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Exposicion Sobre Eurocode 9 - Design of Aluminium Structures (EN 1999) PDF
Exposicion Sobre Eurocode 9 - Design of Aluminium Structures (EN 1999) PDF
Exposicion Sobre Eurocode 9 - Design of Aluminium Structures (EN 1999) PDF
EN 1999
Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre
with the support of
CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
F. Mazzolani
University of Naples "Federico II"
9:15-10:00
Design criteria
F. Mazzolani
University of Naples "Federico II"
10:00-10:30
Fields of application
F. Mazzolani
University of Naples "Federico II"
10:30-11:00
Coffee
11:00-11:45
R. Gitter
GDA/AluConsult
11:45-13.00
T. Hglund
Torsten Hglund HB
13:00-14:00
Lunch
14:00-14:45
Connections(Part 1.1)
F. Soetens
TNO
14:45-15:30
D. Kosteas
Technische Universitt Mnchen
15:30-16:00
Coffee
16:00-16:45
R. Landolfo
University of Naples "Federico II"
16:45-17:30
A. Mandara
17:30-18:00
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
ENVENV-EUROCODE 9 (1998)
ALUMINIUM STRUCTURAL DESIGN
DESIGN
GENERAL INFORMATION
ON EN 1999
Federico M. Mazzolani
(Chairman of TC 250250-SC9)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
ENEN-EUROCODE 9 (2006)
ALUMINIUM STRUCTURAL DESIGN
DESIGN
1) General
2) Basis design
3) Materials
SUSCEPTIBLE TO FATIGUE
5) Structural analysis
FORMED SHEETING
STRUCTURES
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
ANNEXES
to Part 11-1
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
A) Execution classes
J ) Properties of crosscross-sections
K ) Shear lag effects in member design
L ) Classification of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
ANNEXES
to Part 11-3
A) Bases of design
B) Guidance on assessment by fracture mechanics
C) Testing for fatigue design
1) General
D) Stress analysis
2) Basis design
E) Adhesive bonds
5) Structural analysis
G) Influence of RR-ratio
7) Quality requirements
I ) Castings
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
2) Basis design
3) Materials
1) General
4) Durability
2) Basis design
5) Structural analysis
Annax C : Bibliography
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
11
12
1.
Scope
2.
Normative references
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fabrication
7.
Welding
8.
9.
Erection
10
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
13
14
1. Classification of crosscross-sections
2. Extent of heat affected zones (HAZ)
3. Generalized formulation for ULS for axially loaded members
4. Generalized formulation for ULS for members in bending
5. Bucking curves approach for columns
6. Local bucking approach
7. Evaluation of rotation capacity
8. Plastic design approach
9. Classification of connections
10. T-stub model for end plate bolted connections
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
15
Background of EC 9
AUTHORS OF CHAPTERS :
Federico M.MAZZOLANI
Gunther VALTINAT
Frans SOETENS
Torsten HOGLUND
Bruno ATZORI
Magnus LANGSETH
16
DESIGN CRITERIA
F. Mazzolani
University of Naples "Federico II"
FIRST APPLICATIONS
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Birth of aluminium :
Dirigible structures
(details)
Dirigible structures:
Schwartz (1897)
Zeppeling (1900)
Navy structures
Aircraft structures
Railway structures
Railway structures
Railway structures
Cladding
Windows
Aluminium sheets
installed more than a century ago for cladding
the dome of the San Gioacchino church in Rome
Decoration
The Atomium was built for the Universal Exhibition of Brussels in 1958,
nevertheless aged over the years.
The Atomium is a structure that is half way between sculpture and architecture,
symbolising a crystal molecule of steel by the scale of its atoms,
magnified 165 billion times.
The aluminium cladding - initially conceived to last six months
has served its purpose for almost 50 years and is ready for a new life.
Now the Atomium is undergoing renovation:
the original aluminium skin will serve for new purposes.
A thousand aluminium triangular
panels are available for sale
with a certificate of
authenticity for collectors
and Atomium fans.
The remaining 30 tonnes
of aluminium will be recycled.
Symbolic works
Housing structures
Foilstock
13%
5%
22%
12%
15%
Stockists
Packaging (rigid)
Building
18%
Building
11%
18%
51%
Engineering
Transport
Consumer durables
19%
Transport
Engineering
Others
16%
40
35
30
13%
7%
Building
6%
Transport
Engineering
Others
1980
25
1990
20
2000
15
10
74%
5
0
Europe
USA
Japan
[t]
1.60E+06
1.40E+06
1.20E+06
1.00E+06
8.00E+05
6.00E+05
4.00E+05
2.00E+05
THE GROWTH OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS IN BUILDINGS
0.00E+00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
BASIC CONDITIONS
FOR COMPETITION WITH STEEL
First pre-requisite:
First pre-requisite:
Corrosion resistance
Corrosion resistance ( C )
Second pre-requisite:
Lightness ( L )
Third pre-requisite:
Functionality of sections
due to extrusion ( F )
Steel detail
Second pre-requisite:
Second prepre-requisite:
Ligthness
Ligthness
Second prepre-requisite:
Second prepre-requisite:
Ligthness
Ligthness
Aluminium detail
extrusion process
1.Billets in parking
2. Heating (480
(480C)
4. Transfer to extrusion
5. Extrusion
3. Cutting
6. Termal treatment
Third prepre-requisite:
Functionality of sections due to extrusion
Third prepre-requisite:
Functionality of sections due to extrusion
Third prepre-requisite:
Functionality of sections due to extrusion
Third prepre-requisite:
Functionality of sections due to extrusion
3
1
1
Sections for crane structures
Third prepre-requisite:
Functionality of sections due to extrusion
Third prepre-requisite:
Functionality of sections due to extrusion
Industrial building
Third prepre-requisite:
Functionality of sections due to extrusion
Welded connections
FIELDS OF STRUCTURAL
APPLICATIONS
Bolted connections
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
C
S to r a g e v e sse ls
L a m p c o lu m n s
P r o file d r o o f a n d w a ll
c la d d in g
S u p p o r t fo r r a ilw a y
o v e r h e a d e le c tr ific a tio n
E n c lo s u r e s tr u c tu r e s fo r
sew ag e w ork s
S o u n d b a r rie rs
V e h ic le r e str a in t
syste m s
S e w a g e p la n t b r id g e s*
S ilo s*
T r a ffic s ig n a l g a n tr ie s *
T r a ffic s ig n a l p o le s *
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
C +F
D om es over sew ag e
ta n k s*
M a r in a la n d in g sta g e s
R o o f a c c e ss sta g in g
D a m lo g s
C u r ta in w a llin g
O v e r c la d d in g su p p o r t
