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L O GA R I T H M
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N D E X
Topic
Page No.
LOGARITHM
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Basic Mathematics
Historical Development of Number System
Logarithm
Principal Properties of Logarithm
Basic Changing theorem
Logarithmic equations
Common & Natural Logarithm
Characteristic Mantissa
Absolute value Function
Solved examples
Exercise
Answer Key
13.
L O GA R I T H M
1
3
5
7
8
10
12
12
14
17
24
30
31
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
LOGARITHM
BASIC MATHEMATICS :
Remainder Theorem :
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree geater than or equal to one and 'a' be any real number.
If p(x) is divided by (x a), then the remainder is equal to p(a).
Factor Theorem :
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and 'a' be a real number such that
p(a) = 0, then (x a) is a factor of p(x). Conversely, if (x a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
Note : Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one. If leading coefficient of p(x) is 1
then p(x) is called monic. (Leading coefficient means coefficient of highest power.)
(2)
(3)
a2 b2 = (a + b) (a b)
(4)
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(5)
(a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b)
(6)
(7)
(8)
1 1 1
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc .
a b c
(9)
a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca =
(10)
1
2
2
2
2 ( a b ) ( b c) ( c a )
1
(a + b + c) (a b) 2 (b c) 2 (c a ) 2
2
If (a + b + c) = 0, then a3 + b3 + c2 = 3abc.
(11)
(12)
If a, b 0 then (a b) =
(13)
a b
a b
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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
Definition of Indices :
The product of m factors each equal to a is represented by am . So, am = a a a ........ a ( m times).
Here a is called the base and m is the index (or power or exponent).
Law of Indices :
(1)
(2)
am =
(3)
1
, provided a 0.
am
a0 = 1, provided a 0.
(4)
am n =
(5)
am
, where m and n are rational numbers, a 0.
an
(am)n = amn.
p
q
(6)
a ap
(7)
(ab)n = an bn.
Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R (the set of all real numbers) and are commonly used in solving
inequaltities. If a , b R such that a < b, then we can defined four types of intervals as follows :
Name
Open interval
Representation
(a, b)
Discription.
{x : a < x < b} i.e., end points are not included.
Close interval
[a, b]
Open-closed interval
(a, b]
Closed-open interval
[a, b)
Note :
(1)
The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i)
(a, ) = {x : x > a }
(ii)
(iii)
( , b) = {x : x < b}
(iv)
(v)
( , ) = {x : x R}
[a, ) = {x | x a }
( , b] = {x : x b}
(2)
(3)
If their is no value of x, then we say x (i.e., null set or void set or empty set).
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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
Proportion :
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing then are said to be proportional.
If
a c
, then it is written as a : b = c : d or a : b : : c : d.
b d
Note :
(1)
(2)
(3)
If
a c
b d
(Invertando)
b d
a c
(4)
If
a c
a b
(Alternando)
b d
c d
(5)
If
a c
a
c
a b cd
1 = 1
=
(Componendo)
b d
b
d
b
d
(6)
If
a c
a
c
a b cd
1 = 1
=
(Dividendo).
b d
b
d
b
d
(7)
If
a c
a b cd
=
(Componendo and dividendo)
b d
a b cd
(8)
If
a b
then b2 = ac. Here b is called mean proportional of a and c.
b c
Natural Numbers
Numbers used for counting are called as Natural numbers.
{1, 2, 3, 4, ...........}
II.
Whole numbers
Including zero (0) | cypher | kwU; | duck |love| knot along with natural numbers called as whole numbers.
w = {0,1, 2, 3 ..............}
i.e.
N W
0 is neither positive nor negative
III
Integers
Integers given by
I = {...........2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3.......}
i.e. N W I
Type of Integers
(a) None negative integers
(b) Negative integers (I)
(c) Non positive integers
(d) Positve integers (I+)
{ 0, 1, 2, 3, .........}
{............3, 2, 1}
{............3, 2 1, 0}
{1, 2, 3 ..........}
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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
IV.
Rational Numbers
Numbers which are of the form p/q where p, q, I & q 0 called as rational numbers.
Rational numbers are also represented by recurring & terminating or repeating decimals
e.g.
1. 3 = 1.333 .........
x = 1.3333 ....
10x = 13.33....
9x = 12
x=
4
3
Irrational numbers
The numbers which cannot be expressed in the form p/q (p,q I) are called as irrational numbers.
