Structural Design Calculation

For Pergola

Revision :5
Prepared by :EC
Date : 8/10/2009

CONTENTS
1. Introduction ..
2. Design Code and Reference
3. Design Synopsis
4. Design Parameters
4.1 Design Load.
4.2 Design Wind Pressure.
4.3 Loading Combination .
5. Material Properties
6. Pergola 2 at Area C: Loading assessment and design.
7. Pergola 3 at Area D : Loading assessment and design.
8. Pergola 4 at Area H1 : Loading assessment and design.
9. Pergola 5 at Area H2 : Loading assessment and design.
10. Loading schedule and Anchor Bolt Design .

11. Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C

Wind Topography Analysis

Reference Design Intent Drawing
Recycled Plastic Wood Test Report

1.

Introduction
This calculation is to design pergolas structure for four numbers proprietary
pergola located at area C , D , H1 and H2.

2.

Design Code and Reference

Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 2005
Code of Practice on Wind Effects Hong Kong - 2004
Hong Kong Building (Construction) Regulations 1990

3.

Design Synopsis
The largest loaded span and loading area will be used for design.

4.

Design Parameters
For simplified analysis, Pergolas structure will be designed for weak direction .
(i.e. largest wind projection area).

4.1 Design Load

live load - recycle plastic wood (slat) =
dead load - recycle plastic wood (slat) =
dead laod pergola steel structure
=
4.2 Design Wind Pressure
Design Wind Pressure (H<5m) , qz
Topography Factor for Area D, H1, H2

0.75 kPa
1197 kg/m3
7850 kg/m3

1.82 kPa

Sa = (1 + 1.2 e*s)2 = (1 + 1.2*0.3*1)2

Topography Factor for Area C

1.85

Sa = (1 + 1.2 e*s)2 = (1 + 1.2*0.3*0.2)2

1.15

4.3 Loading Combination

1) 1.4DL + 1.6LL
2) 1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WLdn
3) 1.4DL + 1.4WLdn
4) 1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WLlat
5) 1.4DL + 1.4WLlat
6) 1.0DL 1.4WLdn
Where DL = Dead load, LL = Live load, WLdn = downward wind load,
WLlat = Lateral wind load

5.

Material Properties
Structural Steel
Steel Grade

S275JR unless stated otherwise

to BS EN 10025 Part 1-6 : 2004 for Hot

Rolled Sections and BS EN 10210 Part 1 : 2006 for Hot

finished hollow sections.
= S275J0H for cold formed steel hollow,
Strength reduced 25% to 220 N/mm2
to BS EN 10219 Part 1 : 2006
Weld Strength = 220 N/mm2
Welding work shall be complicance with BS EN 1011
Part 1:1998
Electrodes to welding shall be complicance with BS EN ISO 2560:2005.

Recycled Plastic Wood

Tensile Strength
=
Bending Strength =

11.9N/mm2
23.7 N/mm2

6. Pergola 2 at Area C : Loading assessment and design

Design for Steel Pergola at Ma Hang Headland Park

Calculation is provided following load transfer path from roof deck to steel post and anchor bolt/steel base plate.
Largest span, Loaded area, wind topography factor and loading combination will be used for structural member
design.
Pergola :
Area :

2
C

Dead Load
Slat Self Weight, qds =

1197 kg/m 3

Structural Steel Sefl weight, qdst =

7850 kg/m 3

Wind Load
Basic wind pressure , qz =
(H < 5m)

1.82 kPa

Wind pressure coefficient, Cp =

Topography factor for Area A, Sa =

1.15

Design wind pressure, qw =1.15*Sa*Cp *qz =

(Additional 15% wind load is adopted for design)

4.81 kPa

Live Load
Maintenance Live load on roof deck, ql =

Design for

60 (B) mm x

0.75 kPa

90 mm (D) Slat, Recycled Plastic Wood

Design
This
Slat

Plan

From First Principle,

Isx =

1/12*60*90^3=

Zsx = Isx / (D/2) =

3645000/(90/2)=

As = B*D =

60*90=

3645000 mm4
81000 mm 3
5400 mm2

Maximum span, L =
Load width for wind load, bw =

1900 mm
60 mm

Load width for live load, bl =280+60 =

159 mm

Dead Load
self weight of slat, wds =

1197*9.81/1000*60/1000*90/1000=

Live load
Maintenance live load, wls =

0.75*159/1000=

0.12 kN/m

Wind load
Downward wind load, wws =

4.81*60/1000=

0.29 kN/m

Case 1 : 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL

Factored UDL on slat , wf1 = 1.4*wds+1.6*wls=

0.063 kN/m

0.28 kN/m

Case 2 : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download)