syste m s
P e d e str ia n p a r a p e ts
C h ic k e n h o u se
str u c tu r e s
W o o d d ryin g k iln s
S p a c e stru c tu re s
(d o m e s, e tc .)*
E x h ib itio n sta n d s*
S w im m in g p o o l r o o fs *
C a n o p ie s
B u s sh e lte r s
G r e e n h o u se s/G la ss
h ou ses*
C +L
L ig h tin g c o n tr o l
to w e r s
F la g p o le s
A ir c r a ft a c c e s s
b r id g e s
T r a n sm issio n
to w e r s
B r id g e in sp e c tio n
g a n trie s
O ffs h o r e s tr u c tu r e s
(liv in g q u a r te r s,
b r id g e s)*
T a n k flo ta tio n
covers
C +F+L
G r a tin g p la n k s
H e lid e c k s*
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
F
P r e fa b r ic a te d
b a lc o n ie s*
C o n v e yo r b e lt
str u c tu r e s
M o n o r a ils
R obot su p p ort
str u c tu r e s
S h u tte r in g fo r m
w ork
T u n n e l sh u tte r in g
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
L
C ran e boom s
L o r r y m o u n te d c r a n e s
P it p r o p s
B r id g e s*
M o b ile b r id g e
in sp e c tio n g a n trie s
S c a ffo ld in g s y s te m s
L adders
C h e r r y p ic k e rs
T e le s c o p ic p la tfo r m s
M a s ts fo r te n ts
F+L
A ccess ram p s
S u p p o r t fo r s h u tte r in g
T r a c k w a ys (te m p o r a r y)
E le v a to r s fo r b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls
S c a ffo ld p la n k s
T re n c h su p p o rts
G r a v e d ig g in g
su p p o rts
L o a d in g r a m p s
L a n d in g m a ts fo r
a ir c r a ft
A ccess g an g w ays
S h u tte r in g su p p o r t
beam s
M ilita r y b r id g e s*
R a d io m a sts
S h u tte r in g
T e le sc o p ic c o n v e yo r
b e lt str u c tu r e s
G r a n d sta n d str u c tu r e s
(tem p o ra ry)
B u ild in g m a in te n a n c e
g a n tr ie s
F a b ric str u c tu r e
fr a m e s
Technical references
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH FOR
YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
FIELDS OF APPLICATION
F. Mazzolani
University of Naples "Federico II"
BUILDINGS
SPECIAL STRUCTURES
BRIDGES
REFURBISHMENT
ENVELOPS ( FACADES )
Trelement
Trelement building system
(Germany)
50
Prefabricated clubclub-house
(France)
France)
ALUMINIUM PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES
Hangar
(Hatfield, England)
Sporthall
(Gand, Belgium)
Warehouse
(Antwerp, Belgium)
Melsbroek airport
(Brussels, Belgium)
Aluminium Center
Micha de Haas
in Utrecht(Holland)
2.36 m
14 m
Weigth 16 kg/mq
Mall in Bogot
Bogot
(Colombia)
Traffic Office
in Zapaquir
Zapaquir
(Colombia)
Swimming pool
in Zerrezuela
(Colombia)
Colegio Agustiniano
in Bogot
Bogot (Colombia)
Centro Comercial Salitre Plaza
Plazain Bogot
Bogot
THE MEMORIAL OF
LA BAY (QUEBEC)
Incenerator,
Incenerator, London
MERCATI TRAIANEI
TRAIANEI MUSEUM (ROME)
MERCATI TRAIANEI
TRAIANEI MUSEUM (ROME)
Before restoration
After restoration
MERCATI TRAIANEI
TRAIANEI MUSEUM (ROME)
MERCATI TRAIANEI
TRAIANEI MUSEUM (ROME)
MERCATI TRAIANEI
TRAIANEI MUSEUM (ROME)
MERCATI TRAIANEI
TRAIANEI MUSEUM (ROME)
MERCATI TRAIANEI
TRAIANEI MUSEUM (ROME)
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ThreeThree-directional
reticulated arches
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Diameter 61 m
Diameter 110 m
Weigth 24 kg/mq
kg/mq
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Industrial plants
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ALUMINIUM DOMES
housing
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ALUMINIUM DOMES
University of Connecticut
ALUMINIUM DOMES
The TEMTEM-COR
COR dome in Taiwan
ENEL - CIVITAVECCHIA
The Geometrica
Geometrica dome in Taiwan
Motorway signs
Electrical towers
Lighting towers
Antenna towers
Hydraulic struct.
Off-shore struct.
Helydecks
Lighting towers
INFORMATION TOWER
TIME EVULUTION
EVULUTION TOWER
MEMORY
MEMORY TOWER
Pipeline
The Information
Information Tower (Naples)
bridges
Helideck
Phases of fabrication
Helidecks
Helidecks
Motorway bridges
Composite bridges
Moving bridges
Foot bridges
Military bridges
Marina bridges
Floating bridges
Bridge refurbishment
Structural restoration
ALUMINIUM BRIDGES
Motorway bridges
HandHand-pushed bridge
Continuous bridge with swing span
Foot bridges
Foot bridges
Amsterdam (NL)
Villepinte (F)
Foot bridges
Foot bridges
ALUMINIUM BRIDGES
Military bridges
U.K. bridges
old cross-section
Joint
new cross-section
FSW
Friction Stir
Welding, FSW
FSW
Backing
bar
MIG
FSW
MIG
FSW
MIG
FSW
Tool
shoulder
Welding pin with
special profile
Weld
Marina applications
Marina applications
Marina
applications
Marina applications
DECK REPARATION
Paving
250 mm
6 mm Acrydur,
Acrydur, or
Weight
50 mm
40 mm poured asphalt
Aluminium deck : 50 - 70 kg/m2
Span 1,0 m
Concrete deck
300 mm
Span 2,8 m
Extruded decks
DECK REPARATION
100 kN
0
?
-1
Deflection [mm]
-2
?
?
-3
Test
-4
?
-5
?
?
-7
Theory
-6
c
Deck
Modell
Deck reparation
STRUCTURAL RESTORATION OF
SUSPENSION BRIDGES BY MEANS OF
ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
before
after
L= 80 + 80 m
THE MONTEMERLE BRIDGE ON THE SOANE
RIVER (FRANCE)
L= 80 + 80 m
L= 80 + 80 m
THE GROSL
GROSLE BRIDGE ON THE RNE
RIVER (FRANCE)
L= 175 m
THE GROSL
GROSLE BRIDGE ON THE
RNE RIVER (FRANCE)
THE GROSL
GROSLE BRIDGE ON THE RNE
RIVER (FRANCE)
THE GROSL
GROSLE BRIDGE ON THE RNE
RIVER (FRANCE)
L = 85 m
Distance between suspension chains 5,83 m
Vertical ties every 1.37 m
Two longitudinal iron beams with rectangular crosscrosssection
Transversal wooden beams every 1,73 m
Two couples of piers made of calcar stone
Chain ancorage at 24 m from piers and 6 m depth
Chains made of pinned iron plated elements
Before 1944
Special device
for connecting
the chains to the piers
THE
THEREAL FERDINANDO
FERDINANDO BRIDGE
ON THE GARIGLIANO RIVER (ITALY)
The piers
1944 - 1990
The top of
the pier
The chain
The design
of restoration
The sphinx
Lateral supports
and horizontal bracings
ARCHITECTURAL
COMPETITION
Sustainable Mediterranean
architecture
with aluminium facades
ARCHITECTURAL
ARCHITECTURAL
COMPETITION
COMPETITION
before
after
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH FOR
YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
The winner
The Touring Hotel
( Italy )
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
M Rd =
M Rk
Wel f o
M1
M Rd
M Rk
f o = Rp0.2
M1 = 1,1
Wel
section modulus
For class 4 cross sections (slender sections, sections with large width/thickness
ratio) Wel is replaced by Weff for the effective cross section. However, if the
deflection at the serviceability limit state is decisive then a simplified method may
be used; see page 17.
