RIVISTA DI CULTURA CLASSICA E MEDIOEVALE FONDATA DA ETTORE PARATORE - CIRO GIANNELLI - GUSTAVO VINAY Anno XLIV - numero 2 -luglio-dicembre 2002 DIRETTORE CIAMPIETRO MARCONI ESTRATTO aR ~ 2 ISTITUTI EDITORIALI E POLIGRAFICI INTERNAZIONALI PISA. ROMA,-Hiuive PenbicoviaNnl-Pasgovocou ‘THE VOCABULARY OF KINSHIP IN EURIPIDES ‘The aim of this study is to single out and describe the nominal forms denoting the concept of kinship. This description will be based on the analysis both of contexts in which each term appears, and of the semantic content of the words \which precede or follow the terms of our semante field. This will permit us «0 detect the common uses of the various words belonging to kinsmen, ¢o point out, the relationship ~ based on both similarities and difierences ~ among the various, terms used in Euripides, and to trace the cohesiveness of the terms belonging to each semantic field. In addition, this approach will reveal the basic and metaphor- ical meanings of each term as well as their specificity Before examining the words denoting the links of kinship in Euripides, I eon- sider it useful to examine briefly those words that denote the concept of kinship and ki ‘In Euripides, I find a few references to this concept. The most representative swords are ovyyéveue! and avyyewis?. When used in the neuter, this word means «the kinship»” and it is synonymous with ovyyéveue. The other terms expressing, the concept of kin are oixsios’, of noooipeovres, Suoyevi, uaa’ 1. The father ‘When used in its basic meaning, xevig appears in the human, divine, and ani- ral worlds. In the human world, the term can refer tothe biological father, wheth er legitimate or illegitimate. In dnd. 508-509, the son, who is born from the illegit mate union of Andromache and Neoptolemus, addresses his father who is absent from the scene, asking him to come to help him out ‘We express ou hear hanks to De Wii Wears Professor of Classics at Brown University, for jnwicing us a 2 Vining Scholar to Brown in the Deparment of Classics whete this researc was ‘ondereken "Euripides, Phonisee 201, Oreter 738, 1253 2 unpides,Aletis582; Horace 798, 115%; Heraidae 30, 220, 988 > Buripides, Herelidac 240, Oe 8D ‘ Bunpides, Baccha 1250 5 Bunpides, Medea 1308, © unpides, higie among the Taurians 918; Orstes 283; Helen VOSS; Phoenisae 218 Euripides, pkigenie among the Tourianr 1902 Orser B08, Rivsta di Cultura Classica ¢ Medioevale -m.2 - 2002254 Helene Perioyianns-Paléologon Gadeen, ite gio Exixavos, In the animal realm, the term denotes the sheep's father and itis coordinated with yewaiow toxddor" ‘Thus xaziig means chim who begets», «who procreates». This is confirmed by the use of the term with verbs denoting the same meaning (qi, éajbo, yervon, yerdio, wevdwo, toetw)° and by the expressions: Jon 136: yevevoo nari; Hec. 1288: ‘yevtra aii. When used in its biological meaning, sang is synonymous with the terms taken from verbal roots meaning «to beget», «to procreate», From the root yiywouat we detected yevéroo", yevére"” and the compound adjectif xboy6vos. This word denotes athe begetter of children, ie. Zeus, who impregnated the young gil of nachos", ‘The term yevviiwoo" is taken from the verbal root yevviio and itis substitute for amg -Tevviitiog denotes the divine or human father. Euripides uses the periphrastic tums 6 rexiv (. In Euripides, the term is used in its metonymic meaning and appears in reference to the human world. Tévediov denotes Eacus’ son'"* as well as Leda’ s daughter, -e Clytaemnestra' ‘When applied to the divine world, the term denotes Nereus’ daughter, ive. ‘Thetis, and itis interchangeable with éon!"”