Final Tufree Mechanics 2.2558

FINAL
STATICS & DYNAMICS
MECHANICS FINAL EXAM
1 MOTION OF PARTICLE
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Velocity
v=
ds
= s!
dt
a=
dv
= v!
dt
Acceleration
ads = vdv
with Constant Acceleration
v = v 0 + at
s = s 0 + v 0t +
1 2
at
2
v 2 = v 2 0 + 2a(s s0 )
RECTANGULAR COORDINATE(x-y)
!
r = xi+ yi
! !
v = r" = v x i+v y j
! !
a = r"" = ax i+ ay j
vx =
ax =
vy =
ay =
v=
v =
a=
-#2-
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rectangular components. To illustrate the kinematic analysis, consider a

projectile launched at point (x0 , y0), with an initial velocity
of v0 ,FINAL
having
MECHANICS
EXAM
components 1v02x and 1v02y , Fig. 1220. When air resistance is neglected,
Motion
Projectile
the
onlyofforce
acting on the projectile is its weight, which causes the
projectile
projectile
to have a constant
downward acceleration of approximately
ax =
2 ay =
ac = g = 9.81 m>s or g = 32.2 ft>s2.*
y
a!g
vx
v0
(v0)y
vy
(v0)x
y
y0
x
x0
x
Fig. 1220
v = (v )
Horizontal
Since ax = 0, application of the constant
Horizontal : Motion.
x
x 0
acceleration equations,
x = x 0 + (124
v x )0 t to 126, yields
+ 2
1:
v = v + a t;
+ 2
1:
+ 2
1:
xv y== (xv y0)0+ gtv0t + 12 act2;
Vertical :
v v 2= =vv20
y
c1x y-) x02;

2g(y
( )+ 2a
y
vx = 1v02x
x = x0 + 1v02xt
vx = 1v02x
The first and last equations indicate

that the horizontal component of
1 2
y = y 0 + (v y ) t gt
0
velocity always remains
constant
2 during the motion.
Vertical Motion. Since the positive y axis is directed upward, then

ay = -g. Applying Eqs. 124 to 126, we get
1+ c 2
y = y0 + v0t + 12 act2;
1+ c 2
v2 = v20 + 2ac1y - y02;
1+ c 2
v = v0 + act;
vy = 1v02y - gt
y = y0 + 1v02yt - 12 gt2
v2y = 1v022y - 2g1y - y02
Recall that the last equation can be formulated on the basis of eliminating
the time t from the first two equations, and therefore only two of the
-#3- of one another. facebook.com/b.EngSocial
above three equations are independent
Eac
afte
falls
give
Bot
sam
elev
caus
the
pho
betw
ball
hori
Determine the magnitudes of the velocity v and

acceleration a and the angles which these vectors
make with the x-axis when t ! 2 s.
2/67 A roofer tosses a small tool to the ground. What minimum magnitude v0 of horizontal velocity is required
to just miss the roof corner B? Also determine the
ECHANICS INAL XAM
distance d.
2/63 The x-coordinate of a particle in curvilinear motion

is given by x ! 2t3 " 3t, where x is in feet and t is in
1.
in feet per
seconds. The y-component of acceleration
second squared is given
by ay
! 4t. If the particle has
()
v0
y-components
y ! 0 and
y ! 4 ft/sec when t ! 0, find
B
the magnitudes of the velocity v and acceleration a
() when
d
t ! 2 sec. Sketch the path for the first
2 seconds of motion, and show the velocity and acceleration vectors for t ! 2 sec.
2.4 m
A
v0
1.2 m
0.9 m
2/64 The y-coordinate of a particle in curvilinear motion

is given by y ! 4t3 " 3t, where y is in inches and t is
in seconds. Also, the particle has an acceleration in
the x-direction given by ax ! 12t in./sec2. If the velocity of the particle in the x-direction is 4 in./sec
when t ! 0, calculate the magnitudes of the velocity
v and acceleration a of the particle when t ! 1 sec.
Construct v and a in your solution.
3m
Problem 2/67
-#4-
line of sight to the target make at the instant of release? The airplane is flying horizontally at an altitude of 100 m with a velocity
200 km/h.
Mof
ECHANICS
FINAL EXAM
2. A
A
200 km/h
100 m
200 km/h
100 m
A
Problem 2/75
2/76 During a baseball practice session, the cutoff man A