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Material properties
In a section with reduced strength due to welding (heat affected zone, HAZ)
M Rd =
Wel u,haz f u
M2
M Rd
fu
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
f0,2
Collapse load
(4)
>
<
<
<
<
Buckling load
(3)
f0,2
f0,2
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
A, without weld
A, with weld
B, without weld
B, med weld
3/
Outstand part
1/
2/
3/
11
9
13
10
22
18
18
15
3
2,5
3,5
3
6
5
5
4
16
13
16,5
13,5
(Buckling class is
defined later)
Internal part
2/
1/
= 250/f o
4,5
4
4,5
3,5
For outstand cross section parts, b is the width of the flat part outside the fillet. For internal parts b is the flat part between the fillets,
except for cold-formed sections and rounded outside corners.
internal
bw
tf
tw
mm
bf = 70
tf = 14
bw = 90
tw = 4
EUROCODES
Loading
Axial compression
web
Bending
flange
flange
web
EUROCODES
Stress gradient
N Rd = Af o / M1
= (250 /f o ) ( z1 / z 2 )
teff = c t
bw
tf
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Loading
Bending
Axial compression
Internal part
C1
C2
Outstand part
C1
C2
A, without weld
A, with weld
B, without weld
B, with weld
32
29
29
25
10
9
9
8
12
The effective cross section is different for axial force and bending moment.
No effective cross section is needed for the combined loading axial force and
bending moment. The combination is solved using interaction formulae.
bf
tf
t e,f
tw
Wel = I / e
3
3 2
24
20
20
16
M Rd,4 = Weff f o / M1
220
198
198
150
11
M Rd,3 = M el + ( M pl M el )
C1
C2
( / ) ( / ) 2
Buckling
class
EUROCODES
M Rd,2 = M pl = Wpl f o / M1
z2
If the part is less highly stressed than the most severely stressed
fibres in the section, a modified expression may be used for
mm
bf = 140
tf = 10
bw = 180
tw = 6
10
internal
bw
t e,f
bc
y
t e,w
te,f
te,w
y
tw
tw
t e,f
tf
Effective section
for axial compression
Effective section
for y- axis bending
Effective section
for z- axis bending
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
13
Local buckling may only occur on the compression side. For a member in
bending, even if the cross section is symmetric, the effective section is
asymmetric
The neutral axis of the effective cross section is shifted closer to the tension side
and the compressed part of the cross section is increased
In principle an iteration procedure should be used, however, only two steps are
necessary
In principle only the flat parts
between fillets need to be reduced,
however, for simplicity, the whole
flange or web may be reduced.
EUROCODES
14
To find the effective cross section for bending moment is sometimes a tricky task
and is not presented here in detail. Just a few comments:
EUROCODES
15
16
bw
tf
Compression, web c =
c =
Bending
C1
C2
( / ) ( / ) 2
web
C1 = 32,
32
220
= 0,988
22,5 22,52
flange
web
flange
C 2 = 220 = 90 / 4 = 22,5
= 1, 3 = 22
3 = 6, 2 = 4,5
M Rd,2 = Wpl f o / M1
M Rd,3 = M el + ( M pl M el )
M Rd,4 = Weff f o / M1
EUROCODES
Axial compression
Compression and
= 70 / 14 = 5
bending, flange
Which formula
to be used?
Loading
Web slenderness
3
3 2
EUROCODES
17
Buckling class
For class 1, 2 and 3 cross section the resistance according to the theory of
elasticity could be used e.g.
M Rd =
Wel fo
M1
corresponding to the horisontal line marked steel on the previous slide. For
class 4 cross section the resistance could be given by
W f
M Rd = c el o
M1
where c is the reduction factor for local buckling for the cross section part
with the largest value of / 3. This might be rather conservative but no
effective cross section need to be found.
18
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
19
20
Simple calculations
Easier to allow for
combination of local
buckling and HAZ
beff
CL
EUROCODES
b0
EUROCODES
b0
21
22
bhaz mm
T1 < 60oC
Reduction factor
40
TIG, t<6
30
Alloy
6082
7020
Temper
0,2 % p.
strength
Ultimate
strength
T4
0,91
0,78
T5
0,54
0,69
T6
0,50
0,64
5754
T6
0,71
0,80
6082
o,haz
bhaz
20
Alloy
u,haz
3005
Temper
0,2 % p.
strength
Ultimate
strength
H14
0,37
0,64
H16
0,30
0,56
H14
0,53
0,63
T6
0,48
0,60
o,haz
MIG
10
0
u,haz
10
15
20
25
t mm
When 60 oC < T1 < 120oC
multiply with
1 + (T1 - 60) / 120
1 + (T1 - 60) / 80
6xxx alloy
7xxx alloy
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
23
2z + t w
b
b haz
o,haztf
tf
t haz = o,haz t
t eff = c tf
b haz
min(o,haztw; ctw)
min(o,haztf; ctf)
bc
c tw
tw
Bending moment
Qu.
yes
1
2
no
N o,Rd = f o A / M1
b)
N u,Rd = u,haz f u A / M2
c)
N w,Rd = f w Aw / Mw
24
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
25
b)
c)
EUROCODES
b)
(Flexural) buckling
Axial force
Torsional buckling
S
G N
Bending moment
Note 0,9
EUROCODES
Flexural buckling
28
N cr =
The net area Anet shall be taken as the gross area less
appropriate deductions for holes, see figure.
s1
N o,Rd = f o A / M1
N u,Rd = u,haz f u A / M2
N w,Rd = f w Aw / Mw
b1
b
3
Anet = min:
line 1
t (b - 2d)
line 2
t (b - 4d + 2s2/(4p))
t (b1 + 20,65s1 4d + 2s2/(4p)) line 3
Table 3.2b
f w = 210 N / mm 2
Table 8.8
26
Torsional-flexural buckling
My
2. Yield load
Ny =
3. Slenderness parameter
Mz
Flexural buckling
0,9
1Class
2
A
Class B
0,8
0,7
Mz
My N
Ny
N cr
N b,Rd = N y / M1
6. Resistance
My
2
lcr
Aeff f o
Lateral-torsional buckling
2 EI
0,6
My
0,5
Lateral-torsional buckling
0,4
0,3
S
G
0,2
N
My
0,1
0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
29
0,5
Buckling class B
= 1 + 0,04(4 )
( 0, 5 )
1, 4(1 )
0,22
if
0,2
if
> 0,2
2,0
1,5
Buckling class A
=1
1,0
Utilization grade
30
o =
u,haz f u / M2
f o / M1
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
31
x =
+ (1 ) sin(xs / lcr )
Utilization grade
32
(1) For sections containing reinforced outstands such that mode 1 would
be critical in terms of local buckling, the member should be regarded as
"general" and Aeff determined allowing for either
or both local buckling and HAZ material.