Factored UDL on slat , wf2 = 1.2*wds+1.2*wls+1.2*wws=

0.57 kN/m

(Controlled case)

Case 3 : 1.4 DL + 1.4WL(download)

Factored UDL on slat , wf3 = 1.4*wds+1.4*wws=

0.49 kN/m

Use maximum factored UDL for Design, wfd =

0.57 kN/m

Bending design
Mf =

1/8*0.57*(1900/1000)^2=

fb = Mf / Zs =

0.26*10^6/81000=

0.26 kNm
2

3.21 N/mm <

11.9 N/mm

CHECK OK
Shear Design
Vf =

1/2*0.28*1900/1000=

fv = Vf / As =

0.27*1000/5400=

0.27 kN
0.05 N/mm2 <
=

0.6*11.9
7.14 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Connection design between 60x90mm slat and 80x50x4mm steel plate

Design this steel plate connection

Section

Design this steel plate connection

Section

Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design
Bolt design
58 mm2

M10 Grade 8.8 Bolt, Ab =

No. of bolt, n =

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

0.42 kN

Bolt Shear stress, fvb = Vf / (n*Ab) =

3.62 N/mm <

375 N/mm

CHECK OK

80

mm (D) x

50

mm (B) x

mm steel plate
170667 mm4

Moment of inertia, I=1/12*4*80^3=

4267 mm3

Elastic modulus, Z = 170667/(80/2)=

Shear Area, Av =

320 mm2

80*4=

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

No. of plate provided per slat, n =

0.42 kN
2

Plate shear stress, fvp = Vf / Av / n =

0.66 N/mm <

0.6*220 N/mm

132 N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Eccentricity, e =
Factored eccentric moment, Me = Vf *e = 0.42*25/1000=

25 mm
0.01 kNm

Plate bending stress, fbp = Me / Z / n =

1.17 N/mm 2<

0.01*10^6/2/4267=

Weld design for 80x50x4mm steel plate and 200x100x22.6kg/m GMS RHS
Weld length provided, Lw =

80*2=

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 1/12*80^3=

Weld Elastic modulus, Zw =

42667/(80/2)=

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

Factored Eccentric moment, Me =

160 mm
42667 mm3
1067 mm2
0.42 kN
0.01 kNm

220 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw =

0.42*1000/160=

2.63 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Me / Zw =

0.01*10^6/1067=

9.37 N/mm

Combined weld stress, few = (fbw^2+fvw^2)^1/2 =

Provide
4
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

9.73 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*4=

616 N/mm >

9.73 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design for 200x100x22.6kg/m GMS RHS supporting slat

Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design

Design this RHS

Section

Plan

Design 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS as cantilever beam

200x100x22.6kg/m GMS RHS

I=
Z=
A=

14950000 mm4
149000 mm3
2870 mm2

Length of RHS =

2000 mm

No. of Point load from slat, n =

14

Factored Self weight of RHS =

Equivalent Factored UDL on RHS, w =

Cantilever span, L =
Factored moment, Mf =
Factored Shear, Vf =

1.2*22.6*9.81/1000=
0.42*2*14/(2000/1000)=

1/2*6.15*(1764/1000)^2=
6.15*1764/1000=

0.27 kN/m
5.88 kN/m
6.15 kN/m
1764 mm
9.57 kNm
10.85 kN

Bending design
fb = Mf / Z =

9.57*10^6/149000=

64.23 N/mm <

10.85*1000/2870=

3.78 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Shear design
fv = Vf / Av =

0.6*220

132
N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Deflection design
UDL on RHS, wu = 5.88/1.2=
E=
d = wL^4 / 8EI =

4.9 kN/m
205000 N/mm2
3.2 mm <
=

L / 180
11.11

Design of Bolt joint at 200x100x22.6kg/m vertical RHS post supporting RHS cantilever beam
Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design

Design this bolt joint

Loaded

Unloaded

Section

Section

Consider only larger projection is loaded and small projection unload for worst case design.
Bolt design
Area per bolt, Ab =
No. of bolt provided, n =

