Tingkat Kekerasan Batuan

ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS
Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics
Rock Mass Classification

Why?
How does this help us in tunnel design?
Rock Mass Classification

WHY?
Ground interaction
Summary of rock mass characteristics, testing

methods and theoretical considerations
Types of failure which occur in rock masses

under low and high in-situ stress levels
Engineering Rock Mass Classification Schemes

Developed for estimation of tunnel support
Used at project feasibility and preliminary design stages
Simple check lists or detailed schemes
Used to develop a picture of the rock mass and its
variability
Used to provide initial empirical estimates of tunnel
support requirements
Are practical engineering tools which force the user to
examine the properties of the rock mass
Do Not replace detailed design methods
Project specific
Terzaghis Rock Mass Classification (1946)

Rock Mass Descriptions
Intact
Stratified
Moderately jointed
Blocky and Seamy
Crushed
Squeezing
Swelling

Intact rock contains neither joints nor hair cracks. Hence, if
it breaks, it breaks across sound rock. On account of the
injury to the rock due to blasting, spalls may drop off the
roof several hours or days after blasting. This is known as
a spalling condition. Hard, intact rock may also be
encountered in the popping condition involving the
spontaneous and violent detachment of rock slabs from
the sides or roof.
Stratified rock consists of individual strata with little or no
resistance against separation along the boundaries
between the strata. The strata may or may not be
weakened by transverse joints. In such rock the spalling
condition is quite common.
Moderately jointed rock contains joints and hair cracks, but
the blocks between joints are locally grown together or so
intimately interlocked that vertical walls do not require
lateral
support. In rocks of this type, both spalling and
popping conditions may be encountered.

Blocky and seamy rock consists of chemically intact or almost
intact rock fragments which are entirely separated from each
other and imperfectly interlocked. In such rock, vertical walls
may require lateral support.
Crushed but chemically intact rock has the character of crusher
run. If most or all of the fragments are as small as fine sand
grains and no recementation has taken place, crushed rock
below the water table exhibits the properties of a water-bearing
sand.
Squeezing rock slowly advances into the tunnel without
perceptible volume increase. A prerequisite for squeeze is a
high percentage of microscopic and sub-microscopic particles of
micaceous minerals or clay minerals with a low swelling
capacity.
Swelling rock advances into the tunnel chiefly on account of
expansion. The capacity to swell seems to be limited to those
rocks that contain clay minerals such as montmorillonite, with a
Marek
Caa capacity.
Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics
high
swelling
Rock Quality Designation Index (RQD)

(Deere et al. 1967)
Aim : to provide a quantitative estimate of rock mass
quality from drill logs
Equal to the percentage of intact core pieces longer than
100mm in the total length of core
RQD
Directionally dependant parameter
Intended to indicate rock mass quality in-situ
Adapted for surface exposures as Jv number of
discontinuities per unit volume
Used as a component in the RMR and Q systems
Palmstrom (1982)
RQD = 115 3.3 J v
0.1
(
)
RQD
=
100
1
+
0
.
1
e
Priesta i Hudsona (1976)
- number of joints per unit length
Procedure for Measurement and Calculation of RQD
Weathering of Basalt with depth
Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification

Schemes
Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR)
Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index (Q)
Geological Strength Index (GSI)
Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR) (1972)

Introduced the concept of rating components to arrive at
a numerical value
Demonstrates the logic in a quasi-quantitative rock mass
classification
Has limitations as based on small tunnels supported by
steel sets only
RSR = A + B + C
Rock Structure Rating

Parameter A: General area geology
Considers
(a) rock type origin

(b) rock hardness
(c) geotechnical structure

Parameter B: Geometry : Effect of discontinuity pattern
Considers
(a) joint spacing

(b) joint orientation (strike and dip)
(c) direction of tunnel drive

Parameter C: Groundwater, joint condition
Considers
(a) overall rock mass quality (on the basis of A + B)

(b) joint condition
(c) water inflow
RSR support estimates for a 7.3m diameter

circular tunnel
Examples
RSR = 62
2 shotcrete
1 rockbolts @
5ft centres
RSR = 30
5 shotcrete
1 rockbolts @
2.5ft centres
OR 8WF31 steel
sets @ 3ft centres
(After Wickham et al. 1972)
Geomechanics Classification or
Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976)
Based upon
uniaxial compressive strength of rock material
rock quality designation (RQD)
spacing of discontinuities
condition of discontinuities
groundwater conditions
orientation of discontinuities
Rock Mass Rating System
Rock mass divided into structural regions

Each region is classified separately
Boundaries can be rock type or structural, eg: fault
Can be sub divided based on significant changes, eg:
discontinuity spacing
BUT: 1976 to 1989 Bieniawski

System refined by greater data
Ratings for parameters changed
Adapted by other workers for different situations
PROJECT SPECIFIC SYSTEMS
Development of Rock Mass Rating System
(After Bieniawski 1989)
Rating
Class
Description
81-100
Very Good Rock
61-80
II
Good Rock
41-60
III
Fair Rock
12-40
IV
Poor Rock
Less than 20
Very Poor Rock
Guidelines for excavation and support of 10m

span rock tunnels in accordance with the RMR system
(After Bieniawski 1989)
Prediction of in-situ deformation modulus Em

from rock mass classifications

Nicholson & Bieniawski (1990)
E rm
= 0.0028RMR 2 + 0.9e ( RMR / 22.82)
Es
Bieniawski (1978) and Serafim & Pereira (1983)
E m = 2 RMR 100 for RMR > 50 (GPa)