0,9
1
2
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
EUROCODES
haz = o
(6.68a)
0,2
0,1
0
33
The buckling length should be taken as lcr = kL. The figure gives guidance for k.
1,5
1,0
2,0
0,5
T
1 Cross section composed of radiating outstands,
2 General cross section
EUROCODES
Aeff f o
N cr
34
Critical moment
M cr =
My
Fz
2 EK w
EI y GK v +
L
L2
My
Slenderness parameter
LT =
0,9
0,7
0,6
0,4
0,3
M b,LT = LTWel,y f o / M 1
0,2
0,1
0
EUROCODES
a)
h/b<2
b)
c)
d)
e)
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
LT
36
LT < 0,4
b
h
1
2
0,8
0,5
35
LT
Resistance
M cr
Reduction factor LT
End conditions
1. Held in position and restrained in rotation at both ends
2. Held in position at both ends and restrained in rotation at one end
3. Held in position at both ends, but not restrained in rotation
4. Held in position at one end, and restrained in rotation at both ends
5. Held in position and restrained in rotation at one end, and partially
restrained in rotation but not held in position at the other end
6. Held in position and restrained in rotation at one end, but not held in
position or restrained at the other end
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Wel,y f o
N Ed
x N Rd
y
yc
M y,Ed
0 M y,Rd
1,00
c M z,Ed
N Ed
0 M z,Rd
z x N Rd
zc
1,00
All exponents may conservatively be given the value 0,8. Alternative expressions
depend on shape factors y or z and reduction factors y or z.
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
37
1,0
38
1,0
y = 0
N Ed
N Rd
y = 0
NEd
NRd
Ec 3
Ec 9
y =1,0
y = 0,62
0,5
Ec 3
Ec 9
y =1,0
y = 0,62
Klass 3
Klass 2
0,5
y = 1,23
Design section
y = 1,23
0,5
M y,Ed
M y,Rd
1,0
0,5
1,0
M y,Ed
M y,Rd
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EUROCODES
N Ed
x N Rd
y
yc
M y,Ed
0 M y,Rd
39
M1,Ed
My,Rd
is found for
yc
NEd
M2,Ed
My,Rd
NEd
NRd
M y ,Ed
0 M y,Rd
but x 0
Ny
N cr
N Ed
x N Rd
yc
M y,Ed
+
1,00
0 M y,Rd
0 = 1
x =
+ (1 ) sin
x
lcr
x.haz =
haz
wy =
Wpl, y
Wel, y
N Ed
N cr,y
1,5
Lateral-torsional buckling
o
for = haz
+ (1 ) sin(xs / lcr )
f /
o = u,haz u M2
f o / M1
42
haz = o
C my
1 y N Ed C yy
N cr, y
M1
EUROCODES
41
k yy =
1,6 2
C yy = 1 + wy 1 2
Cmy y 1 + y
wy
For members with transverse (local) weld two checks should be made
1. As if there were no weld
C my
N
1 y Ed
N cr, y
M y, Ed
M y,Rk / M1
k yy =
+ k yy
x ( M Ed,1 M Ed,2 ) N Rd
1
cos
=
M Rd
N Ed (1/ 1)
lc
EUROCODES
N Ed
NRd
40
y N Rk / M1
NEd
M
max
+ Ed
xNRd My,Rd
interaction formula
N Ed
max
y x N Rd
NEd
NRd
1,00
1
K
+
B
0 = 1
1
x =
x
+ (1 ) sin
lcr
1
varies according to a sine curve
x and so also the first term K in the
Equivalent moment
M2 < M1
N Ed
z x N Rd
c M z,Ed zc
c
M y,Ed
+
+
1,00
M
M
0 z,Rd
LT xLT y,Rd
As for flexural buckling all exponents may conservatively be given the value
0,8. Alternative expressions depend on shape factors y or z and reduction
factors y or z.
The shape factors are:
For class (1 and) 2 cross sections
= Wpl/Wel
= Weff/Wel
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EUROCODES
Lateral-torsional buckling
Design of frames
43
44
My
c = 0 where
0 = 1 or z2 but 1 0 1,56
x,LT =
x
lcr
EUROCODES
lcr
(b)
(c)
o
LT + (1 LT ) sin
MII
MII
b) Equivalent sway
imperfection method
(d)
My
+
(e)
A-A
(g)
(f)
c) Alternative method
x
lcr
=
N Rk
EUROCODES
(a)
x and x,LT are coefficients which allow for HAZ across the
z + (1 z ) sin
Lcr
0 = 1 or z2 y2 but 1 0 2
MI
HEd
I0
c = 0,8 or 0 z where
x =
qEd
a) Equivalent buckling
length method
Lcr
M y , Ed
+
LT x, LT M y,Rd
N Ed
z x N Rd
45
N Rk
N Rk
N cr
46
A
MII
MI
HEd
Lcr
(d)
(e)
A-A
(g)
(f)
I0
I
lcr
qEd
L cr
MII
(b)
(c)
EUROCODES
(e) Initial local bow imperfection and buckling length for flexural buckling
(g) Initial local bow and buckling length for lateral-torsional buckling
EUROCODES
47
Initial sway
The effect of initial sway imperfection and bow imperfection may be replaced
by systems of equivalent horizontal forces introduced for each columns.
0 =
NEd
NEd
NEd
NEd
NEd
4NEde0d
L
1
200
48
= 0 h m
h =
2
h
but
2
h 1,0
3
m = 0,51 +
h = height in m meters
m = number of column in a row including only those columns which carry a vertical
load NEd > 50 % of the average value for the columns
8NEde0d
L2
e0,d
F1
NEd
F3
4NEde0d
L
NEd
NEd
NEd
F4
NEd
F5
qeqv L
8
F2
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
8 N Ed e0, d
L2
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Alternative method
49
50
1. Plastic global analysis may be used only where the structure has sufficient
rotation capacity at the actual location of the plastic hinge, whether this is in the
members or in the joints. Where a plastic hinge occurs in a member, the member
cross sections should be double symmetric or single symmetric with a plane of
symmetry in the same plane as the rotation of the plastic hinge and it should
satisfy the requirements for cross section class 1.
N Rk
N cr
In principle
N Rk
N cr
2. Where a plastic hinge occurs in a joint the joint should either have sufficient
strength to ensure the hinge remains in the member or should be able to sustain
the plastic resistance for a sufficient rotation.
e0,d
3. Only certain alloys have the required ductility to allow sufficient rotation capacity.
4. Plastic global analysis should not be used for beams with transverse welds on
the tension side of the member at the plastic hinge locations.