. In Hip. 62, vevedhov indicates the Zeus’ daughter, i-e. Artemis". ‘The basic meaning of onéoue is «seed.» In Euripides, the word is used in its ‘metaphorical meaning, and it denotes the descendant women of Cadmos', the ‘Tantalus’ race!*, Medea’s child", Heerakles * child, Taiz, z690s, x40 are the ony terms to be used in their metaphorical meaning Taig denotes the offspring of Land, i-e Cyclope'™. of a river, i-e Strymon"™ or of Time, ire the Aisv'™, ‘Kgot denotes the male guardians of the Land" Koon refers to the daughter of the Land, ice the Sirenes™, or the daughter of the mount Mainalos!™, When preceded or followed by a patronymic matronymic or an adjective ex- pressing the possession, naiz, éxvoy, t6x05, yv0%;vevehov, xobQ0=, nigh, ONT, ing, vids, are used to define the identity of the child in its relationsphip with its father and / or mother, either in the family circle or in the divine world. In sentences where isis used, the father is designated by his moral value, impious character", marine identity", intellectual quality", his glory, while the ™ On the meaning of the suffice Bu, ee P. Cuuxriane, op ct p- 375, 1s Euripides, figena at dul 855: Alana yewSion. 1s pies, Iphigenia at dur 686, 1106: Aas een 1 Bunpides, Andromache 1224; Nats nig "is Buripides, polar 2: Zt yew. 1» Euripides, Baclae 35: a0 bp oxéows Kady "20 apes, Ipigeniaenong the Taurin 87.8: x waednon oxéoua, et Banpides, Meson 1, "22 Baripides, Hovdida 54: ondqua "Hada "25 Baripides, Cyto G48: bv vont naib Pie ‘20 paripides, Rherer 346; nocqo ck 309-4 ma peo pegs Movoty wis | Oa ee "SRuripides, Horace 90: Av wyp6v0 me 286 Ruripides, Hees 1164: Eoin he AOpen HS 2} Baripides, Halon 168: xaghérx Oars nn! Bhs 228 Buripides, Phnina 1162-0 nase ok Macro xen 12 Burien, Eleara 462-3: Maas yor nog 484: & Orbos na Abetr 37: Teli nals: Her atid 2N0: Hsien Hy Ziyi Rhravgm, Helen UGBO. dn Masa, Iphgenia among Che Tauris 4-5: my Tovbagias Oyo, 238, Noakwonis we ol Khvcaynaas they, 124: 6 ANTON og Horace eave ged, 359-354, wal de Ay eee Ayano: by, Andhomace 1049: Meveéo noon 1115: Kasrovosans wos: Iphigenia at Aus B35. lao yeehow, BG: ABs seve Oreste 1 os ue oe "Euripides, Hecuha 2. Ayoeog nad be pcugsvow 131 Burpides, Cyl 286: 6 Oe somo yer a 12 Furipides, Mfr 65 cage Havens262 Héléne Perdicoyianni-Paléologon mother is designated by either her marine" or her musical quality". On the other hand, in sentences where téxvov appears its parents are defined by their social condition’ and its father by his old age". ‘When the speaker wishes to allude to the social condition and the noble birth of the child, whether son or daughter, he uses any the following terms: xaic"™”, xexva!™.x620v", y6v0:", xovo0c""|, preceded or followed by an adjective express ing this concept. ‘When one of the parents wishes to express his affection toward his child, he/ she uses ats ", vézvov", zon’ with an adjective denoting this feeling. In the light of these above data, we assert that nas is the most flexibe term to bbe used in all kinds of contexts This i confirmed by its use with adjective denot- ing the physical characteristics ofthe child its familial condition", its bad char- acter", its sex" its unfortunate condition", its age" its legal status. 4. ‘The sibling In referring to siblings, Euripides uses more often abcd: and a family of ‘words containing the stem Aasi-or hasjgnet: xactymtos! xaaiynm, ovyeantm, edroxaiyvnm. In their basic meaning, @bchg6s"®, zaoiywnros are used for the human and divine worlds alike, and signifie ebrother='™ In Or 1016, I find the NS ioddehipo: evig which is used metaphorically to denote Pylailes and his relationship with Orestes. is a polysemic term and denotes the brother" or sister" of someone, whether mortal or divine, i-e. Helen, the Dioscures’sister™. 