Circles Angle drawings ‘We want to draw a right angled triangle of hypotenuse 5 centimetres; the other two sides of any length as we please. In what all wayscan we do this? We can start with line 5 centimetres long, Draw any angle we pleaseatone end. Subtract this angle from 90 and draw the angle thus gotat the other end, to make a triangle, For example: Another way isto use a set square from the geametry box. Placeit “with its right angle above (or below) the ine and the perpendicular ‘edges through the end-points of the line. Try! Draw many such triangles and look at their third vertices:sao-4eeemese Now instead ofa right angle, let's draw triangles with one angle 60° (We can use acomer of a set square.) How abouta 45° angle ora30® angle? These can also be done with set squares. ‘Now cut outa triangle with a 120° angle from thick paper. Use itto draw pictures like the above with the top angles 120° Why do we get pictures like these? Let’ investigate.Right angles and circles Inthe picture drawn with aright angle, we gota single cirele and the line we started with tumed outto be its diameter; that is, semicircles above and below this line. Haven’twe seen a picture like this before? 2 XS (Recall the section Angle ina semicircle, ofthe lesson Congruent ‘Triangles in the Class $ textbook.) ABisa diameter of he circle, How did we prove that ZP isa right angle? » Here Qs the centre of the circle, So, OAP and OBP are isosceles triangles. (Reason?) If we take ZAPO =3° and ZBPO =y*, then we get 44 =x" and B= y*, (Howis that?)Buc-apemaaes ‘Since the sum of the anglesof AABP is 180°, we have xtyt(ety)= 180° From this we get 2x +2y= 18¢" and then xty =90° ‘What do we see from this? Ifthe ends of a diameter ofa circle are joined to any other pointon the circle, then what we getisaright angle. ‘This leads to another thought. We getarightangle, when the ends of a diameter are joined to a point on the circle; what if we join them toa point inside the circle? Dowe getan angle larger than aight angle atevery point within the circle? Inthis picture, extend one line to meet the circle; oin this point to the otherend of thediameter.Now24PBis the exterior angle at the vertex P of APQB. So, itis the sum of the (interior) angles of the triangle at Q and B. (This problem isin the section Unchanging sums, ofthe lesson Polygons in the Class 9 textbook.) Of these, the angle at Qiisa right angle. Thismeans Z4PBis larger than aright angle, right? ‘Next, what about a point outside the circle? Inthis setup, Z4PB is an internal angle of APQB and ZAQBis an exteriorangle.$o, ZAPBis smallerthan a tight angle. Now suppose thatthe ends of a diameter of acircle are joined to some point and we get a rightangle at that point. This point cannot be inside the circle. (At points within the circle we get an angle larger than aright angle.) And itcannot be oulside the circle. (For points outside the circle, we getan angle smaller thana right angle.) So, the point must be on the cirele. Don’tyou see now why we got acitele in our first picture drawn with a tight angle? Youcan try some problems based on these ideas. << Ges: >Beor-xeknmsrs « InAABC, we have £4 = 60°and 2B = 70°. Is the vertex C inside or outside the circle with diameter 4B? « Prove thatifa pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are right, ‘then acirole can be drawn through all fourof its vertices. In the quadrilateral ABCD, we have AB = 3em, BC = 4 em, AC = 50m, 2A = 120°, 2C'=70°, Ifwe draw the circle with AC as diameter, which of the four vertices of ABCD would be inside the circle? Which of them would be outside this circle? Is any vertex on the circle? What about the circle with BD as diameter? Angles, arcs and chords ‘Wenow know why we gota citcle in the picture drawn with a right angle, What about the other pictures? Again let’s start with acircle. Any diameter ofthe circle divides it into two equal arcs; and we get a pair of right angles by joining points on each to the ends of the diameter. @ ‘What about a chord which is not a diameter? - Q ‘The ares are not equal; and the angles are not right.Let’s inspect the arc and angle at the top and bottom separaiely. First the upper ones. As we did in the case ofa diameter, we join P to the centre O of the circle, Since the centre is not on the