5. For plastic global analysis of beams recommendations are given in Annex H.
6. Plastic global analysis should only be used where the stability of members can
be assured.
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Torsion
51
52
Cv =
1000
c.
Fz
a. Add stiffeners
b. Change cross section so that the load
acts through the shear centre
EUROCODES
Cv = torsion
stiffness (relative)
The load also deflects laterally, in this case to the left because the
lateral deflection due to twist is larger than due to bending.
EUROCODES
Cv =
3.5
53
For members subjected to torsion for which distortional deformations and warping
torsion may be disregarded (St Venants torsion) the design value of the torsional
moment at each cross-section shall satisfy
54
- the direct stresses w,Ed due to the bimoment BEd and shear stresses w,Ed due
to warping torsion moment Tw,Ed.
V
b1
t1
t2
t2
b2
V
St Venants torsion
Warping torsion
x,Ed
Ed
f /
f /
o M1
o M1
o M1 f o / M1 f o / M1
where C = 1,2
If the resultant force is acting through the shear centre there is no torsional moment
due to that loading.
Formulae for the shear centre for some frequent cross-sections. see Annex J
EUROCODES
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Plate girders
55
56
Bending
tf,ef
References
bc
bc = bw /2
h0
BS 8118 [4]
Hglund [2, 8]
L/2
hw
bw
h0
NEd
hf
tf
a
E
L/2
e0
Shear
NEd
Ach
Ach
(a)
Vw
57
Others [6]
(c)
Hglund [5]
Benson [6a]
Ullman [12]
Corrugated web
EUROCODES
Main references
Vf
+ tension field
Lagerkvist [6j]
Tryland [6l]
Patch loading
EUROCODES
Vf
(b)
Hglund [5]
tw
Vw
Ach
bf t
f
MEd
Sd
z
Ach
58
[a] Benson, P.G.(1992). Shear buckling and overall web buckling of welded aluminium girders. Royal Institute of
Technology, Division of Steel Structures, Stockholm, PhD thesis
[b] Brown, K.E.P.(1990). The post-buckling and collapse behaviour of aluminium girders. University of Wales
College of Cardiff, PhD thesis.
[c] Burt, C.A.(1987). The ultimate strength of aluminium plate girders. University of Wales College of Cardiff, PhD.
[d] Edlund, S., Jansson, R. and Hglund, T.(2001). Shear buckling of Welded Aluminium Girders. 9th Nordic Steel
Construction Conference, Helsinki.
[e] Evans, H.R. and Lee, A.Y.N.(1984). An appraisal, by comparison with experimental data, of new design
procedures for aluminium plate girders. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Structures & Buildings, Feb. 1984.
[4] BS 8118 Structural use of aluminium, Part 1. Code of practice for design
Part 2. Specification for material, workmanship and protection 1991
[g] Evans, H.R. and Burt, C.(1990). Ultimate load determination for welded aluminium plate girders. Aluminium
Structures: advances, design and construction. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York.
[f] Evans, H.R. and Hamoodi, M.J. (1987). The collapse of welded aluminium plate girders - an experimental study.
Thin-Walled Structures 5.
[5] Hglund, T., Shear Buckling resistance of Steel and Aluminium Plate Girders.
Thin-Walled Structures Vol. 29, Nos. 1-4, pp. 13-30, 1997
[h] Hglund, T.(1972). Design of thin plate I girders in shear and bending with special reference to web buckling.
Royal Inst of Technology, Dept. of Building Statics and Structural Engineering, Stockholm.
[i] Hglund, T.(1995). Shear buckling of Steel and Aluminium Plate Girders. Royal Inst of Technology, Dept. of
Structural Engineering, Technical Report 1995:4, Stockholm
[j] Lagerqvist, O. (1994). Patch loading. Resistance of Steel Girders Subjected to Concentrated Forces. Ph.D. thesis,
Lule University of Technology, Division of Steel Structures, Lule, Sweden.
[k] Rockey, K.C. and Evans, H.R.(1970). An experimental study of the ultimate load capacity of welded aluminium
plate girders loaded in shear. Research Report, University of Wales College of Cardiff.
[l] Tryland, T. (1999). Aluminium and Steel Beams under Concentrated Loading. Dr.Ing. Thesis. Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
59
[7] Hglund, T., Approximativ metod fr dimensionering av bjd och tryckt stng.
Royal Inst. of Technology, Division of Building Statics and Structural
Engineering, Bulletin 77, Stockholm 1968
[8] Hglund, T., Dimensionering av stlkonstruktioner. Extract from the handbook
Bygg, Chapter K18. The Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, Stockholm
1994
English Translation in: Hglund, T., Steel structures, Design according to the
Swedish Regulations for Steel Structures, BSK. Dept. of Steel Structures,
Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm 1988
[9] Edlund, S., Buckling of T-section Beam-Columns in Aluminium with or without
Transverse Welds. Royal Inst. of Technology, Department of Structural
Engineering, Stockholm 2000
60
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
61
CONNECTIONS(PART 1.1)
F. Soetens
TNO
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Joining Technology
3.
Design of Joints
Prof.ir.F.Soetens
4.