executes a throw to the third baseman B. If the initial speed of the baseball is v0 ! 130 ft /sec, what
angle ! is best if the ball is to arrive at third base at
essentially ground level?
v0
7
150
Problem 2/76
2/77 If the tennis player serves the ball horizontally

(! ! 0), calculate its velocity v if the center of the
ball clears the 36-in. net by 6 in. Also find the distance s from the net to the point where the ball hits
the court surface. Neglect air resistance and the
effect of ball spin.
v
36
s
39
Problem 2/77
-#5-
8.5
where
NORMAL AND TANGENTIAL COORDINATE (n-t)

O
and
an
at
Acceleration
(f)
Fig. 1224 (cont.)
tangential (t)
normal (n)
!
v = ve t
!
a = an en + at e t ,
a = a 2n + a 2t
dy
1+
dx
=
2
d y
dx 2
an =
at =
3/2
Note: 1.
2.
3. tangential
-#6-
These two
Therefore

3. [final 2554] A B
16 m
! = 10" m/s "
A m
! B
$
-#7-
POLAR COORDINATE (r-)

Velocity
v = r! er + r! e
vr =
v =
Acceleration
!
a = (r"" r" 2 )er + (r"" + 2r"")e
ar =
a =
Note: 1.
2.
-#8-

4. [final 2556] P
R=4+0.25t2 m =2t rad t
2
-#9-

5.
0.15 m/s
! =2 deg/s
=50 l = 400 mm.
500 mm
-#10-
particle
ed for the
rames of
n analysis
.
long the
of each
he fixed x,
, y, z is
are only
ion of B
ctor rB>A .
2 can be
vA ! 30 mi/h
RELATIVE MOTION (Translation Axes)
Probs. 12221/222
A
rA
Fixed
observer
y
B
(1233)
Translating
observer
rB/A
rB
# v!
# a!
!
!
boats
leave
=12223.
v B + v Two
# v! Athe/B shore at the same time and

A /B
travel in the directions shown. If vA = 20 ft>s and
vB = 15 ft>s, determine the velocity of boat A with respect
to !boat B.
! How long after!leaving the shore will the boats be
=800
a Bft+apart?
a A /B
a A /B
x
x
articles is
n; i.e.,
(1234)
6.
Fig. 1242
vA = 20 m/s vB = 15 m/s ()
A B () t
800
ies, since
e velocity
mportant
ts of rB>A
of these
in their
y of B is
B with
the x, y,
vA
A
B
vB
30"
O
45"
Prob. 12223
-#11-

7. A O 72 /
(0,0) 25 2 . A (25,25) B
108 /. (80,25) . A B
r! r!!
-#12-
N which in this case equals mg, and the total force R exerted by the supportingporting
surfacesurface
on theon
block
the is
resultant
of N and
the is
block
the resultant
of NF.and F.
tion occurs
at the
between
rough
surfaces
A magnified
view
of
thetwo
irregularities
of during
theofmating
surfaces,
Fig. Fig.
A contact
magnified
view
of
the
irregularities
the mating
surfaces,
MECHANICS
FINAL EXAM
6/1c,
helps
us
to
visualize
the
mechanical
action
of
friction.
Support
is
6/1c,
helps
us
to
visualize
the
mechanical
action
of
friction.
Support
is
a tendency to slide. The friction force is always tangent to
necessarily
intermittent
and exists
at theat
mating
humps.
The direction
necessarily
intermittent
and exists
the mating
humps.
The direction
on always
opposes
the
motion
or
the
impending
motion.
of eachofofeach
the reactions
on theon
block,
R1, R2R
,R
, etc. depends not only on
of the reactions
the block,
1, 3R2, R3, etc. depends not only on
the geometric
profileprofile
of the of
irregularities
but also
theonextent
of local
the geometric
the irregularities
buton
also
the extent
of local
deformation
at eachatcontact
point. point.
The total
force N
is the
deformation
each contact
The normal
total normal
force
N issum
the sum
2 FORCE AND ACCELERATION
FRICTION
tion
F = N
in figure 1 (redrawn in figure 2a). The block is vertical
mg
mg
N is equal to its weight mg. However, the block may or may