chord, here, we also join OA and OB. Pp AN Asin the case of diameter, here also, OAP and OBP are isosceles ‘triangles. But ere these two triangles do not form a single large triangle, as seen earlier. So, the old trick of summing up the angles of triangle won't work. Instead, let's write down all anglesaround O. P << Circls B‘Thus we get (180 ~ 2x) + (180 - 29) +e = 360 (Recall the section Around a point, of the lesson Polygons in the Class 9 textbook.) Thats, 360 ~ 2(x +y) +e = 360 Thisgives SaOsa temas > = 1 xty=ze Thatis, ZAPB= 10° 73 ‘Would this be true, for any position of P on the upper arc? What ifitis like this? Ze 4 a Let’s try writing ZOPA=x° and ZOPB=y° as before. To sce things clearly, let’s enlarge the triangles in the picture: 2 PS a ae ‘Nowasbefore, we can find other angles, using the fact that AOAP and AOBP are isosceles.From the figure we see that ZAPB = (yx) and that ZAOB = (180 ~ 2x) ~ (180 -2)) = 2-9 So, egain we get APB ‘What about angles below AB? Tn this case also, by joining OQ, we get two isosceles triangles; and ‘we can compute angles as we did earlier. Pp << Cis BeBvosspemnahe So, if we take the central angle of 24PB as d, then we can see that, (180 ~ 2x) + (180 ~2y) += 360 ‘from the picture below: GD aX D/s a @ ‘This equation gives A+ yed Thatis, LAQD = 3d? Let’s sum up all we have seen so far. Look at this picture: . XS A er sy N67 e Wherever we fake the point P, on the circie above AB, we get ZAPB= 30. Wherever we take the point Q, on the circle and below AB, we get ZAQB= 3d”. ‘We can state this without referring to the chord AB. ‘Any two points on acircle divide it into a pair of arcs, right?OO Inthis picture, the points A and B divide the circle into a pair of arcs, AXB and AYB. The arc AYB is called the alternate are (or the complementary are) of AXB (and vice versa.) Let’s join A and Bto the centre Oof the circle. 7 4 ¥ In this figure, © is the central angle of the arc AXB and d° isthe central angle of the arc AYB, Now let's take some point P on ‘the are AYB and some point Q on the arc AXB. fa Cr ‘Then wecan combine the two statements made earlier into one: << Ge 5 &SUCKS PEmrHSs Two points on a circle divide it into a pair of arcs, The angle got by joining these two points to a point on one of these arcs is equal to half the central angle of the alternate arc. “Here, instead of “central angle of an arc”, we can say “angle made byanare atthe centre”, and instead of “angle got by joining ends of an areto a point”, we can say, “angle made by an arc at a point”. ‘Then the statement above can be rephrased like this: The angle made by an arcat any point on the alternate ac is equal to half the angle made at the centre. Forexample, lookat this picture: 2 ‘The centeal angle of the are AOR is 80°. So, ZAPB made at the point Pon the altemate arc is half of this, which is 40°. From the first picture, we can also see that the central angle of the arc APB is 360° — 80° = 280°.So, 24QB made at the point Q on its alternate arc is Lo anor e100 Let’s look ata few more examples: « Inthe figure below, all four vertices of the rectangle are on the circle. Prove that the diagonal of the rectangle is a diameter of the circle, << Cid bbSuo-ssenaa>s Since ABCD isa rectangle, ZADC=90°. So, the central angle of thealternate arc ABC of the are ADC is 2 x 90° = 180°. That is, ZAOC = 180°. This means that the points 4, O, Clieona straight line. In other words, AC is a diameter of the circle, * How do we draw a triangle with angles 40°, 60°, 80° within a circle of radius 2.5 centimetres? Let’s first draw some triangle within acircle. 4 / \ Join B and C to the centre O of the circle.If ZBAC isto be 40°, how much should be 2BOC? Similarly, can’twe find the angles got by joining other pairs of vertices to the centre of the circle? So, for actually drawing the triangle we want, we drawa circle ofradius 2.5 centimetres and mark A, B, C'asshown below: 4 > Now weneed only join 4, B, C'to get the required triangle. ‘The problems below are for you: « In this figure, whai fraction of the cizcumference of the circles, ‘the length of the are ADB? Gris > El‘e What is the radius of the circle shown below? Seors>enng4e es © What is the area of the circle shown below? + How do we draw a triangle with two of the angles 40° and 120°, and