1000g
! 1g= 1000mg
! The more molecules or atoms etc. in a sample the more mass it
will have. Thus mass depends on the number of molecules
present in a sample.
VOLUME
Volume: how much space something takes up.
! Measured in liters, milliliters or cubic centimeters.
! 1L=1000 mL=1000cm3
! Volume of a liquid is measured using a graduated cylinder.
! Volume of a solid can be by its length x width x height or
submerging it in a liquid and measuring the difference in
volume as the liquid rises due to the solid.
! Volume of a gas is always equal to the container its in in. Gas
always expands to fill the size of its container.
DENSITY
Density: a measure of the ratio of an objects mass to its volume.
! Density = mass or D= m
Volume
v
! Units of density can be g/L or kg/L or g/mL or g/cm3 any
ratio that is mass over volume is a proper unit of density.
! The density of a solid or liquid stays the same because the mass
and volume of a solid or liquid is whatever it is when
measured.
! The density of a gas however can change, since the volume of a
gas depends on the container its in, if the container for a sample
of gas is changed then its volume will change depending on the
size of the container and that will change its density.
Ca: 40
C: 12
O: 16
We have 1 Ca and 2 C and 6 O
*Note the () means that CO3 are affect by the subscript 2. So you
multiply their subscript within the parenthesis with the number
outside the parenthesis. For C its 1 x 2 = 2 for O its 3 x 2 = 6
Ca 1 x 40 = 40
C 2 x 12 = 24
O- 6 x 16 = 96
Add them up
40 + 24 + 96 = 160
The formula weight for Ca(CO3)2 is 160 amu.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
! Shows the ratio of the atoms within a molecule
! To find an empirical formula from a molecular formula:
o Find the largest whole number by which all of the subscripts
in the molecular formula are divisible.
o Divide the subscripts by that number
! For example:
H2O2
The largest whole number that can divide the subscripts here is 2
So divide 2/2 for H and 2/2 for O
The empirical formula is HO
! For example:
H2O
There is no whole number that can divide the subscript of 1
attached to the O. Here, the empirical formula is the same its H2O.
! For example:
K2Cr2O4
The largest whole number that can divide the subscripts is 2.
The empirical formula becomes KCrO2
PERCENT COMPOSITION
! This refers to the percent of an atom contained within a molecule.
1. Find the total formula weight
2. Find the mass of the atom being asked about
3. Divide it by the formula weight and multiple by 100%
! For example:
H2O2
The total formula weight is the total atomic weights of the atoms
from the periodic table.
H- 2 x 1 = 2
O 2 x 16 = 32
2 + 32 = 34 is the total formula weight.
The percent composition of H is
Mass of H
x 100% =
Total formula weight
2
34
x 100% = 5.88% H
x 100% = 94% O
MOLES
! Molar mass
Molar mass is the mass per mole of an element or compound. You
can find this number using the periodic table.
One way to represent numbers in chemistry is by ratios.
So molar mass as a ratio can be:
50g
1 mole
OR
1 mole
50g
Note: The number is always stuck to the mass unite g or grams. So
when you flip over the ratio make sure the number is always with the
g.
For example, the molar mass of H2O is 18 g/mole.
You find this number by:
Atomic weight of oxygen from the periodic table is 16 amu
Atomic weight of hydrogen from the periodic table is 1 amu
There are 2 hydrogen atoms in water so 2 x 1 = 2 amu
2+16 = 18 and that is the molar mass of water.
! Moles
A mole is just a number and that number is 6.02 x 1023
One way to represent numbers in chemistry is by ratios. Since 1 mole
is the same as 6.022 x 1023 it can be written like this:
1 mole
6.02 x 1023 atoms
OR
6.02 x 1023 atoms
1 mole
both of these ratios mean: 1 mole has 6.02 x 1023 atoms in it.
Finding the number of moles:
To find the number of moles from grams you need the one term that
connects these: MOLAR MASS
For example:
How many moles of water are in 36g of water.