The decimal representation of these number is non-terminating and non repeating.
2 1.414 ..............
is an irrational number
VI
Real Numbers
Set of real numbers is union of the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers.
Real Rational + Irrational
NWIQRZ
VII.
Prime Numbers
Numbers which are devisible by 1 or itself
e.g. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 ..........}
VIII
Composite Numbers
Numbers which are multiples of prime are called composite numbers
{4, 6, 8, 9 ...........}
IX
Twin primes :
The prime numbers which having the diffrence of 2
e.g. (5, 3),
(7, 5), (13,11) ............
1 is niether a prime nor a composite number.
When studying logarithms it is important to note that all the propertise of logarithms are consequences of
the corresponding properties of power, which means that sudent should have a good working knowledge of powers are a foundation for tacking logarithms
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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
LOGARITHM :
Definition :
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in order to
get that number. Logarithm of zero does not exist and logarithm of () ve reals are not defined in the
system of real numbers.
i.e
a is raised what power to get N
Illustration :
Find value of
(i) log8127
(ii) log10100
27 = 81x
33 = 34x
(ii)
Let
log10100 = x
100 = 10x
102 = 10x
(iii)
(iii) log1/3 9 3
gives x = 3/4
gives x = 2
Let log1/3 9 3 = x
1
9 3 =
3
x
35 / 2 = 3
gives x = 5/2
Note that :
(a)
Unity has been excluded from the base of the logarithm as in this case
log1N will not be possible and if N = 1
then log11 will have infinitelymanysolutions and will not be unique
which is necessaryin the functional notation.
(b)
(c)
The number N in (2) is called the antilog of 'x' to the base 'a'. Hence
If log2512 is 9 then antilog29 is equal to 29 = 512
log2 5
=5
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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
(d)
log 1 N = 1
loga1 = 0
logNN = 1
Whenever the number and base are on the same side of unity then logarithm of that number to the base
is (+ve), however if the number and base are located an diffrent side of unity then logarithm of that
number to the base is (ve)
e.g.
(i) log10100 = 2
(ii) log1/10100 = 2
(f)
a a1/ n
Illustration :
(i)
logsin 30 cos 60 = 1
(iv)
log5 5 5 5....... 1
Sol.
Let
(iii)
log 2
2 3 1
5 5 5..... x
5x x
x2 = 5x
x=5
log 5 5 = 1
(v)
Sol.
(vi)
Sol.
7 log7 x 2x 9 0
3x + 9 = 0 (x = 3)
x=
(vii)
2 log 2 (x 3) 2(x 3) 12 0
Sol.
x 3 + 2x 6 12 = 0
3x = 21 x = 7
(viii)
log 2 (x 3) 4
Sol.
x3 = 24
x = 19
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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
Practice Problem
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
(ii)
(iv)
log10 a (a 3) = 1
log2(a2 5) = 2
Find all values of x for which the following equalities hold true?
(i)
(iv)
Q.5
log2a = 2
log1/3(a2 1) = 1
log 2 x 2 = 1
log1/2(2x + 1) = log1/2(x + 1)
If 2 3 5 13 48 =
(ii)
(v)
log3x = log3(2 x)
log1/3(x2 + 8) = 2
(iii)
log 4 x 2 = log4x
Answer key
Q.1 (i) 1, (ii) 3/2, (iii) 1/5, (iv) 3/7
Q.2 (i) 4, (ii) 1/3, (iii) 1/7, (iv) 5/2, (v) 9/4
Q.4 (i)
(1)
x2 = loga n
mn = ax ; a x 2
n = a x2
mn = a x1 x 2
x1 + x2 = logamn
logam + logan = logamn
(2)
log a
m
= logam logan
n
m
x x
=a 1 2
n
x1 x2 = log a
m
n
m
n
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Q.5 8
17
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
Solved Examples
Q.1
Sol.
2x + x 41 = 2x x = 41. Ans.
Q.2
Sol.
3
5
2
(log2 x ) log 2 x
4
4
x
2 is
1
a
5
3
1
2
log 2 x log 2 x log 2 x =
4
4
2
log2x = y
3y3 + 4y2 5y 2 = 0
3y2(y 1) + 7y(y 1) + 2(y 1) = 0
(y 1)(3y2 + 7y + 2) = 0
(y 1)(3y + 1)(y + 2) = 0
1
y = 1 or y = 2 or y =
3
1
1
1
x = 2; ; 1 3 x1x2x3 = 3
a + b = 19
4
2
16
Q.3
For 0 < a 1, find the number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying the equation loga 2 x y =
loga y loga x log 2 4 .
a
Sol.