2 asides Jigen a dl 12: ea noes nog phigoia among th Tian 270 “Es Earpides, ems 6523: nf yroso0 sath Op Bets sons 3s Bape Blea 4: fi ogo wae 6 Barpiden Zigolys 491. dyes vow Alo > unpien 08: doy go 18 Biden, lore 370 yor oe © Eapien Suppliot Women 995 tov Oboe ero sn © Burpies, Prise 285: 00 ans yor ' Burpides, Elare 91: we dy nog © iis Ilion among Trans SAD Eva ga xi, Andrmache 1260 viata iit Yo V8 Eupide, Blere 67: route yet ves: Suppant Wome 73: wav ges. Burbs, ipa on yj” Aeon 6 Eunpides, Gop 648: iv pana sea e Euripides leas 288 ove xi eo “8 Bani, Andromache 659 be 08s "8 Eunpiden, Ale 11 et aoe Yo unpiden Hebe 18: sable "0 Eunpiden,dncromace 75: nabs vin S| arpides dniomacke O41: ata ron 152 On the homeric ure of asym, see. CARN, Nee cur Zope mde de ors. «BSL 1960 pp. 27-31 1 On ee eynologial conection feiss and Seis see H. Pats Gans, att p14 15: Burides Heabe 18 Els 92 1298, 298, [pions among he Turon 1901 °S Boripides feb 428. Mondbagss xe 1S Bunpies dea 61: py "Exes no 1S Bunpiden, Head 943: tv ty Aorta Elven‘The vocabulary of Kinship in Euripides 263 “Abed! and the compounds of xéaz, ie nacvysfen!™, avyeaoeyvien, ™ or the sibling’. ‘Svyyevéteiga indicates cher who is born of the same mother». In Euripides, the term denotes Dioscures’ sister, i-e, Helen”, . the rela- me, ie. the When preceded or followed by an adjective or a genitive indicating the posses- sion, all the terms, with the exception of obvayios and cabroxaoxyvimy, places the person denoted as either ebrother» or wsister» in the family «i ‘Abehqp5c and odyyov0s are the only terms to be used in the context of expres- sion of personal feelings". Among the words denoting the asister», adeham is the only one to appear in a particularly complex context. 5. The husband Euripides uses 8 terms for chusband»: évig.xdais, youéras, wqios, wynon)g, °S Boripides, Hoa 4, der 89. © Bunpides, Ore 8, pion mong the Taran 373 3 rps, Jigen on the Turn 800 "8 Burpdes Ploonar 138: This term i probably a metrically variant of aso, found in verseinit ponion oly, M. Lejeune ht, gro a SL» F960, pp 20-6. On the oe of this Mord in Homer, ee HL Pittss Gare, art et p18 "+? Buripiden Ot 237 Gnas oy 7P9B3: xaaiey x0 6 Eunpides, Bipinde “et Burp, pep 3 6 Euripides, Er 106, “6 Burpiden don 1662 3 Euripides gnia among the Turion 86, ‘es banpder, bhteene 1050 36 Earpden, Hees 107. "0 Burpee, pig among the Trions 921; Ore 658 "Eds oan Taran 1: on onion 2: Byrpides, La 76, ec’ OS. og Ei, pga cman te Trans 105: ew co igen amon the Trans 2795: god youre264 Héline Perdicoyiannt Paléologou ivrjrog,ebvifins, oovevviis. OF these, zdotg and dvig are the only ones inherited from PIE" ‘Aviio is the regular word for «husband» in post-Homeric Greek", The term denotes primarly «the mans. However, in some passages of Euripides, it indicates the husband" or the man with whom a woman shares the bed out of wedlock’”. Tidois denotes the husband and it can be used interchangeably with évjo"™ ‘The interchangeability between aéois and do proves that there is no difference in-use and meaning in Euripides'”. For denoting the «husband», Euripides also uses the verbal adjective youévac!™, ‘vougioc!" indicating the futur husband or the «new married», uynonio'™. The very rare uses of these terms proves their unfitness to mean the chusband». Euripides also employs derivatives from eivito indicate the chusband» (ebwimns, eiwitog), which is the derived meaning from their basic mening: chim who shares the conjugal beds. Evins, eivjzong apply to both the human and divine worlds. On the other hand, ovvevvijs, taken from oGvevvos"™, possess the same meaning. as the previ- ‘ous terms, It is the only term to appear in the human world! When preceded by either an adjective or a genitive denoting the possession