Welds
Bolts, rivets
Adhesives
Hybrid connections
Final remarks
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Introduction
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Importance of Joining
Technology
Primary structures
Introduction
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Riveted connections
Adhesive joints
Special joints
EUROCODES
Types of joints
Introduction
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Introduction
Requirements of joints
Structural requirements
Strength
Stiffness
Deformation capacity
Non-structural requirements
Economic aspects
Durability
Tightness
Aesthetics
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Introduction
Principles of design
Strength:
Joining technology
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Welding
Deformation capacity:
Analytical determination
Determination by tests
Stiffness:
EUROCODES
Introduction
EUROCODES
7
Joining technology
10
Gas welding
Metal arc welding
TIG
MIG
Electric resistance welding
Spot welding
Seam welding
Ultrasonic welding
Electron beam welding
Friction welding
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Joining technology
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
11
Joining technology
12
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Joining technology
Aluminium
Steel
Thread inserts
Joining technology
EUROCODES
13
14
Thread inserts
Ensat
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Joining technology
Heli-coil
Joining technology
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
15
Solid Rivets
16
Special joints
Profile to profile joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Joining technology
Advantages
Fast, automatic
Small distortion
Limitations
Expensive equipment
Joining technology
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
17
Hooked connection
18
Thread forming
screw
Joining technology
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
19
Adhesive bonding
Advantages
Microstructure unaffected
Joining technology
20
Disadvantages
Low strength
Pretreatment of surfaces
Ageing
layer
6. Cohesion strength of
adhesive
Joining technology
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
21
Adhesion failure
Cohesion failure
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Joining technology
22
Properties of adhesives
Adhesive base
Temperature Range C
One-component epoxy
110-130
Two-component epoxy
60-90
Phenolic adhesive
80-120
Methylacrylate
80-100
Polyurethane
80-100
Polyamide
120-140
Silicone
180-190
Mixed failure
Joining technology
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
23
Design of joints
Welded connections
24
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Design of joints
25
Heat-treatable alloys
Condition T4 or higher
(6xxx and 7xxx series)
HAZ softening
1,0
1,0
T5
0,65
0,60
T6
0,65
0,50
T4
0,90
0,70
T6
0,80
0,60
H22
0,86
0,86
H24
0,80
0,80
0,60
0,60
7xxx
Design of joints
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
27
HAZ (TIG)
Condition
T4
3xxx
HAZ (MIG)
Alloy series
6xxx
5xxx
EUROCODES
26
Design of joints
EUROCODES
28
MIG
TIG
0 < t 6 mm
20
30
6 < t 12 mm
30
12 < t 25 mm
35
t > 25 mm
40
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Parent metal
Design of joints
Filler
metal 3003
H12
5083
O
5454
H24
6060
T5
6005
T6
6061
T6
6082
T6
7020
T6
5356
240
220
160
160
190
210
260
4043
95
150
150
170
190
210
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
29
Design of joints
Design stresses
Effective length equals total weld length when run-on and runoff plates are used
30
fw
Shear stress
0,6
Mw
fw
Mw
2 + 3 2
fw
Mw
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
32
Design of joints
EUROCODES
31
Throat section
Forces acting on throat section
Throat section
Reduction of
weld length
With positive root penetration:
a = 1,2 a or a + 2 mm or a = a + apen (verified by testing)
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
33
34
C = 2 + 3( 2 +
Throat section
Design stresses:
fw
Mw
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
fa,HAZ
Mw
fa,HAZ t e
Mw t
36
Design of joints
EUROCODES
35
fa,HAZ
Mw
fa,HAZ te g1
Mw t t
g1
For shear forces and combined tensile / shear forces similar rules
apply
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
37
38
Two approaches
Direction of
load transfer
Loads acting on joint are distributed to the welds that are most
suited to carry them Plastic Approach
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
max. 14 t or 200 mm
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
39
40
Shear connections
Category A: Bearing type
Fv ,Rd =
Shear resistance
Bearing resistance
Fv ,Rd =
Tension resistance
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Mb
0,5fub A
Mb
2,5fu dt
Mb
smallest of:
0,9fub As
Mb
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
41
e1 p1
1 f
;
; ub or 1,0
3d0 3d0 4 fu
Tension resistance
Ft ,Rd =
Tension resistance
0,6fub A
Bearing resistance
Fb,Rd =
Tension connections
Category D: non-preloaded bolts
Design of joints
42
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Design of joints
EUROCODES
43
44
nm
Ms
Fp,cd
Fp,cd = 0,7fub As
Controlled tightening
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Design of joints
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
45
46
Shear forces
Appropriate adhesives
Specified surface preparation
Adhesive types
fvADH [N/mm2]
1-component epoxy
35
2-component epoxy
25
2-component acrylic 20
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
47
fv , ADH
M ,adh
where:
M ,adh = 3,0
Final remarks
Hybrid connections
Final remarks
- adhesives
When fasteners act at the same time: design strengths may be
summarised
48
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
BACKGROUND
The European code for the design of aluminium structures, Eurocode
9, provides in Part 1.1 (EN 1999-1-1) general rules for structures.
In addition, Part 1.4 (EN 1993-1-4) provides supplementary rules for
CF sheeting
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
EN 1999-1-4
2006 November
BACKGROUND
BASIC TYPES OF THIN-WALLED ELEMENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BASIS OF DESIGN
3 MATERIALS
4 DURABILITY
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
6 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
7 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
- unreinforced, or
- reinforced
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
SLENDERNESS OF UNREINFORCED FLAT ELEMENTS
Reinforced elements
Eurocode 9 relates the classification of elements in a cross-section
to the value of the slenderness parameter , which is defined
according to the type of elements as a function of the b/t ratio.
In the case of plane unreinforced elements, is related to the
stress gradient:
= g b/t
where:
b
d
t
g
outstand element
internal element
is
is
is
is
or
the