We have loga 2 x y =
1
2
y
Also, log a
log 2 4
a
| x |
a
2a
If x > 0, then x = , y =
3
3
If x < 0, then y = 2a, x = a
|x+y|=a
y=2|x|
.....(2)
x+y=a
a 2a
and ( a, 2a)
possible ordered pairs = ,
3 3
Q.4
Sol.
From (1),
3 + log10(2xy) log10x log10y = 4
or
log10(xy) log10x log10y = 1 log10(2)
....(i)
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.....(1)
1
and
2
23
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
Q.1
The sum
(A) tan
Q.2
(C) sec
(D) sin
[3010110650]
1
1
1
1
simplifies to
log 2 N log N 8 log32 N log N 128
3
(C) 5 ln 2
(C) 25
(D)
5
21
[3010110244]
15
p
x = 8 then the value of 4 is equal to
2
(D) 1
[3010110950]
The sum of two numbers a and b is 18 and their difference is 14 . The value of logba is equal to
(A) 1
Q.5
3
(B) 7 ln 2
3
7
(A) 9
Q.4
5
3
is equal to
4
2
(B) cot
(A)
Q.3
5
3
4
2
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D)
1
2
[3010112439]
[3010111646]
N = 10
Q.6
Let
where base of the logarithm is 10. The characteristic of the
logarithm of N to the base 3, is equal to
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
[3010112388]
Q.7
If x =
(A) 0
Q.8
10 2
10 2
and y =
, then the value of log2(x2 + xy + y2), is equal to
2
2
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
[3010112337]
(B) 3x 2
(C) 3x + 2
(D) 3x + 2
[3010112438]
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25
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
Find value of A + B + C
(A) 18
(B) 34
(C) 32
(D) 24
(C) 7
(D) 4
Find | A B + C |
(A) 30
(C) 28
(D) 30
(B) 32
[3010112328]
[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
Q.4
Let N =
log 3 135
log3 5
. Then N is
log15 3
log 405 3
If a logb x
[3010112387]
5 x logb a + 6 = 0, where a > 0, b > 0 & ab 1, then the value of x can be equal to
(A) 2logb a
Q.6
(B) 3loga b
(D) a logb 3
(C) b loga 2
[3010112336]
1
1
and
4
3
(B) log
cos = 1
3
cosec
6
(C)
eln (ln3)
is smaller than 1
(D) log10 1 +
1
log10 3 + log10 2 3 = log10 1 3 2 3
2
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[3010112432]
27
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
Q.1
ab (ab) 2 4(a b)
ab (ab) 2 4(a b)
2
2
when a = 43 and b = 57
[3010111267]
(a) If x = log34 and y = log53, find the value of log310 and log3(1.2) in terms of x and y.
(b) If k
log2 5
[3010110921]
Q.3
If mantissa of a number N to the base 32 is varying from 0.2 to 0.8 both inclusive, and whose characteristic
is 1, then find the number of integral values of N.
[3010110177]
Q.4
2
2
For x, y N, if 32x y + 1 =3y 2x + 1 8 and log6 2 x y xy = 1 + log36(xy),
Let
and
[3010110550]
yz
.
x
[3010110900]
Q.6
Q.7
Positive numbers x, y and z satisfy xyz = 1081 and (log10x)(log10yz) + (log10y)(log10z) = 468.
[3010110220]
x | x 2 | = logx(5x 6 + 5 | x 2|).
[3010110092]
Q.9
1
q
1
r
89
, then find the value of (pq + rs).
68
1
s
[3010110887]
Q.10
If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that, 2 log(2y 3x) = log x + log y, find
x
.