157 mm2
4

For the bolt group,

Ixx =

10000 mm 2

Iyy =

10000 mm 2

Ip = Ixx + Iyy =

20000 mm 2

Factored Direct Shear for bolt group, Vf =

Factored Moment for bolt group, Mf =
Distance of bolt group centroid to one bol (502+502)1/2 =

N/mm

10.85 kN
9.57 kNm
71 mm

mm

Factored shear from bending, Vfb =

9.57*10^6*71/20000/1000=

For conservative design

Factored design shear for bolt, Vfd = Vfb + Vf =
Bolt shear stress, fvb = Vfd / Ab =

33.97 kN

33.97+10.85=

44.82 kN
2

44.82*1000/157=

285.48 N/mm <

375 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS Vertical post

Design this steel post

Each 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS Vertical Post

I=

14950000 mm4

Z=

149000 mm3

A=
r=

2870 mm2
72 mm

Effective Height of RHS post, H =

No of post provided, n =

2750 mm
2

Case 1 : 1.4DL+1.6LL
Load widith per RHS post bay, b =
Load length per RHS post bay, L =
Load area per RHS post, A = 1.9*2.5=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of RHS post, H =
Dead load: self weight of slat =
self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 160x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

1.9 m
2.5 m
4.75 m2
14
2.75 m
0.063*1.9*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.5=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.68 kN
0.55 kN
0.78 kN
3.01 kN

Live load : Maintenance live load =

0.75*4.75=

3.56 kN

DL eccentric moment, Mde=

(1.323/3*3.01*1.323/2-0.441/3*3.01*0.441/2)=

0.78 kNm

LL eccentric moment, Mle=

(1.323/3*3.56*1.323/2-0.441/3*3.56*0.441/2)=

0.92 kNm

w = 1.4DL + 1.6 LL =

9.91 kN

Axial deisgn
Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A /n=
slendereness ratio,

9.91 kN
1.73 N/mm2
38.19 <180

9.91*1000/2870/2=
= L/r
2750/72=

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Eccentric moment, Mfe =
fb = Mf e/ Z =

195 N/mm >

(1.323/3*9.91*1.323/2-0.441/3*9.91*0.441/2)/2=

1.73 N/mm
CHECK OK

1.28 kNm
2

1.28*10^6/149000=

8.59 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 2 : 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(downward)
1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(downward)

Section

Factored Self weight of 2nos. RHS post =

Factored Axial compression from RHS beam, Pf =
Factored axial compression, Pfd =

1.2*22.6*9.81/1000*2750/1000*2=

0.95 kN
10.85 kN
11.8 kN

Factored moment, Mf =
Axial deisgn
Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A/n =

11.8*1000/2870/2=

slendereness ratio, = L/r

2750/72=
From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

9.57 kNm

11.8 kN
2.06 N/mm2
38.19 <180
195 N/mm 2>

2.06 N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Bending design
Mf =

9.57 kNm

fb = Mf / Z/ n =

9.57*10^6/149000/2=

Case 3 : 1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL

32.11 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

(lateral)

Load widith per RHS post bay, b =

Load length per RHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 1.9*2.5=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

1.9
2.5
4.75
14
2.75

m
m
m2
m

Dead load: self weight of slat =

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 160x180x14.4kg/m SHS =

0.063*1.9*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.5=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.68 kN
0.55 kN
0.78 kN
3.01 kN

Live load : Maintenance live load =

0.75*4.75=

3.56 kN

Lateral wind load assessment:

Area I
Area II

500
200

Area III

2750

Lateral wind load

Section
(Lateral wind load)

Design wind pressure, qw =Sa*Cp *qz =

4.81 kPa

I- Roof Deck
II- 200x100x22.3kg/m RHS post-2nos. Of 0.7m long
III- 200x100x22.3kg/m SHS post 2nos. Of 2.75m long

Area
I
II

III

(1)
Project area, A (m)
b
x
d
0.09
x
1.9
0.5
x
0.1
0.1
x
2.75

(2)
(4)
(3)=(1)*(2)*qw
Nos of ProjectedWind shear, S Level arm, L
Area, n
(kN)
(m)
1
0.82
2.75
2
0.48
3.1
2
2.65
1.375
3.95