doi, deo, ouveuviebuiitao"™ pwnatig™ indicate his conjugal relation On theindo-european ogi of ing pat) see Chess, Lenn mart des fem dpi ede lar ong REG 1946-194 280 See ako HL Pas Gis rtp. 52 B Deis, ‘De ndogermanithon lrwanechafinamen. En Beira erghthendonAtdhanshnde Lepr (= A ‘andhngen der pilgstricen Clase dor inighhe Swhichon Conf der Wiss 1. pp 5-33) 80, pp 400-35. Ror us Indo-Earopean cognates (oe fl. FRISK, Cowsicher Eaprnloies err, Hidelbeng 1920). According to Cates, oe ep 7 m6, eho meaning ebarband> evidently an independent development in te varios Langage where the word appear, ands net [ossbleo dicovr at what seg of Greck thie meaning devlopeds On the atesaton of the word Miscenacan Greck see} Cisonicx and BAA, The Mpnsacan Gc eobuans «Cts 1963p. 173, TO dhe posthomere uss ofthe word, ae Pate Cousin, Nome p20. Vn the posthomerie period the tense of shusband i compra rary om thi use ofthe tein Homer see Hct Gass, ate p70 68, Ch Bape, EetruS31 oy edge yo ‘Sndromach 28: 08 andes Aldor 953: dono ood wpe Sunro © ude Bl 1052; Helo 8 9 On the semande distinction berween xing ancl dvi inthe homerc and pos homeric periods sce Puri Gus are p19. "Wud Supple Sfomen 98. On the use of the verbal adjective taken fom qoute for denoxing the husband or the wf ee P. Crane. Nome pp 230-1 "Epes Bl 24; Meer366 Nos a taken rom wo which provided group of nouns denoxng the hasband othe wf, ee Parent. Noms pp 2283 Tepes, defn 99: On the ormason ofthis word, ee .Besvrsr, op. ct, pp 38, 49,4 "Burp, Ones 1392 bs nt, Heater 2. Ass ve cng No, 9: eovog ed bomaehe OAT: os Ba evo "Hn the ae of evwevve in the postchomeric period, sce Puasa, Nan p27 °SSBunpien pligeia enon th Trias 52%, Hippos 16, dndhomecke 208,908; Adon 240, Het 1203 Spies Ear 254, 28 Eudes, ddnake 228 8 Eunpiden, tin 1295 2 Eampiden ra > Bunpides, Hola 907 2 The vocabulary of Kinship in Euripides 265, ship with his wife. Tldais is also defined by his unfortunate condition", his adventurous life! and his social condition". It shares this use with dvjo!. On the other hand, néois and e’vijtwo are defined by their immoral condi- tion". "These remarks led us to conclude that xo; is the most flexible term to be situated in particularly various contexts 6. The wife Euripides uses 19 words for «wifes: yuwi, déqaoxwnepy, @oyos, dors, ei, wivewvos, Oudiext905, ofdezroov, ovyxoIuue, KEZOs, eD¥H, BVyyaHOs, SuSyEALOS Zowwands yuo, ozs, EvvEOgOS, vos, H ovvorATOUTE. Tov parle to vg in having the sense cwomans a well a athe sens ewifen. It denotes the wife of a human being". The word occurs in the apos- trophs which are pronounced by the husband. In this case, itis interchangeable with avvtiogos"” ‘Adqap'" is the wife of either a human being” (Hec.493) or of a god, eg. of Zeus and Dionysos". ‘Nojiqn is an ancient term, which apperas in Homer for denoting primarly a nymph. Then itis used in order to refer to «young girld» or the «young spouses" In Funipides the terme denotes the legitimate wif", the future spouse". In £21033, -viyupa dio indicates the two wifes of Agamemnon, the legitimate, Clytaemnestra, and the gmat, Cassandra, In Med 8045, wotSyou| ving denotes Jas con's new wife I singled out a considerable number of words whose basic meaning from which the meaning»wife» is derived, mostly refers to the share of the conjugal bed (éozos, ‘org, ebtz wirvevvos, usho«t00s, ovahzxT9o¥)*™, her union in marriage (ody ‘Sysryajios, xowovss yeuaav, oftuyos, Sovdogos, abvoote) and her common life with her husband (jj avvovsjoaac)."Azozos** is applied both to the human and the 2 Bacpies, don a0: 88 6s a, 206s es 2 Bonide, elon 208:°08 ts he i 2 Burp, Andromache 50: ning Snaente > Brides, Medes 82: Bic ¢ loos oow nyo yer 195 Burp, Andhomacke 213: ms Fon nan "Burp