ending on the magnitudes of the force P and the friction F.
m
(a)
(a)
(b)
NR
(b)
Impending
Impending
motionmotion
F
n
n
t
Figure 2 OF MOTION
EQUATION
Static Static
KineticKinetic
friction
friction
frictionfriction
F
(no motion) (motion)
(motion)
(no motion)
Fsmax
Fmax =
N = s N Fk = kFN
k = k N
t
ows us two regions on either side of Rthe vertical dotted line

3
R1 R R1 R2 R3
P
2
F
=
ma
#
_________________________________. These regions
(c)
(c)
f behavior of the block upon the application of force P.

P
Figure
Figure
6/1 6/1
otion is present
(d)
P
(d)
-#13-
Introductory Problems
3/1 The 50-kg crate is projected along the floor with an
initial speed of 7 m/s at x ! 0. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.40. Calculate the time required for
the crate to come to rest and the corresponding distance x traveled.
a rate of g/4. Determine the force R which the elevator

floor exerts on her feet and the lifting force L which
she exerts on the package during the acceleration interval. If the elevator support cables suddenly and
ECHANICS
INALR and
XAML acquire?
completely fail, what
values would
8. [final 2556] 60 kg 9 kg g/4

v = 7 m/s
) R 0
) L
50 kg
)
R L*
k = 0.40
9 kg
x
Problem 3/1
3/2 The 50-kg crate of Prob. 3/1 is now projected down an

incline as shown with an initial speed of 7 m/s. Investigate the time t required for the crate to come to rest
and the corresponding distance x traveled if (a) ! ! 15!
and (b) ! ! 30!.
v0 =
7m
/s
k =
0.40
60 kg
Problem 3/4
3/5 During a brake test, the rear-engine car is stopped

from an initial speed of 100 km/h in a distance of
50 m. If it is known that all four wheels contribute
equally to the braking force, determine the braking
force F at each wheel. Assume a constant deceleration for the 1500-kg car.
50 k
g
Problem 3/2
50 m
3/3 The 100-lb crate is carefully placed with zero velocity

on the incline. Describe what happens if (a) ! ! 15!
and (b) ! ! 20!
s = 0.30
100
k = 0.25
v1 = 100 km/h
v2 = 0
Problem 3/5
lb
Problem 3/3
R = 846 N, L = 110.4 N ; R,L0
-#14-

9. 50 kg
) P=150
) P=0 N
-#15-
uu
ot
e
u.
e
#
#
ut = uun . Since ds = rdu, Fig. 1224d, then
!uu
uu
MOTION !u
OF CONNECTED
PARTICLES
ur
(d)
un
Substituting into Eq. 1217, a can be wr

components,
du u
t
dut
ut
7)
a = atut + anu
(e)
where
or
and
Fn = man
an
# F
= mat
an =
at =
at
9)
v2
an =
r
Acceleration
(f)
These two mutually perpendicular compone

Therefore, the magnitude of acceleration is
Fig. 1224 (cont.)a
n
n
au
of
#
at = v
CURVILINEAR MOTION
8)
0)