cirounradius 3 centimetres? « How do wedrawa ny angle? « Ineach of the pictures below, drawa ny ‘angle, according to thespecifications: + Atthepoint 4 a+ Atthe point with one side along OA © + Atthepoint 4, one sideatong 48 fos «+ Inthe picture below, O isthe centte ofthe circle and the line OD isparallel tothe line CA. . Prove that OD bisects ZAOB . Can weuse this to draw the bisector of agiven angle? How? << Gils > 3)Boas zona «+ Inthe figure below, Ois the centre of the circle. A LA £\ BN 7c Prove that x4y=90° Segments of acircle Every chord ofa circle divides it into two parts: CVA Sucha partis called a segment of circle. Sce this picture: Each of Z4PB, ZAQB, ZARB is equel to half the central angle of the arc AXB and so they are all equal‘What about this picture? Me a Inthis, each of ZAKB, ZALR, ZAMB is equal to half the central angle of the are AYB and so are all equal. ‘Weccan state this as follows: Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal ‘We can note another fact also, Every segment has an alternate segment; that is, achord divides a circle into a pairof segments. Of these, anglesin the same segment are equal. What about an anglein one segmentand an angle inthe alternate segment? ‘Angles in one segment are equal to half the central angle of an arc and the angles in the alternate segment are equal to half the central angle of the alternate arc, right? And what is the sum of the central angles of an arc and its alternate arc? > In the picture above, ¢+d=360° and so 4e+ Ld= 180. Thatis, ZAPB + ZAQB = 180°Seo-d> eas ibs ‘This can be stated as follows: Angles in alternate segments are supplementary. Now try your hand at these problems: « Inthe figure below, 4, B, C, Dare points on the circle. Compute the angles of the quadtilateral ABCD and the angles between its diagonals « Inthe figure below, AABC isequilateral and Oisits cixcumcentre. 4 Ki jf m~\ NO Prove that the length of AD is equal to the radius of the circle, « Inthe picture below, APOR is rightangled. Also, 24 = ZP and BC = OR 4 \ | Prove that the diameter of the circumeircle of AABC is equal to the length of PQ.Circles and quadrilaterals Look atthis picture: Is there any relation between the anglesat 4, B, C, D? Ifyou can’t tell atonce, ty joining AC Now the angles at Band Dare the anglesin the alternate segments which the chord AC cuts from the circle, And so they are supplementary. Similarly, by drawing BD, we can see that the angles at A and C are also supplementary. So, what can we say in general? Wall vertices of a quadhilateral aro on a circle, then Its opposite angles are supplementary. sthe reverse true? Thatis, if the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, can we draw a circle through all four of its vertices? “To answer this, lets first see how we would practically decide -whetherall four vertices of quadrilateral can be puton aciccle.SPOnH Pez ates ‘We can anyway draw a circle through three of the vertices of a quadrilateral. (Recall how we drew circles through three points not ona line, in Class 9.) Now the fourth vertex. Ifit is on this circle, then we are done. But this vertex may be outside the circle: Let’shavea closer look atthe first figure, Joining 4 with the point where the circle cuts CD, we have another quadrilateral ABCE, D E c 2 Since 4, B, C, Eare on the circle,a 2B + ZAEC = 180° ‘Now as in the discussion about points inside and outside the circle in the section Right angles and circles, we can sec that ZAEC= LEAD + £D and so. @ 2D < CABC ‘Thinking about the meanings of the algebraic statements marked. (1) and (2) fora moment, we can easily see that LB + ZD< 180° Next, in the second picture, we extend CD to meet the circle and join this pointto A, In this figure, we see that @ LB + LE = 180° Also, from 42D , we find ADC = LE + LEAD which gives «4 ZADC > LE From the statements marked (3) and (4), we get (2B + ZADC > 180° So, what have we seen? Suppose a circles drawn through three vertices of a ‘quackilateral I'he fourth vertex is outside this circle, then the sum of the angles at this vertex and the ‘opposite vertex is less than 180°; if the fourth vertex: is inside the circle, then this sum is greater thar: V8, 180°, So, it is not inside the circle either. Since D is neither inside the circle nor outside, it