lr 31, 25 pies Homer 27: ety Evo 1th of hi wor PNT op p26 sa old be a ie neater noun See EBusvenire, Ons de a formation dt na ov indo eurpdon Pate 1073, p30. Mont schol estas spaikt Deweey i nent and Sane Ons consti tas deta from berg, which is more possible See P. Caren, Noms p 223 eS Eanpiden, Aowba nd 20 Bargin ligoniaamong the Turin 385, 6; Bon, Fippla 339: sowie a. 21 On these ner ofthe word, we PCuccmne, Noms p. 228-4 22 pen, Ore |, Ton Hime 250, 2 Bonpdes, Ones 1038 2 The eymology ofthese word is clean they ate io telat 10 gos igen wo 25H Prates Gates sugges at Ohyor and Yo are ple Li etn referrg the soa and fail poston ees, at p. 17266 Haine Perticoyianni Paléologon divine worlds "Axounc, ei, obvewvos*® are applied only to the human world On the other hand, 6usieesg0s and ov2ezx90v are used only in the divine realm? Finally T need to note the single use of ovyxoipnu, preceded by yewwatr (Andr, 1273), for denoting «the noble sharer of Peleus’ bed, i-e. Thetis. Thave to indicate two particular uses of edviy and 2éx0s. These terms signify basically «bed. In Euripides, they mean by metonymy «wifes. In Hip. 835, xebv6v 3éyos denotes Phaedra and means by metonymy the «faithful wifes*".In 14 1355, ‘ry Gu pékdovoay ebvijv denotes the future wife and in. Andr-907 dam ew eiviy indicates the illegitimate spouse of Neoptolemus. Another mean used by Euripides for alluding to the «wifes is the use of com- pound adjective taken from you. This mean permitted him to express the conju: tal relationship between the husband and the wife. In fact the basic meaning of ‘by yi0s and Oy6ya}108 is «she who is united in marriages. In Euripides, osyryaios and 6yéyouio; denote the wife of a human being* or the co-begetter of a god". 1 singled out the periphrastic turn xowowds yéuiov in order to indicate someone's life mace?" All these terms denote the wife asthe sharer ofthe conjugal bed. On the other hand, the dea of union, which puc her on the same level as that of the husband, is expressed by the words avtvyos, Eoviopos, cvvwnis. The morphological formation of these words appears in Vib. eB. C. and proves the institutionnal and moral evolution in the marriage from Homer tothe elasical period. Thus, ovvyos signi fies primarly «she who is united under the yoke.» In Euripides, the term denotes «the female spouse,» namely one’s «female life mates?" The basic meaning of Evviogos"" is «she who is united with someone> and that of ovvdis is «yoke of two horses", In Euripides, these terms denote the wife of a human being. Finally, ‘we have to note the particular use ofthe periphrastic tum xj avvonxaaaa™* whose basic meaning is «she who cohabites with someone» % Burpides, Hen 674: & he yoyo Euripides, lets 201, 526.0 the formation ofthis word, se P. Cuasrint ep. it pp 113, 114, Chanarine suggests that Gonz affectionnate tenn, pc, p- 225. On the eyinlogy of this word, se fe 2 Euripides, fphigeni ful BOT. On the formation ofthis word, se P. CHANTRAINE op. pp 114,330 2 Bavipides, Maden 1001 210 Euripides, Oreter 476: Zs dubhenegae whoa, Hera: xb aud obtexapor: 12GB: 4 x08 Abs ceitexrov- On the meaning ofthe sie = non this word, see P. Cxsteass ope p38] 2S ripides, Merce 67-68, 79, 22 Buipiden, Elecra 211 22 Burpides, Heracler 149; inthis passage, obrayos ie imerchangeable with oitdemgov (0; Poe ia 136; Herat 399. I this passage, Guus Is interchangeable with oitixx90% 2s Bupides, Hirader 983-4 2 Burpides, leet S13, 341, 384 2° Burpides, Ones 1566; fphigonia at lis 50; Heracles 175; Orestes 1.35; Poensie 1695. On the etymology ofthis word, see F Cicvrat, DELG, Tari, 1968-1980 sv BI Eunpides,Phoenrae 1618: eexvo: Rugs 21 Euspides, lows 738‘The vocabulary of Kinship in Euripides 267 Within the family, the wife is defined by her belonging to her husband (Séao, 0705, owARexxQ0s, avyyaHos, ovvdo0os, yw, edv)*™, her moral condition (Goyo::yvvi, dda)" and her unfortunate condition (&.o70=, ovvéiogo2). The affection shown by the husband toward his wife is expressed by the use of an adjec- tive expressing this feeling, and by any of the Following words: &aozos:yov,docorns™™ ‘These above data permit us to see the easy use of Gozos in a particularly ‘complex context. 