(5)=(3)*(4)
Moment, M
(kNm)
2.26
1.49
3.64
7.39

Design factored Axial compression, Pf = 1.2DL + 1.2LL= 1.2*3.01+1.2*3.56=

7.88 kN

Design factored lateral wind shear, Vf = 1.2*S =

1.2*3.95=

4.74 kN

Design factored bending moment, Mf = 1.2*M =

1.2*7.39=

8.87 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

7.88 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

7.88*1000/2870/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

1.37 N/mm 2

2750/72=

38.19 <180

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

195 N/mm2 >

Shear design
Vf =

4.74 kN

fv = Vf / A /n=

4.74*1000/2870/2=

0.83 N/mm >

=

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

1.37 N/mm2
CHECK OK

0.6*220

N/mm

132
N/mm2
CHECK OK

8.87 kNm
2

8.87*10^6/149000/2=

29.77 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld Design
Consider one post
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored Shear, Vf =

7.88 kN
4.74 kN

Factored moment, Mf =

8.87 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

7.88*1000/660/2=

5.97 N/mm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw /n =

4.74*1000/660/2=

3.59 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

For conservative design,
Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

8.87*10^6/13013/2=

340.81 N/mm

340.81+3.59+5.97=

350 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

350 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 4 : 1.4DL+1.4WL(lateral)
Design factored Axial compression, Pf = 1.4DL
Design factored lateral wind shear, Vf = 1.4*S =
Design factored bending moment, Mf = 1.4*M =

Axial deisgn
Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A /n=

1.4*3.01=
1.4*3.95=
1.4*7.39=

4.21 kN
4.21*1000/2870/2=

0.73 N/mm2

4.21 kN
5.53 kN
10.35 kNm

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

2750/72=

38.19 <180

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

195 N/mm2 >

Shear design
Vf =

5.53 kN

fv = Vf / A/n =

0.73 N/mm2
CHECK OK

5.53*1000/2870/2=

0.96 N/mm <

0.6*220

fb = Mf / Z/n =

10.35 kNm
2

10.35*10^6/149000/2 =

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

34.73 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

4.21 kN

Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

5.53 kN
10.35 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

4.21*1000/660/2=

3.19 N/mm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw /n =

5.53*1000/660/2=

4.19 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

For conservative design,
Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

10.35*10^6/13013/2=

397.68 N/mm

397.68+4.19+3.19=

405 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

405 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 5 : 1.4DL+1.4WL(downward)
Load widith per SHS post bay, b =
Load length per SHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 1.9*2.5=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =

1.9 m
2.5 m
4.75 m2
14

Height of SHS post, H =

2.75 m

Dead load:
self weight of slat =
self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 2nos.160 x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

1.4DL =

132
N/mm2
CHECK OK

Bending design
Mf =

N/mm

1.4*3.01=

0.063*1.9*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.5=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.68 kN
0.55 kN
0.78 kN
3.01 kN
4.214 kN

Downward wind load :

Nos. of slat, n =
design wind pressure, qw =
load width per slat, B =

14
4.81 kPa
60 mm

(Section)

Downward wind load, WLdownward =

60/1000*1.9*14*4.81=

7.68 kN

Eccentric moment, Me,downward =

7.68*1.935/2=

7.43 kNm

1.4DL + 1.4 * WLdownward =

13.6 kN

1.4*Me,downward =

10.402 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

13.6 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

13.5796*1000/2870/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

2.37 N/mm 2

2750/72=

38.19 <180
195 N/mm2 >

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

2.37 N/mm2
CHECK OK

10.402 kNm
2

10.402*10^6/149000/ 2=

34.91 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

13.6 kN

Factored moment, Mf =

10.402 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

13.5796*1000/660 /2=

10.29 N/mm

10.402*10^6/13013/2 =

399.68 N/mm

399.68+10.29=

410 N/mm

For conservative design,

Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

410 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 6 : 1.0DL-1.4WL(downward)

Load widith per SHS post bay, b =

Load length per SHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 1.9*2.5=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

1.9 m
2.5 m
4.75 m2
14
2.75 m

Dead load:
self weight of slat =
self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 2nos.160 x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

Live load : Maintenance live load =

1.0DL = 1.0*3.01=

0.063*1.9*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.5=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.68 kN
0.55 kN
0.78 kN
3.01 kN

0.75*4.75=

3.56 kN
3.01 kN

Downward wind load :