#
#
s
#
ut = uun = un =
r
uu
Fr = mar
ar
# F
= ma
ar =
a =
a = 4a2t + a2n
r
u
O
Acceleration
(e)
-#16-

10. P = 40 N B A B
A B A 4 m.*
40 N
vA = 1.18 m/s, vB = 2.36 m/s
-#17-

9. [final 2/2554]
15 m
Free Body Diagram Kinetics Diagram

2000
v = 12.1 m/s
-#18-
has the position x ! 25 mm with no force in its attached spring. Each spring has a stiffness of 400
N/m. Determine the value of x for each spring for a
steady speed of 240 rev/min. Also calculate the normal force N exerted by the side of the slot on the
block.
any friction between
the blocks
and
10.
Neglect
ABO
O
C
the slots,
neglect the mass ofO
the
springs. (Hint:50-mm/
1.5 kgand
Sum
forces along and normal
the slot.)
sec
toABO
= 6
at the rate of 2 rad/sec . For this instant, determine

the tension T in the cord and the magnitude N of
the force exerted on the slider by the sides of the
smooth radial slot.
Indicate
whichFINAL
side,EA
MECHANICS
XAMor B, of
the slot contacts the slider.
rad/sec 2 rad/sec2 r = 250 mm ()

T () N ABO
C A B
A
x
O
x
Problem 3/80
80
mm
80
mm
Problem 3/78
-#19-
3 WORK AND ENERGY
WORK
Definition of Work
14.1
dU = F ds
Work of a Constant Force
THE
F cos u
Fc
ge 156
Fc cos u
s1
U12 = PL cos
cs of Particles
s2
Fc cos u
s1
(a)
s2
(b)
Fig. 143
Work of Friction
y
Work of a Constant
Force Moving Along a Straight Line.
If the force Fc has dr

a constant magnitude and acts at a constant angle u
from its straight-line path, Fig. 143a, then the component of Fc in the
L
direction of displacement
is always
Fc cos u. The work done by Fc when
2
the particle is displaced from s1 to s2 is determined from Eq. 141, in
whichFigure
case 3/4
U12 = PL cos k NL
Fc cos u
(1) Work Associated with a Constant ExternalUForce.
1 - 2 = Consider
s1
the
constant
force
P
applied
to
the
body
as
it
moves
from
position
1 to L
Note :
position 2, Fig. 3/4. With the force P and the differential displacement
or
dr written as vectors, the work done on the body by the force is
!
!!
U1-2 !
F " dr !
1
x2
x1
U1 -" dx
2 i=
[(P cos !)i # (P sin !)j]
s2
ds
Fc cos u1s2 - s12
Here
Fc 1represents
P cos
! dxthe
! Pwork
cos !(xof
) ! PL cos ! the area
(3/9) of
2"x
(142)
the rectangle in Fig. 143b.
Work of a Weight. Consider a particle of weight W, which moves
As previously discussed, this work expression may be interpreted as the

along
pathLstraveled.
shown Should
in Fig.!144
from position s1 to position s2 . At
force component P cos !up
times
the the
distance
be beintermediate
point,
the
displacement
tween 90! and 270!, thean
work
would be negative.
The
force
component dr = dxi + dyj + dzk. Since
P sin ! normal to the displacement
does
no work. Eq. 141 we have
W = -Wj,
applying
(2) Work Associated with a Spring Force. We consider here
the
r2
common linear spring of stiffness k where the force required to stretch
U1 -the
F dr =x, as shown
1-Wj2
1dxi + dyj
2 =deformation
or compress the spring is proportional to
in
L
L
r1
Fig. 3/5a. We wish to determine the work done on the body by the spring
force as the body undergoes an arbitrary displacement yfrom
an initial
2
position x1 to a final position x2. The force exerted by the spring on the
=
-W dy = -W1y2 - y12
body is F ! "kxi, as shown in Fig. 3/5b. From the definition
Ly1 of work, we
have
U1-2 !
F " dr !
or
! ("kxi) " dx i ! "!