Start with what is given: 36g of water
The molar mass of water is 18g (solved above).
36g x 1mole = 2 moles of water
18g
Finding the number of grams from moles:
For example:
If we have 4 moles of water how many grams of water is that?
Start with what is given: 4 moles of water
Use the molar mass again to move between mass and moles.
4 moles x 18g
= 72g of water
1 mole
Finding the number of atoms from the number of moles:
For example:
If you have 4 moles of water how many atoms are in it?
Start with what is given: 4 moles of water.
Use the 1 mole is 6.02x1023 to move between atoms and moles.
4 moles x 6.02x1023 atoms = 24.08 x 1023 atoms
1 moles
Finding the number of moles from the number of atoms:
For example:
If you have 8 x 1030 atoms of water how many moles is that?
Start with what is given: 8 x 1030 atoms.
Use the 1 mole is 6.02x1023 to move between atoms and moles.
8x1030 atoms x 1 mole
= 1.33x107 moles
6.02x1023 atoms
x 18g
= 83.7g
1 mole
Step 1:
Assume 100g which means we have
48.38g of Carbon
8.12g of Hydrogen
53.5g of Oxygen
Step 2:
Find the number of moles
Carbon:
48.38g x 1 mole = 4.03 moles of Carbon
12g
Hydrogen:
8.12g x 1 mole = 8.12 moles of Hydrogen
1.0g
Oxygen:
53.5g x 1 mole = 3.35 moles of Oxygen
16g
Step 3:
The smallest number of moles here is the mole of Oxygen. So
now we must divide the entire mole values found by the
number of moles of oxygen since its the smallest.
4.03 moles of Carbon = 1.2 Carbon
3.35 moles of Oxygen
8.12 moles of Hydrogen = 2.4 Hydrogen
3.35 moles of Oxygen
3.35 moles of Oxygen = 1 Oxygen
3.35 moles of Oxygen
Step 4:
The nearest whole number of our results is the subscript of each
element so for
Carbon: round 1.2 to 1
Hydrogen: round 2.4 to 2
Oxygen: 1 is 1
So the formula is
CH2O
If the problem does not give percentages but instead tells you
the total mass of a sample and the mass of each component
then you just have to go back to percent and then do steps 1-4
above.
For example:
A sample has a total of 170g. It has 29.84g of Na, 67.49g Cr, and
72.67g O.
Start by finding the percent of each one:
Na:
29.84g x 100% = 17.55% Na
170g
Cr:
67.49g x 100% = 39.7%Cr
170g
O:
72.67g x 100%= 42.75% O
170g
Now do steps 1-4 from above.
Step 1:
Assume 100g
17.55g of Na
39.7g of Cr
42.75g of O
Step 2:
Find the number of moles
17.55g x 1 mole = 0.76 moles of Na
23g
39.7g x 1 mole = 0.76 moles of Cr
52g
42.75g x 1 mole = 2.67 moles of O
16g
Step 3:
Divide all of the mole values by the smallest number of moles.
Here the smallest number of moles is 0.76 moles.
0.76 moles of Na = 1 Na
0.76 moles
0.76 moles of Cr = 1 Cr
0.76 moles
2.67 moles of O = 3.52 O
0.76 moles
Step 4:
Round to the nearest whole number and these are the
subscripts of the elements.
In this specific case, here 3.52 is not high enough to convert to 4,
if it was 3.57 it would be much easier to round. In this type of
situation try to multiple to get to the whole number.
3.52 x 2 = 7
So there would be 7 Oxygen atoms here.
If we multiply the subscript of Oxygen by 2 then we must
multiply the others by 2 therefore
1 Na x 2= 2
1 Cr x 2= 2
So the formula is
Na2Cr2O7
IV. BALANCING
The number of atoms of each element is conserved during a chemical
reaction. A correctly written chemical equation reflects this
observation.