Nos. of slat, n =
design wind pressure, qw =
load width per slat, B =

14
4.81 kPa
60 mm

(Section)
Downward wind load, WLdownward =

60/1000*1.9*14*4.81=

7.68 kN

Eccentric moment, Me,downward =

7.68*1.935/2=

7.43 kNm

1.0DL - 1.4 * WLdownward =

11.9 kN

1.4*Me,downward =

10.402 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

11.9 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

11.894*1000//2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

2.07 N/mm 2

2750/72=

38.19 <180

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

195 N/mm2 >

2.07 N/mm2
CHECK OK

10.402 kNm
2

10.402*10^6/149000/ 2=

34.91 N/mm <

220 N/mm

CHECK OK
Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored moment, Mf =
Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =
Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =
For conservative design,

11.9 kN
10.402 kNm
11.894*1000/660 /2=
10.402*10^6/13013/2 =

9.01 N/mm
399.68 N/mm

Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

399.68+9.01=

409 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

409 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design of anchor bolt

Plan
Consider Case 1 and Case 5 for steel post,
Factored Axial compression, Pf =
Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

13.6 kN

(Case 5 control)

5.5 kN
10.402 kNm

(Case 4 control)
(Case 5 control)

Anchor bolt design is performed by Hilti's computer program. Please refer next page.
Provide

nos. HIT-RE500/HAS-E M16x125 bolt

Loading schedule (unfactored load)

Item

Pergola 4
at Area
H1

Upward/downward
wind

DL

LL

DL+LL

Lateral wind

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Shear (kN)

Moment (kNm)

Axial (kN)

3.01

3.56

6.57

3.95

7.39

7.68

7. Pergola 3 at Area D : Loading assessment and design

Design for Steel Pergola at Ma Hang Headland Park

Calculation is provided following load transfer path from roof deck to steel post and anchor bolt/steel base plate.
Largest span, Loaded area, wind topography factor and loading combination will be used for structural member
design.
Pergola :
Area :

3
D

Dead Load
Slat Self Weight, qds =

1197 kg/m 3

Structural Steel Sefl weight, qdst =

7850 kg/m 3

Wind Load
Basic wind pressure , qz =
(H < 5m)

1.82 kPa

Wind pressure coefficient, Cp =

Topography factor for Area A, Sa =

1.82

Design wind pressure, qw =1.15*Sa*Cp *qz =

(Additional 15% wind load is adopted for design)

7.62 kPa

Live Load
Maintenance Live load on roof deck, ql =

Design for

60 (B) mm x

0.75 kPa

90 mm (D) Slat, Recycled Plastic Wood

Design
This
Slat

Plan

From First Principle,

Isx =

1/12*60*90^3=

Zsx = Isx / (D/2) =

3645000/(90/2)=

As = B*D =

60*90=

3645000 mm4
81000 mm 3
5400 mm2

Maximum span, L =2963-100 =

Load width for wind load, bw =

2863 mm
60 mm

Load width for live load, bl =280+60 =

153 mm

Dead Load
self weight of slat, wds =

1197*9.81/1000*60/1000*90/1000=

Live load
Maintenance live load, wls =

0.75*153/1000=

0.11 kN/m

Wind load
Downward wind load, wws =

7.62*60/1000=

0.46 kN/m

Case 1 : 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL

Factored UDL on slat , wf1 = 1.4*wds+1.6*wls=

0.063 kN/m

0.26 kN/m

Case 2 : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download)

Factored UDL on slat , wf2 = 1.2*wds+1.2*wls+1.2*wws=

0.76 kN/m

(Controlled case)

Case 3 : 1.4 DL + 1.4WL(download)

Factored UDL on slat , wf3 = 1.4*wds+1.4*wws=

0.73 kN/m

Use maximum factored UDL for Design, wfd =

0.76 kN/m

Bending design
Mf =

1/8*0.76*(2863/1000)^2=

fb = Mf / Zs =

0.78*10^6/81000=

0.78 kNm
2

9.63 N/mm <

11.9 N/mm

CHECK OK
Shear Design
Vf =

1/2*0.26*2863/1000=

fv = Vf / As =

0.37 kN

0.37*1000/5400=

0.069 N/mm2 <

=

0.6*11.9
7.14 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Connection design between 60x90mm slat and 80x50x4mm steel plate