2
x2
x1
kx dx !
1
k(x12 " x22)
2
+ dzk2
(3/10)
U1 - 2 = -W y
(143)
If the initial position is the position of zero spring deformation so

that x1 ! 0, then the work is negative for any final position x2 ! 0. This
Thus,
work
is begins
independent
of the path and is equal to the magnitude
is verified by recognizing
thatthe
if the
body
at the undeformed
spring position and thenofmoves
to the right,
the spring
is to the displacement. In the case shown
the particles
weight
timesforce
its vertical
-#20-
3/7
14
EXAM
WORK AND ENERGY EQUATION

#
Kinetic Energy
Unstretched
position, s ! 0
Article 3/7Gravitational
Potential Energy
Potential175
Energy
T =firstmv
We consider
the motion of a particle of mass m in close proxim-Ve ! 0
ity to the surface2 of the earth, where the gravitational attraction
Potential
(weight)
mg isEnergy
essentially constant, Fig. 3/8a. The gravitational potential energy Vg of the particle is defined as the work mgh done against the
#s
V = Ve elevate
+Vg the particle a distance h above some arbigravitational field to
k
mg
2
trary reference plane (called a datum), where Vg is taken to be zero.
Ve ! # 12 ks
Thus, we write the 1
potential energy as
2
Vg = mgh
V
# e=
kx
h
Vg = 0
"s(3/18)
Vg ! mgh
k
This work is called potential energy because it may be converted

Ve ! # 1 ks2
into energy if the particle is allowed to do work on a supporting body 2
while it returns to its lower original datum plane. In going from one
Elastic potential energy
level at h ! h1 to a higher level at h ! h2, the change in potential energy
becomes
Fig. 1418
V
# g = mgh
mn
ne
io.
(a)
Large Change in Altitude
mgR 2
Vg =
r
#Vg ! mg(h2 " h1) ! mg#h
mgR 2
Vg =on the particle
Vg = mgh
The corresponding
work done by the gravitational force
r
is "mg#h. Thus, the work done by the gravitational force is the nega-
The
on thisenergy.
tiveweight
of theofchange
potential
hthe sacksinresting
platform causes potential energy to be
When large changes in altitude in the field of the earth are encounmg
stored in the supporting springs. As each
2
2 2
tered,
Fig. 3/8b,
the
sack
is removed,
the
will rise force Gmme /r ! mgR /r is no longer
V
0 gravitational
g =platform
slightly
since The
some of
the potential
energy this force to change the radial position
constant.
work
done against
within
springs from
will bertransformed
of thethe
particle
1 to r2 is the change (Vg)2 " (Vg)1 in gravitational
into an increase in gravitational potential
potential
energy,
which
is Such a
energy
of the
remaining
sacks.
device is useful for removing the sacks
r2
without having to bend
over todr
pick them
1
1
mgR2 2 ! mgR2
"
! (Vg)2 " (Vg)1
(a) unloaded.
up as they are
8)
d
y
e
y
ner
n
al
(1414)
MECHANICS FINAL
In the previous article on work and kinetic energy, we isolated a
Here
V
is
always
positive
since,
in
the
deformed
position, the force of
e
particle or a combination of joined particles and determined the work
the spring has the capacity or potential for always doing positive work
done by gravity forces, spring forces, and other externally applied forces
on the particle when the spring is returned to its unstretched position,
acting on the particle or system. We did this to evaluate U in the workFig. 1418.
energy equation. In the present article we will introduce the concept of
T
+V
+
U
=
T
+V2by gravity forces and by spring
1 to treat
1
12 work2done
potential energy
the
forces. This concept will simplify the analysis of many problems.
a
k
es
kof
g
e
a-
Ve = + 12 ks2
Potential Energy
r1
!r
r2
"
mgR 2
r2
Earth
me
R
(b)
Figure 3/8
It is customary to take (Vg)2 ! 0 when r2 ! !, so that with this

datum we have
mgR 2
Vg =
r
Vg ! "
mgR2
r
(3/19)
No Force acting on the Particle
r r2, the corresponding change in potential energy is

mgR In going from r1 to
T1 +V1 = T2 +V2
2
r
Earth#V ! mgR2 1 " 1
g
r1 r2
me
2
POWER
#
EFFICIENCY
dU
P=
= Fv
dt
(1 W
"
= 1 J/s )
(b)
P
#Figure
e=
P3/8
output
input
is
9)
-#21-