y
[3010110291]
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29
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
EXERCISE-4
(IIT JEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1
The least value of the expression 2 log10x logx (0.01), for x > 1 is :
(A) 10
Q.2
(B)2
(C) 0.01
[IIT 1980]
(D) None of these
[3010110151]
Q.3
The equation x 4
+ 23x + 21) = 4
(log 2 x ) 2 log 2 x
5
4
log(3x + 7)(4x2
+ 12x + 9)
[3010110279]
= 2 has :
Q.4
(B) 1
(C) 2
[IIT 2001]
(D) 0
[3010110575]
Q.5
Then x0 is
(A)
1
6
(B)
1
3
(C)
1
2
(D) 6
[JEE 2011, 3]
[3010111020]
Q.6
1
1
1
1
[JEE 2012, 4]
[3010112474]
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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
Q.2
Q.7
Q.12
D
C
A
EXERCISE-1
Q.3
A
Q.8
D
Q.1
Q.6
Q.11
A
B
C
Q.1
Q.6
Q.9
Q.10
EXERCISE-2
B
Q.2
A
Q.3
D
A, B, D
Q.7
A, B, C
Q.8
A, C, D
(A) P, (B) P, R, S, (C) P, R, (D) P, Q, R
(A) Q, R, S, T; (B) P; (C) Q, R, S, T; (D) P, R, S
Q.4
Q.9
A
D
Q.5
Q.10
C
C
Q.4
A, C
Q.5
B, C
Q.3
449
Q.4
Q.8
Q.9
23
EXERCISE-3
xy 2 xy 2 y 2
,
; (b) 625
2y
2y
41
Q.7
5625
Q.1
12
Q.2
Q.5
54
Q.6
Q.10
Q.12
Q.17
4/9
Q.11 (a) 0.5386; 1 .5386 ; 3 .5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 3
(a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47
Q.13 54
Q.14 2
x [1/3, 3] {1}
Q.18 2s + 10s2 3(s3 + 1)
Q.1
Q.5
D
C
Q.2
Q.6
(a)
EXERCISE-4
x = 1/4 is the only solution
4
Q.3
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Q.15 12
Q.19 y = 6
Q.4
31
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
1.
5
3
4
2
Let x =
5
1
3
5
25 3
= 2 = 3
x2 = 2
2
4
2
2
16 2
3 = tan 3 .
x=
Alternative :
5
24
4
4
Let S
2.
3.
We have,
22x 8 2x + 15 = 0 (2x 3) (2x 5) = 0 2x = 3 or 2x = 5
Hence smallest x is obtained by equating 2x = 3 x = log23
So,
p = log23
log2 9
Hence, 4 = 2
2 log 2 3
We have,
a + b = 18
=2
= 9.
Ans.
a b = 14
squaring & subtract, we get 4ab = 4 ab = 1
Hence number are reciprocal of each other logb a = 1. Ans.
5.
a + b = 1; a3 + 3ab + b3 = ?
3
3
3
Now (a + b) = 1 a + b + 3ab = 1 (C)
6.
N = 10 10 = 32
Hence characteristic of log332 is 3.
7.
3 2
2
5
1
1
1
1
l n 2 ln N 5 ln 2 ln N
=
=
21
ln N 3 ln 2 ln N 7 l n 2
log 2 N log N 8 log32 N log N 128
4.
52 6 52 6
=
2
5
24
=
4
4
log2 ( x y) 2 xy
but
Ans.
x + y = 10 ; x y =
2;
xy =
10 2
=2
4
3 2
Ans.
3 .Ans.
32
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM
8.
y = 2x | x 2 | = 2x (2 x ) = | 3x 2 | as x < 0 hence y = 2 3x
9.
N = 2 70
= 2
2 log70 2
1 log 70 2
10.
Clearly, p
11.
As,
=p
log p log q r
Ans.
= log r
q
6 6 6 ..... , y > 0 y =
and let y =
But
log q log q r
log q p
6 y y2 = 6 + y
y2 y 6 = 0 (y 3) (y + 2) = 0
y > 0, so y = 3.
Given expression log3 (logqr)
log 3 log q r
log r
= q3
= q q =r.
log a 2 3
= log 2
1
3 1
log b
3 1
a log 2
Now, 2 3
log
2 3
= log 2
Ans.
a log
3 1
3 1
b log 2 3 (ab)
( ab )
1
2 3
12
1
log 2 3
ab
1
12
1
1
ab = 12
ab 12
As a, b are co-prime numbers, so either a = 4, b = 3 or a = 3, b = 4.
Hence , (a + b) = 7.
Ans.
12.
(log 3) x
(log 2) x
2 2 3 3
Taking log to the base 2 on both the sides, we get
(log23)x log22 = (log32)x log23
(log23)x 1 = (log32)x
(log 2 3) x 1
(log3 2) x
=1
(log23)2x 1 = 1 = (log23)0
2x 1 = 0
log70 2
x=
1
2
Ans.
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Ans.
7 inch
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