Design this steel plate connection

Section

Design this steel plate connection

Section

Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design
Bolt design
58 mm2

M10 Grade 8.8 Bolt, Ab =

No. of bolt, n =

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

0.42 kN

Bolt Shear stress, fvb = Vf / (n*Ab) =

3.62 N/mm <

80

mm (D) x

50

mm (B) x

mm steel plate
170667 mm4

Moment of inertia, I 1/12*4*80^3=

4267 mm3

Elastic modulus, Z = 170667/(80/2)=

Shear Area, Av =

375 N/mm
CHECK OK

320 mm2

80*4=

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

No. of plate provided per slat, n =

0.42 kN
2

Plate shear stress, fvp = Vf / Av / n =

0.66 N/mm2 <

0.6*220 N/mm2

132 N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Eccentricity, e =
Factored eccentric moment, Me = Vf *e = 0.42*25/1000=

25 mm
0.01 kNm

Plate bending stress, fbp = Me / Z / n =

1.17 N/mm <

0.01*10^6/2/4267=

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld design for 80x50x4mm steel plate and 200x100x22.6kg/m GMS RHS
Weld length provided, Lw =

80*2=

160 mm
42667 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 1/12*80^3=

Weld Elastic modulus, Zw =

1067 mm2

42667/(80/2)=

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

0.42 kN

Factored Eccentric moment, Me =

0.01 kNm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw =

0.42*1000/160=

2.63 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Me / Zw =

0.01*10^6/1067=

9.37 N/mm

Combined weld stress, few = (fbw^2+fvw^2)^1/2 =

Provide
4
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

fillet weld
0.7*220*4=

9.73 N/mm

616 N/mm >

9.73 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design for 200x100x22.6kg/m GMS RHS supporting slat

Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design

Design this RHS

Section

Plan

Design 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS as cantilever beam

200x100x22.6kg/m GMS RHS
I=
Z=
A=

14950000 mm4
149000 mm3
2870 mm2

Length of RHS =

2131 mm

No. of Point load from slat, n =

14

Factored Self weight of RHS =

Equivalent Factored UDL on RHS, w =

Cantilever span, L =
Factored moment, Mf =
Factored Shear, Vf =

1.2*22.6*9.81/1000=
0.42*2*14/(2131/1000)=

0.27 kN/m
5.52 kN/m
5.79 kN/m

1/2*5.79*(1764/1000)^2=

1764 mm
9.01 kNm

5.79*1764/1000=

10.21 kN

Bending design
fb = Mf / Z =

9.01*10^6/149000=

60.47 N/mm2 <

Shear design
fv = Vf / Av =

10.21*1000/2870=

3.56 N/mm2 <

=

220 N/mm2
CHECK OK

0.6*220

N/mm2

132
N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Deflection design

UDL on RHS, wu = 5.52/1.2=

E=
d = wL^4 / 8EI =

4.6 kN/m
205000 N/mm2
3.87 mm <
=

L / 180
11.84

mm

Design of Bolt joint at 200x100x22.6kg/m vertical RHS post supporting RHS cantilever beam
Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design

Design this bolt joint

Loaded

Unloaded

Section

Section

Consider only larger projection is loaded and small projection unload for worst case design.
Bolt design
Area per bolt, Ab =
No. of bolt provided, n =

157 mm 2
4

For the bolt group,

Ixx =

10000 mm2

Iyy =

10000 mm2

Ip = Ixx + Iyy =

20000 mm 2

Factored Direct Shear for bolt group, Vf =

Factored Moment for bolt group, Mf =

10.21 kN
9.01 kNm

Distance of bolt group centroid to one bolt(=502+502)1/2 =

Factored shear from bending, Vfb =
9.01*10^6*71/20000/1000=

71 mm
31.99 kN

For conservative design

Factored design shear for bolt, Vfd = Vfb + Vf =
Bolt shear stress, fvb = Vfd / Ab =

42.2*1000/157=

31.99+10.21=

42.2 kN
268.79 N/mm 2<

375 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Design of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS Vertical post

Design this steel post

Each 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS Vertical Post

I=

14950000 mm4

Z=

149000 mm3

A=
r=

2870 mm2
72 mm

Effective Height of RHS post, H =

2750 mm

No of post provided, n =

Case 1 : 1.4DL+1.6LL
Load widith per RHS post bay, b =
Load length per RHS post bay, L =
Load area per RHS post, A = 2.772*2.131=

No. of slat at roof deck, n =

Height of RHS post, H =

2.772 m
2.131 m
5.91 m2

14
2.75 m

Dead load: self weight of slat =

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 160x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

0.063*2.772*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.131=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