the
the
the
= g d/t
width of an element;
depth of a web element;
element thickness;
stress gradient coefficient, given by the expressions
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
is
is
is
is
Where is the ratio of the stresses at the edges of the plate under
consideration related to the maximum compressive stress.
= g d/t
or
the
the
the
the
g = 0.70 + 0.30
g = 0.80 / (1 + )
width of an element;
depth of a web element;
element thickness;
stress gradient coefficient, given by the expressions
stress gradient
coefficient
vs.
coefficient
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
BACKGROUND
10
BACKGROUND
Local buckling
Elements in beams
Element classification
as a function of:
- value
- Member type
-beam
-strut
class 1
1 < 2
class 2
2 < 3
class 3
2 < 3
class 3
3 <
class 4
3 <
class 4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
class 1 or 2
EUROCODES
11
BACKGROUND
Element classification
as a function of:
- value
- Member type
-beam
-strut
Limit parameters 1, 2
and 3 as function of:
- Element type
-Outstand
-Internal
- Alloy type
-Buckling class
(Class A, Class B)
-Welded
-Unwelded
= 250 / f 0
Distortional buckling
Elements in struts
12
SECTION PROPERTIES
Elements in beams
Elements in struts
class 1
1 < 2
class 2
2 < 3
class 3
2 < 3
class 3
3 <
class 4
3 <
class 4
class 1 or 2
Limit parameters 1, 2
and 3 as function of:
- Element type
-Outstand
-Internal
- Alloy type
-Buckling class
(Class A, Class B)
-Welded
-Unwelded
= 250 / f 0
Notional widths of plane cross section parts bp allowing for corner radii
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
13
SECTION PROPERTIES
14
SECTION PROPERTIES
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
15
16
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION PROPERTIES
GEOMETRICAL PROPORTIONS
The provisions of Eurocode 9 Part 1.4 may be applied only to crosssections within the range of width-to-thickness ratios for which
sufficient experience and verification by testing is available:
b/t 300 for compressed flanges
b/t E/f0 for webs
Cross-sections with larger width-to-thickness ratios may also be
used, provided that their resistance at ultimate limit states and
their behaviour at serviceability limit states are verified by
testing
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
17
18
GENERAL
GENERAL
The most suitable expression for evaluating the local buckling
coefficient which reduces the thickness (or, equivalently, the
strength) of an aluminium compressed plate, is given by following
relationship:
= 1.0 if
= 1
p
2
1
p
p lim
if p lim
Effective width
p =
lim
f 0.2 b p
=
cr
t
12 (1 2 ) f 0.2
2 E k
1.052
bp
t
f 0 .2
E k
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
19
20
GENERAL
Parameters 1, 2 andlim
-Heat treated
-Not heat treated
-Welded
-Unwelded
A heat-treated,
B heat-treated, welded ; non heat-trated,
0.8
C non heat-treated,
0.6
0.4
Landolfo and
Mazzolanis
buckling curves
lim
1.00
0.22
0.673
0.88
0.22
0.440
0.76
0.19
0.380
curve
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
The EN1999-1-5
Annexes
The EN1999-1-5
General part
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
r1
x, u
r2
, v
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
10
Parametric analysis:
Shell geometrical data and material
features
stiffened shells
imperfection sensitivity analysis of stiffened cylinders;
validation of EN1993-1-6 procedures and harmonization with
EN1999 rules;
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
11
12
Imperfection model
6000
R/t = 200
f 02 = 200 N/mmq
Tipo Incastrato
Imperfezione Asimmetrica
Pcr,th = 5293.38 KN
5000
4000
W0/t =0.01
3000
2000
1000
W0/t =3
ABAQUS
0
0
10
12
6000
R/t = 200
f 02 = 200 N/mmq
Tipo Incastrato
Imperfezione Assial-Simmetrica
Pcr,th = 5293.38 KN
5000
W0/t =0.01
4000
3000
2000
w = w0e
k1 x ( x xo )2
( x xo ) k1 y ( y yo )2
( y yo )
e
cosk2 x
cos k2 y
L
R
1000
W0/t =3
ABAQUS
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
13
1,4
Pu /Pcr,th
1,2
0.06
14
EUROCODES
CLASS A
0.05
CLASS B
CLASS C
0.04
1,0
0.03
ABAQUS
0.02
R/t = 200
L/R=2
f 02 = 100 N/mmq
W 0 = 0.1 mm
Tipo Appoggiato
0.01
0,8
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0,6
0.06
0,4
0.05
0.04
0,2
0.03
ABAQUS
0.02
R/t = 100
L/R=2
f 02 = 100 N/mmq
W 0 = 0,75 mm
Tipo Appoggiato
0.01
10
20
30
40
50
60
0,0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
W0/t
0,0
0,2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
15
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
16
1,0
Pu /Pcr,th
0,8
Pu /Pcr,th
0,8
n=8
L = 1000 mm R= 1000 mm t= 10 mm
R/t = 100
L/R=1
f02 = 100 N/mm2 n = 9
n=9
0,6
0,6
Class A
0,4
Class B
Class B
0,2
t = 5 mm
W0/t
Class C
Longitudinal Imperfection
Helical Imperfection
0,4
Class C
L = 1000 mm R= 1000 mm t= 10 mm
R/t = 100
L/R=1
n=8
f02 = 100 N/mm2
0,2
Class A
W0/t
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0,0
0,2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
17
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
18
1.00
P(x)
P(x) = 1 e(x)
0.80
0.60
0.20
0.00
0.00
p (x) =
0.20
dP
A
f02 = 200 N/mm2
0.60
Class A
Class B
Class C
Weibull Curve A
Weibull Curve B
Weibull Curve C
5% Percentile Value
0.40
0.20
x
0.40
(x )
dx
0.80
Class A
Class B
Class C
Weibull Curve A
Weibull Curve B
Weibull Curve C
5% Percentile Value
0.40
P(x)
- R/t = 100-
0.60
1 /
(1
0.80
/ 1
(x
1.00
/
)1 /
x
0.00
0.00
p (x) =
0.20
dP
0.40
(x )
dx
0.60
1 /
(1
0.80
/ 1
(x
1.00
/
)1 /
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
19
20
= 1 0
0
= 1
p 0
0 < p
p
2
stiffened shells
imperfection sensitivity analysis of stiffened cylinders;
validation of EN1993-1-6 procedures and harmonization with
EN1999 rules;
xRc
p =
EUROCODES
f yk
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
21
22
wox
t
gx
U 0 m ax
gx
o m ax
gx
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
= 4
w o U 0 m ax
t
t
Rt
Gauge length
gx
Fabrication
tolerance
Description
quality
class
Class A
Excellent
Class B
High
Class C
Normal
0.80
0.60
Minimum Value
Medium Value
Maximum Value
5%Percentile Value
Experimental Value
Q
40
25
16
x =
0.62
1 + 1.91 1 / Q r / t
1.44
or
0,75
0,65
0,50
0.8
L/R=2 R/T=200
L/R=2 R/T=100
L/R=2 R/T=50
L/R=1 R/T=200
L/R=1 R/T=100
L/R=1 R/T=50
Modified
EC3 Curve
0.6
0.4
0.00
0.00
1.0
0.40
0.20
Excellent
High
Normal
1.00
1.00
EC3 Curve
0.60
1.00
EUROCODES
23
0.60
Class A
Class B
Class C
1.20
Fabrication
tolerance
Description
quality
class
gx
w0
0.20
External pressure
and torsion (shear)
0.40
L/R=4 R/T=200
L/R=4 R/T=100
L/R=4 R/T=50
Modified
EC3 Curve
0.2
0.0
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
25
x =
1.0
perf =
0.8
Alloy
f yk
xRc
+ 2 2
0.4
perf
= 0 . 5 [1 + 0 ( 0 ) + 2 ]
0.6
26
External pressure
0
0
0.3
0.55
0.2
0.7
Shear (torsion)
0
0
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
EC3 Curve
0.0
0.0
0.5
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Fabrication