E m = 10 ( RMR 10 ) / 40 for RMR < 50 (GPa )
Hoek i Brown (1997)
Em =
Verman (1993
Rc
10
10 ( RMR 10) / 40
E m = 0.3H 10 ( RMR 20 ) / 38 (GPa )
H depth, = 0.16-0.3 (decreases with rock strength)

Prediction of in-situ deformation modulus Em from rock mass classifications
Estimates of support capacity for tunnels

of different sizes

Support pressure - Unal (1983)
s - tunnel width
Hoek (1994):
m = mi e
100 RMR
pv =
s
100
RMR 100
28
s=e
RMR 100
9
mi - constant from 4 (weak shales) to 32 (granite).
Rcrm = sRc
Rrrm
Aydan & Kawamoto (2000)
Rc
=
m m2 + 4 s
2
Rcrm = 0.0016 RMR 2.5
Kalamaras & Bieniawski (1995) Rcrm
Rc RMR 15
=
2
85
Rcrm

Lets assume: RMR = 60
RMR
= Rc
RMR + 6(100 RMR )
Rc = 80 MPa
Hoek:
Rc = 8.67 MPa
Aydan:
Rc = 44.62 MPa
Kalamaras & Bieniawski:
Rc = 21.18 MPa
rm = 22 + 0.05RMR
Rcrm 1 sin rm
crm =
2 cos rm
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index Q Barton, Lien, Lunde
Based on case histories in Scandinavia

Numerical values on a log scale
Range 0.001 to 1000
Q Classification System
(After Barton et al. 1974)
represents the structure of the rockmass

crude measure of block or particle size
represents roughness and frictional

characteristics of joint walls or infill material
consists of two stress parameters

SRF can be regarded as a total stress parameter
measure of
loosening load as excavated through shear zones
rock stress in competent rock
squeezing loads in plastic incompetent rock
JW is a measure of water pressure
Classification of individual parameters used in

the Tunnelling Quality Index Q

the Tunnelling Quality Index Q (contd)

the Tunnelling Quality Index Q (contd)
Q Classification System SRF update
Q Classification Scheme
Resolves to three parameters

Block size
( RQD / Jn )
Interblock shear strength
( Jr / Ja )
Active stress
( Jw / SRF )
Resolves to three parameters

Block size
( RQD / Jn )
Interblock shear strength
( Jr / Ja )
Active stress
( Jw / SRF )
Does NOT include joint orientation
Equivalent Dimension De
Estimated support categories based on the

tunnelling quality index Q
Roof pressure:
p roof
J n 1
Q 3
=
Jr
Length of the bolts: L =
1
Q 3
2 + 0 .15 H
2 + 0.15s
(roof) L =
(walls)
ESR
ESR
Bhasin & Grimstad (1996):

Youngs modulus:
p roof
0.2 J n
=
3 Jr
p roof
40s 13
Q
=
Jr
E = 103 3 Q
Rc
[MPa]
3
Seismic wave velocity: V p = 3.5 + log Q
Rc
[km / s ]
100
RMR Q - Correlations
Rock Mass Classification System
RMR and Q system or variants are the most widely used

both incorporate geological, geometric and
design/engineering parameters to obtain a value of
rock mass quality
empirical and require subjective assessment
Rock Mass Classification System
Approach:
accurately characterise the rockmass ie: full and
complete description of the rockmass
assign parameters for classification later
always use two systems for comparison
Method to link the constants m and s of Hoek-Brown

failure criterion to observations in the field
ie: a possible solution to the problem of estimating
strength of jointed rockmass
A system for estimating the reduction in rockmass
strength for different geological conditions
Overcomes deficiencies of RMR for poor quality rock
Estimate of Geological Strength

Index GSI
based on geological descriptions
Estimation of constants based upon rock

mass structure and discontinuity surface
conditions
Geological Strength Index

(GSI)
Estimate of Geological
Strength Index GSI
based on geological
descriptions.
Plots of cohesive strength and friction angles

for different GSI and mi values
Klasyfikacja KF

Tingkat Kekerasan Batuan

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tingkat Kekerasan Batuan

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Classification

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Classification

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Summary of rock mass characteristics, testing

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Types of failure which occur in rock masses

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Engineering Rock Mass Classification Schemes

Terzaghis Rock Mass Classification (1946)

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Terzaghis Rock Mass Classification (1946)

Terzaghis Rock Mass Classification (1946)

Rock Quality Designation Index (RQD)

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

RQD = 115 3.3 J v

- number of joints per unit length

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Procedure for Measurement and Calculation of RQD

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Weathering of Basalt with depth

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR) (1972)

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Structure Rating

(a) rock type origin

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Structure Rating

(a) joint spacing

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Structure Rating

(a) overall rock mass quality (on the basis of A + B)

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

RSR support estimates for a 7.3m diameter

(After Wickham et al. 1972)

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Rating System

Rock mass divided into structural regions

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Rating System

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Rating System

BUT: 1976 to 1989 Bieniawski

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Development of Rock Mass Rating System

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Rating System

(After Bieniawski 1989)

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Rating System

Very Good Rock

Very Poor Rock

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Marek Caa Dept. of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering & Geotechnics

Rock Mass Rating System