2.44 kN
0.47 kN
0.78 kN
3.69 kN

Live load : Maintenance live load =

0.75*5.91=

4.43 kN

DL eccentric moment, Mde=

(1.323/3*3.69*1.323/2-0.441/3*3.69*0.441/2)=

0.96 kNm

LL eccentric moment, Mle=

(1.323/3*4.43*1.323/2-0.441/3*4.43*0.441/2)=

1.15 kNm

w = 1.4DL + 1.6 LL =

12.254 kN

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

12.254 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

12.254*1000/2870/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

2.13 N/mm2

2750/72=

38.19 <180
2

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Eccentric moment, Mfe =
fb = Mf e/ Z =

195 N/mm >

(1.323/3*12.254*1.323/2-0.441/3*12.254*0.441/2)/2=

2.13 N/mm
CHECK OK

1.59 kNm
2

1.59*10^6/149000=

10.67 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 2 : 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(downward)
1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(downward)

Section

Factored Self weight of 2nos. RHS post =

Factored Axial compression from RHS beam, Pf =

1.2*22.6*9.81/1000*2750/1000*2=

Factored axial compression, Pfd =

0.95 kN
10.21 kN
11.16 kN

Factored moment, Mf =

9.01 kNm

Axial deisgn

Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A/n =

11.16*1000/2870/2=

slendereness ratio, = L/r

2750/72=
From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z/ n =

11.16 kN
1.94 N/mm2
38.19 <180
195 N/mm 2>

1.94 N/mm 2
CHECK OK

9.01 kNm
9.01*10^6/149000/2=

30.23 N/mm 2<

220 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Case 3 : 1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL

(lateral)

Load widith per RHS post bay, b =

Load length per RHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 2.772*2.131=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

2.772
2.131
5.91
14
2.75

m
m
m2
m

Dead load: self weight of slat =

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 160x180x14.4kg/m SHS =

0.063*2.772*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.131=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

2.44 kN
0.47 kN
0.78 kN
3.69 kN

Live load : Maintenance live load =

0.75*5.91=

4.43 kN

Lateral wind load assessment:

Area I
Area II

500
200

Area III

2750

Lateral wind load

Section
(Lateral wind load)

Design wind pressure, qw =Sa*Cp *qz =

7.62 kPa

I- Roof Deck
II- 200x100x22.3kg/m RHS post-2nos. Of 0.7m long
III- 200x100x22.3kg/m SHS post 2nos. Of 2.75m long

Area
I
II
III

(1)
Project area, A (m)
b
x
d
0.09
x
2.772
0.5
x
0.1
0.1
x
2.75

(2)
(4)
(3)=(1)*(2)*qw
Nos of ProjectedWind shear, S Level arm, L
Area, n
(kN)
(m)
1
1.9
2.75
2
0.76
3.1
2
4.19
1.375
6.85

Design factored Axial compression, Pf = 1.2DL + 1.2LL= 1.2*3.69+1.2*4.43=

Design factored lateral wind shear, Vf = 1.2*S =
1.2*6.85=
Design factored bending moment, Mf = 1.2*M =

1.2*13.35=

(5)=(3)*(4)
Moment, M
(kNm)
5.23
2.36
5.76
13.35
9.74 kN
8.22 kN
16.02 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

9.74 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

9.74*1000/2870/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

1.7 N/mm

2750/72=

38.19 <180

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

195 N/mm2 >

Shear design
Vf =

8.22 kN

fv = Vf / A /n=

8.22*1000/2870/2=

1.43 N/mm >

=

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

1.7 N/mm2
CHECK OK

0.6*220

N/mm

132
N/mm2
CHECK OK

16.02 kNm
2

16.02*10^6/149000/2=

53.76 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld Design
Consider one post
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

9.74 kN

Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

8.22 kN
16.02 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

9.74*1000/660/2=

7.38 N/mm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw /n =

8.22*1000/660/2=

6.23 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

For conservative design,
Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

16.02*10^6/13013/2=

615.54 N/mm

615.54+6.23+7.38=

629 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

629 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 4 : 1.4DL+1.4WL(lateral)

Design factored Axial compression, Pf = 1.4DL

Design factored lateral wind shear, Vf = 1.4*S =
Design factored bending moment, Mf = 1.4*M =