tolerance
D escription
quality
class
Class A
Excellent
C lass B
H igh
Class C
N orm al
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
27
1.20
Minimum Value
1 + 1 . 91 1 / Q r / t
1 .44
or
0,75
1
0,65 , =
1 + 0, 2 1 ref 0 / 2ref
0,50
)(
1.00
Medium Value
Maximum Value
0.80
x =
0 . 62
1.20
1.00
40
25
16
0.80
5% Percentile Value
0.60
0.60
L/R=2 R/T=200
L/R=2 R/T=100
L/R=2 R/T=50
L/R=1 R/T=200
L/R=1 R/T=100
L/R=1 R/T=50
L/R=4 R/T=200
L/R=4 R/T=100
L/R=4 R/T=50
0.40
0.40
Cylinders under axial load
Weak hardening alloys
Quality Class A
0.20
0.20
0.00
0.00
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.00
0.00
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
29
1.00
0.80
0.60
4.00
5.00
6.00
L/R=2 R/T=200
L/R=2 R/T=200
L/R=2 R/T=100
L/R=2 R/T=100
L/R=2 R/T=50
L/R=2 R/T=50
L/R=4 R/T=200
L/R=4 R/T=100
L/R=4 R/T=50
stiffened shells
imperfection sensitivity analysis of stiffened cylinders;
validation of EN1993-1-6 procedures and harmonization with
EN1999 rules;
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00
3.00
1.20
Cylinders under torsion
Weak hardening alloys
Quality class B
2.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
30
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
31
32
1,2
Pu /Pcr,th
Pu /Pcr,th
A
1,0
1,0
Imperfection 1
Imperfection 1
0,8
0,8
2
0,6
0,4
0,0
0,4
0,2
clamped ends
hinged ends
w0*/t
w0/t
4
2
w0/t
0,0
w0*/t
0,2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0,2
33
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
34
0.30
w0*/t
0,0
EUROCODES
R/t = 200
f 0.2 = 100 N/mm2
P cr,th = 2694.32 kN
clamped ends
hinged ends
0,0
2
0,6
R/t = 50
f 0.2 = 200 N/mm2
P cr,th = 24806.01 kN
w0*/t
HINGED ENDS
CLAMPED ENDS
0.08
0.24
0.21
0.18
0.15
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.09
0.02
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
50
100
150
200
250
Description
Class A-plus
Excellent
Class A
Class B
Class C
Very high
High
Normal
Fabrication tolerance
quality class
Class A-plus
Class A
Class B
Class C
Q
Description Clamped Hinged
ends
ends
Excellent
60
50
Very high
40
High
25
Normal
16
150
200
250
300
1.20
Hinged ends
1
t
R
+ 0.02
5
f 0.2 R
t
0,006
0,01
0,016
36
Minimum Value
Medium Value
Maximum Value
5% Percentile Value
EC3
1.00
0.80
0.60
Proposed
EC9 Curve
Hinged ends
0.40
x
x =
100
f 0.2
R
t
50
EUROCODES
35
300
R/t
R/t
1
1.44
1 0.6 E
x ,0 )
1 + 2.60
Q f 0,2 ( x
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
37
38
Unstiffened shells
Load cases
axial compression
external pressure
torsion
Stiffened shells
Axial (meridional)
load
x,0
x
0.2
0.35
0.1
0.2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
39
External pressure
Shear (torsion)
,0
0.3
0.2
,0
0.5
0.4
0.55
0.7
0.3
0.4
40
Class 4
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1
stiffened shells
Fabrication
tolerance
quality
class
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
16
25
40
50-60
ref
EUROCODES
x =
0.62
1 + 1.91 1 / Q r / t
1.44
0,50
0,65
0,75
-
or
, =
1 + 0, 2 1 ref
) ( 0 ) / 2ref
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
41
42
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
43
44
cr/u
Pcr/Pu
cr/u
cr/u
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
45
46
cr/u
Pcr/Pu
prEN1993-1-6
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
47
prEN1999-1-5
48
Pcr/Pu
EC3
Class A
cr/u
EC3
Class B
Class A
Class C
Class B
Class A
Class C
Class B
Class A
Class C
Class B
Proposal Class A
Class C
Proposal Class B
Proposal Class A
Proposal Class C
Proposal Class B
Proposal Class C
cr/u
cr/u
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
49
50
cr/u
EC3
Class A
Class B
Class C
Proposal Class A
Proposal Class B
Proposal Class C
Pcr/Pu
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
51
Stiffener
section
52
Shell
geometry
Circular
R/t=50
Square
Stiffener
size
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
radius
10
25
50
side
10
25
50
5x20
10x20
25x20
50x20
5x10
10x10
25x10
50x10
5x5
10x5
25x5
50x5
R/t=100
Rectangular
sides
R/t=200
stiffened shells
imperfection sensitivity analysis of stiffened cylinders;
validation of EN1993-1-6 procedures and harmonization with
EN1999 rules;
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
53
54
Axial load
stiffened shells
imperfection sensitivity analysis of stiffened cylinders;
validation of EN1993-1-6 procedures and harmonization with
EN1999 rules;
n xRc
External pressure
EA s
A
1.2
1
1+
A + 2
= x
5 EA 2 C d s 1 A3
1+
C d s
p nRc =
with x = 0.80
A2
1
A1 +
A3
rj2
with = 0.50
A 1 = j 4 4 C 44 + 2 2 (C 45 + C 66 ) + C 55 + C 22 + 2j 2 C 25
A 2 = 2 (C 12 + C 33 )(C 22 + j C 25 )(C 12 + j C 14 )
2
( 2 C 11 + C 33 )(C 22 + j 2 C 25 ) 2 2 (C 22 + C 25 + 2 C 33 )(C 12 + j 2 2 C 14 ) 2
A 3 = ( 2 C11 + C 33 )(C 22 + C 25 + 2 C 33 ) 2 (C 12 + C 33 ) 2
where
C 11 = C + EA s /d s
C 22 = C + EA r /d r
C 33 = C
C 12 = C C
C 25 = e r EA r /(rd r )
C 14 = e s EA s /(rd s )
C 44 = D + EI s d s /r
C 45 = D D /r
=
r
jl i
C 55 = [D + EI r d r ]/r 2
C 66 = D + 0,5(GI ts /d s + GI tr /d r /r 2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
55
56
2t 3
C = E t x = E 2
3d
2d2
C = E t y = E t 1 +
4l 2
G t
C = G t xy =
2d2
1 +
4l 2
3
Et
1
D = E I x =
12 1 - 2
2d2
1 +
4l 2
D = E I y = 0,13Etd 2
D = G I xy =
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
G t3
12
2d2
1 +
4l 2
Axial load
1,2
1,0
L/R=2; R/t=50
0,8
L/R=2; R/t=100
0,6
Q* = 1.3Q
x = perf
0,4
perf =
L/R=2; R/t=200
Q* = Q
+ 2 2
= 0.5[1 + 0 ( 0 ) + 2 ]
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
57
58
External pressure
1,2
x = perf
perf =
perf =
= 0.5[1 + 0 ( 0 ) + 2 ]
0,8
x =
1,4
1,0
1,2
L/R=2; R/t=50
0,6
L/R=2; R/t=100
0,4
L/R=2; R/t=200
perf
+ 2 2
= 0 . 5 [1 + 0 ( 0 ) + 2 ]
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
= p0,nRk / pnRc
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
stiffened shells
imperfection sensitivity analysis of stiffened cylinders;
validation of EN1993-1-6 procedures and harmonization with
EN1999 rules;
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
59
60
Rolling
Welding
MIG
0 < t 6mm
6 < t 12mm
12 < t 25mm
t > 25mm
0 < t 6mm
bhaz = 20 mm
bhaz = 30 mm
bhaz = 35 mm
bhaz = 40 mm
TIG
bhaz = 30 mm
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
61
62
Pu /Pcr,th
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1
1,2
Unwelded
1,0
= 0.86
0,8
Welded
0,6
= 0.72
0,4
= 0.80
= 0.72
= 0.71
= 0.67
2
R/t = 50; f 0.2 = 200 N/mm ; o,haz=0,53
0,2
w0/t
0,0
0,0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
63
Class 2
Unwelded
= 0.76
0,8
= 0.68
= 0.56
0,6
= 0.67
Welded
0,4
= 0.61
0,2
w0/t
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
0,3
0,4
0,5
i ,w = o + (1 o )
i i ,0
i ,w i ,0
65
i,w
1,0
o,haz
0 = (0,haz)
i,0 = i,0 (i,w,0)
0
i,0
i,w
0,6
0,0
0,2
0,6
0,1
0,5
stiffened shells
= 0.54
2
0,0
0,4
Class 1
1,2
1,0
0,3
1,4
Class 3
0,2
0,1
i,w,0
64