must be on the cele, ‘Thatis, If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then we can draw a circle through all four of its vertices. ‘A quadrilateral for which a circle can be drawn through all the four verticesis called a cyclic quadrilateral. From ous discussionabove, acyclic quadrilateral can also be described asa quadrilateral in which the opposite angles are supplementary Allrectangles are cyclic quadrilaterals. Isosceles trapeziums are also eyclic quadrilaterals. Look at this pieture: b c ABCD iss an isosceles trapezium. So, LA= 2B (Recall the section Isosceles trapeziums, of the lesson Construction of Quadrilaterals in the Class 9 textbook.) ‘Also, since AB and CD are parallel, 2A+ ZD = 180°‘From these two equations, we get (2B + 2D = 180° ‘This means ABCD is acyclic quadrilateral. Now try these problems: + Prove that ina cyclic quadrilateral, the exterior angle at any vertex is equal to the interior angle at the opposite vertex. » Prove that a non-rectangular parallelogram is not a cyclic quadrilateral. «+ Prove that non-isosceles trapeziums are not cyclic. « Inthe figure below, ABCD is asquare. How much is 24PB? « Prove that in a cyclic hexagon ABCDEF as shown below, ZA+ L0+ LE B+ 2D+ LE e 5 << ies elSenor eke hate Cutting chords ‘Draw two non-parallel chords in acircle. They must intersect each other. ‘The intersection may be within the circle: 4 Either way, the triangles got by joining 4D and BC can be shown to be similarIn both figures, lookat the angles at 4 and C of APD and BPC. ‘They ate the angles in the same segment cut off by the chord BD of the circle and so are equal. Inthe first figure, the angles ZAPD and ZRPCat P are the opposite angles formed by the intersection of the lines AB and CD and so are equal; in the second figure, they are just different names for the same angle. ‘Thus in either figure, two pairs of angles of AAPD and ABPC are ‘equal and so the third pair is also equal. That is, the triangles are similar. Since in similar triangles, pairs of sides opposite equal angles have the same ratio, we have in the first figure ‘The second figure also gives the same. (Did you check?) From this equation, we get AP x PB=CP x PD Let’s look at a special case of this: AB isa diameter and CD isa chord perpendicular to it: Since the perpendicular from the centre bisects a chord, we have CP=PDhere. So, the equation seen earlier becomes AP x PB=CP* ‘One application of this is to draw squares of any area. (Onemethod of doing this is already seen in the section Algebra and Pythagoras, ofthe lesson Irrational Numbers in the Class 9 textbook.) Math tool Some lenses are made from spheres. And often we need to compute the radius of the sphere from which the Jens was cut out. An instrument for this is the spherometen By placing its three legs on top of the piece of sphere, we can find the width ofan are, Using the sorew in themiddle, the maximum height can also be found. With these, the radius can be computedas in our bangle problem. Giles < =Sunes emmass For example, let’s see how we draw a square of area 12 square centimetres. What we need is aline with the square ofits length 12 centimetres. In the equation above, the square of a length is expressed as the product of two other lengths. So, lets first write the square ofthe length we want, 12, as the product of two numbers. Since 12 = 6 2, ifwe draw AP =6 and PB =2 in the figure above, then by our equation, we will get CP*= 12 So, we first draw AB of length 8 centimetres and mark P on it, 6 centimetres fom 4. Then we draw a semicircle with diameter AB. If we draw the perpendicular to 4B through P and intersect the semicircle at C, weare almost done. wt c All itremains isto draw a square with CP as side, (Remember the section Square root of the lesson Real Numbers in the Class 9 textbook?) In how many different ways can we draw such square? ‘The problems below are for your » Drawa rectangle of sides 5 centimetres and 4 centimetres and draw a square of the same area, » Drawa triangle of sides 4, 5, 6 centimetres and draw a square of the same area, + Drawa quadrilateral with sides 2,3, 4,6 centimetres and one diagonal 5 centimetres, Draw a square of the same area, « Given a quadrilateral, how do we draw a square of the same area, without making any measurements?