To satisfy the law of conservation of mass, we need to insert the right
coefficients into a chemical equation.
This process is referred to as balancing an equation.
Trial and error is the best way to learn how to balance equations.
There are an equal number of atoms for each element on each side of
the equation, when the equation is balanced.
A general method to learn the balancing of chemical equations is:
1. Write down the unbalanced equation containing the correct molecular
formula of all reactants and products.
2. Determine whether or not the chemical equation is already balanced.
3. If the equation is not balanced, start by balancing the element that occurs
in the fewest number of reactants and the product molecules. Start
with carbon or any other atom with a high molar mass.
4. Balance the remaining elements.
5. Make sure that the number of atoms in each element is balanced.
Example 1:
H2 + O2 H2O (not balanced)
Balancing the Chemical Equation of Water
The number of atoms in a chemical equation can be equally balanced.
Two oxygen atoms can be presented in the reactant side but on the
product side only one atom is presented here.
To solve the equations, on the product side, place 2 before the
formula for water.
H2 + O2 2 H2O (not balanced)
Now, we can see, two molecules of water can be produced for each
molecule of oxygen that can be reacted. The number is placed before
Example 2:
Balance the chemical equation:
Fe + H2OFe3O4 + H2
We can see that the equation is not already balanced.
We start by balancing Fe, since it has a high molecular mass atom
and only appears once on the reactant and the product side. We see
that there are three Fe atoms on the product side, so, we can balance
Fe by adding a coefficient '3' to Fe on the reactant side. So:
3 Fe + H2O1 Fe3O4 + H2
Having balanced Fe, we can then turn to oxygen, since it occurs with
Fe in Fe3O4, and we have already balanced Fe. There are four atoms
of oxygen on the product side, so we can balance oxygen by placing a
coefficient of 4 in front of H2O on the reactants side.
3 Fe + 4H2O1 Fe3O4 + H2
Finally, Hydrogen is the only one, left unbalanced. We have 8
hydrogen atoms on the left side, in water and so, we need 8 on the
right side too. By placing '4' in front of H2, we will get 8 hydrogen.
V.
STOICHIOMETRY
2 Cu(s) + S(s)---------Cu2S(s)
a. What is the limiting reagent when 80.0g Cu reacts with 25.0g S?
b. What is the maximum number of grams of Cu2S that can be formed?
Step 1: Check if the given is in grams.
It is, 80g of Cu and 25g of S.
Step 2: Convert the grams to moles.
80g Cu x 1 mole Cu = 1.26 moles Cu
63.5g Cu
25g S x 1 mole S = 0.779 mole S
32.1 g S
Step 3: Create a conversion using the balanced equation.
Here one can see from the balanced equation that the ratio is
2Cu
1 Cu2S
And
1S
1 Cu2S
For Cu: 1.26 mole of Cu x 1 mole Cu2S = 0.63 moles of Cu2S
2 moles Cu
For S: 0.799 mole of S x 1 mole Cu2S = 0.799 moles of Cu2S
1 mole S
Since Cu made less Cu2S than S, then Cu is the limiting reagent.
The maximum amount of Cu2S is the amount that the limiting
reagent can make.
Find the number of grams of Cu2S using molar mass.
0.63 mole Cu2S x 159.1 g Cu2S = 100g Cu2S
1 mole
C. Percent Yield
Percent yield = actual yield
x 100%
Theoretical yield
To solve a percent yield problem:
1. The question gives you the actual yield by stating that a certain
amount was produced.
2. Theoretical yield is the one you solve for yourself, see
stoichiometry and limiting reagent sections above for how to
solve for theoretical yield.
3. Divide the actual yield by theoretical yield and multiply it by
100%
Using the example above, the theoretical yield was 100g of Cu2S. If the
problem stated that actual yield was 95g and solve for percent yield you
would:
Percent yield = actual yield
x 100%
Theoretical yield
Percent yield = 95
100
x 100% = 95%