11. 5.1 kg A
F=125 N
=60
-#22-

12. 0.2 kg
80 N/m
1 N 5 N B AB
0.5 m C
-#23-

13. [final 2/2554] 0.75 . A
50 . k ( )
) B
) C
-#24-
!
m(v ) " !
m(v1)y "
1 z
t2
t1
t2
t1
(3/27b)
Fy dt ! m(v2)y
Fz dt ! m(v2)z
4 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
These three scalar impulse-momentum equations are completely

independent.
Whereas
dvEq. 3/27 clearly stresses that the external linear impulse
F =causes
ma =amchange in the linear momentum, the order of the terms in Eqs.
3/27a and dt
3/27b corresponds to the natural sequence of events. While
t2
v
the form2 of Eq. 3/27 may be best for the experienced dynamicist, the
F form
dt = of
mEqs.
dv3/27a and 3/27b is very effective for the beginner.
t1
1
We vnow
introduce the concept of the impulse-momentum diagram.
t2
Once the body
to be analyzed has been clearly identified
and isolated, we
t2
construct
three
drawings
of
the
body
as
shown
in
Fig.
3/12.
In the first
mv 1 + F dt = mv 2
F dt
drawing,
we show the initial momentum mv1, or components thereof. In
t1
t1
t2
t1
G2 = mv2
F dt
G1 = mv1
=
Figure 3/12
t2
mv x1 + F dt = mv x 2
t1
t2
mv y1 + F dt = mv y 2
t1
t2
Note :
F dt
t1
-#25-

14. 150
140 km/h 210 km/h
35 x y (Rx,
Ry)
0.005
15. P 10 kg

(-)
s = 0.6 k = 0.4
4
-#26-
3EVO,
Bb D
J,0V b -
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MECHANICS
FINAL
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FINAL

STATICS & DYNAMICS

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

rectangular components. To illustrate the kinematic analysis, consider a

xv y== (xv y0)0+ gtv0t + 12 act2;

c1x y-) x02;

The first and last equations indicate

Vertical Motion. Since the positive y axis is directed upward, then

v2 = v20 + 2ac1y - y02;

v2y = 1v022y - 2g1y - y02

Determine the magnitudes of the velocity v and

2/63 The x-coordinate of a particle in curvilinear motion

2/64 The y-coordinate of a particle in curvilinear motion

2/76 During a baseball practice session, the cutoff man A

2/77 If the tennis player serves the ball horizontally

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

NORMAL AND TANGENTIAL COORDINATE (n-t)

Fig. 1224 (cont.)

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

POLAR COORDINATE (r-)

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

RELATIVE MOTION (Translation Axes)

# v! Athe/B shore at the same time and

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

2 FORCE AND ACCELERATION

N is equal to its weight mg. However, the block may or may

ows us two regions on either side of Rthe vertical dotted line

f behavior of the block upon the application of force P.

a rate of g/4. Determine the force R which the elevator

8. [final 2556] 60 kg 9 kg g/4

3/2 The 50-kg crate of Prob. 3/1 is now projected down an

3/5 During a brake test, the rear-engine car is stopped

3/3 The 100-lb crate is carefully placed with zero velocity

R = 846 N, L = 110.4 N ; R,L0

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

Substituting into Eq. 1217, a can be wr

These two mutually perpendicular compone

Fig. 1224 (cont.)a

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

vA = 1.18 m/s, vB = 2.36 m/s

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

at the rate of 2 rad/sec . For this instant, determine

rad/sec 2 rad/sec2 r = 250 mm ()

MECHANICS FINAL EXAM

3 WORK AND ENERGY

If the force Fc has dr

Fc cos u1s2 - s12

the rectangle in Fig. 143b.

Work of a Weight. Consider a particle of weight W, which moves

As previously discussed, this work expression may be interpreted as the

! ("kxi) " dx i ! "!

If the initial position is the position of zero spring deformation so

WORK AND ENERGY EQUATION

This work is called potential energy because it may be converted

N N D

"& 4 L 9 D N

& b"! N