2. Grandparents ‘The Euripidean expressions for grandparents are tcrnjo xaxo6s and xerQ6s yim. he father's name is interposed between two terms", preceding the whole expres- n= The possessive adjective is interposed in the expression’ or preceded by this. In Her, 585, nexodc wntéo"”Adumqy {400 alludes to Macaria's grand-mother. 8. Grandchildren Euripides employs the periphrasis «child’child» for denoting the grandchil- dren: Mats audés denotes the grandson". Térvov téxvov is used in plural 9. Uncles For «mother’s brother», Euripides uses wrégos dehyes*® and for «father’s broth cer, however, he uses aaniymytos narods oF Oetng” 10, Collaterals The only term Euripides uses for collaterals is abreveyios*™ Tafigds!™ indicates the daughter's lord, the son - in-law. ™ Buripide ph Heras 857 Heracles 704: Sua Moediovs: Iphigenia amang the Taurians 385: fds Bixao | ‘aide bag Ahan Eleara 23: ons ahoyov; Ores 1SG0-v ty Eorsogor. Alerts $92: Anon yon len 975: yout di "2 Burpides, Than Nomen 130: se Meehan aren Bogor, Ales BBO: mon hdqon, 200: fois yeva. 1163: Bayaona gage 2A Burpides, loeine 1566: de wha Shozs, 1695: & Ewen’ Atay 2 Bunpides, Elec 720; oyow gay 'Atgeos, Mest 201 oc. ny, 999: 105 gD 70% 1133.70 gaa: yon 22 Bunpides, Madea 1321: xarods"Wuo nevi. 2 Bunpides, Medea 954-9. Ho [moras mati 25 Bunpides hipaa Audis 473: nar vont meNO55 2 Bunpides, Medea 746 7: naxiga 8" Hoy aatods| voto, 22 Buspides, Bacchae 1828; Hercidae 650,713: dromache 584, 1063, 1073, 1083, "8 Euripides, Heraeldae 710: svow vas fk 2 Faripides, Ploonnge 091: Ady yrnods: oxtoms bu, PBL: we Begs, 28» Faripes, Ores 1219, Orestes alludes to Menelau by using the following expression: waotrmos sna In Orestes 67%, Orestes adresses his uncle, Menlae’ "0 seas pays Oe. °3) Euripides, Hevacidae 987 On the use ofthis word in homeric and post-homeric periods, see, H. | Puuuys Crs, at ci, pp 223. On the etymology, se E. Benveniste, Name dagen p. 234 Euripides, Suppliant Women 15-16, 427; dadhomacke 360, 640-541, T40. On dhe formation of thie word, see P. Gram, opt, p. 222. On the use of the word inthe post Homeric pasages, sce TL Piss Games, att p28 oP268, Heine PerdicoyianniPaléologon ‘The father-in-law Tlev0eq6s* denotes the father-in-law. Conclusion ‘Our study on the vocabulary of kinship in Euripides led us to conclude that we have to make a distinetion between kinship terms and descriptive terms denoting the same concept. The expressions Euripides uses are the following!": 1) atomic terms, such as owt, Ime, vids ete; 2) terms for corresponding male and female kinsmen, such as adehgés, Gehan, and 6,§Sudyeuos; 3) terms containing prefixes or suffixes, such as ofyyows, yeviroa: 4) compound adjectives, such as 6,4 neudoydvos, naiboxo1se: 5) genitival expressions: e. g xaniymtos narod, intéoos dbehads Leaving out the last type of expression which refers to kinsmen descriptively, by an implied genitive relation, all the others belong to the semantic field of Kinship. Within this field the terms whose basic meaning denotes another con- cept than that of kinship could be considered as marginal components of its pe- ripheral zone, Euripides, Horace 14,484; Elsara 1285, On the meaning ofthe sulfixe-e-in this word see P. Cuereane op cit, 228. "See also H Pets Gunes, arti, p. 3