Axial deisgn
Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A /n=

5.17 kN
9.59 kN
18.69 kNm

5.17 kN
5.17*1000/2870/2=

slendereness ratio, = L/r

2750/72=
From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Shear design

1.4*3.69=
1.4*6.85=
1.4*13.35=

0.9 N/mm2
38.19 <180
195 N/mm2 >

0.9 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Vf =

9.59 kN

fv = Vf / A/n =

9.59*1000/2870/2=

1.67 N/mm <

0.6*220

fb = Mf / Z/n =

18.69 kNm
2

18.69*10^6/149000/2 =

62.72 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

5.17 kN

Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

9.59 kN
18.69 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

5.17*1000/660/2=

3.92 N/mm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw /n =

9.59*1000/660/2=

7.27 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

18.69*10^6/13013/2=

718.13 N/mm

718.13+7.27+3.92=

729 N/mm

For conservative design,

Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

729 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 5 : 1.4DL+1.4WL(downward)
Load widith per SHS post bay, b =
Load length per SHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 2.772*2.131=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

2.772 m
2.131 m
5.91 m2
14
2.75 m

Dead load:
self weight of slat =
self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =

0.063*2.772*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.131=

2.44 kN
0.47 kN

Self weight of 2nos.160 x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

0.78 kN
3.69 kN

1.4DL =

132
N/mm2
CHECK OK

Bending design
Mf =

N/mm

1.4*3.69=

5.166 kN

Downward wind load :

Nos. of slat, n =
design wind pressure, qw =
load width per slat, B =

14
7.62 kPa
60 mm

(Section)
Downward wind load, WLdownward =

60/1000*2.772*14*7.62=

17.74 kN

Eccentric moment, Me,downward =

17.74*1.935/2=

17.16 kNm

1.4DL + 1.4 * WLdownward =

32.1 kN

1.4*Me,downward =

24.024 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

32.1 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

32.0684*1000/2870/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

5.59 N/mm 2

2750/72=

38.19 <180
195 N/mm2 >

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

5.59 N/mm2
CHECK OK

24.024 kNm
2

24.024*10^6/149000/ 2=

80.62 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored moment, Mf =
Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =
Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

32.1 kN
24.024 kNm
32.0684*1000/660 /2=

24.29 N/mm

24.024*10^6/13013/2 =

923.08 N/mm

Combined weld stress, few = (fbw +faw

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

2 1/2
)

(923.08^2+24.29^2)^0.5=

923 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

923 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 6 : 1.0DL-1.4WL(downward)
Load widith per SHS post bay, b =
Load length per SHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 2.772*2.131=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

2.772 m
2.131 m
5.91 m2
14
2.75 m

Dead load:
self weight of slat =
self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 2nos.160 x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

Live load : Maintenance live load =

1.0DL =

0.063*2.772*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.131=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

2.44 kN
0.47 kN
0.78 kN
3.69 kN

0.75*5.91=

4.43 kN

1.0*3.69=

3.69 kN

Downward wind load :

Nos. of slat, n =
design wind pressure, qw =
load width per slat, B =

14
7.62 kPa
60 mm

(Section)
Downward wind load, WLdownward =

60/1000*2.772*14*7.62=

17.74 kN

Eccentric moment, Me,downward =

17.74*1.935/2=

17.16 kNm

1.0DL - 1.4 * WLdownward =

1.4*Me,downward =
Axial deisgn

22.9 kN
24.024 kNm

Pfd =

22.9 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

22.906*1000//2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

3.99 N/mm 2

2750/72=

38.19 <180
195 N/mm2 >

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

3.99 N/mm2
CHECK OK

24.024 kNm
2

24.024*10^6/149000/ 2=

80.62 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored moment, Mf =

22.9 kN
24.024 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

22.906*1000/660 /2=

17.35 N/mm

24.024*10^6/13013/2 =

923.08 N/mm

(923.08^2+22.906^2)^0.5=

923 N/mm

For conservative design,

2

Combined weld stress, few = (fbw +faw

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

2 1/2
)

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

923 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design of anchor bolt

Plan
Consider Case 1 and Case 5 for steel post,
Factored Axial compression, Pf =
Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

32.1 kN
9.6 kN
24.024 kNm

Anchor bolt design is performed by Hilti's computer program. Please refer next page.
Provide

nos. HIT-RE500/HAS-E M16x125 bolt

(Case 5 control)
(Case 4 control)
(Case 5 control)

Loading schedule (unfactored load)

Item

Pergola 4
at Area
H1

Upward/downward
wind

DL

LL

DL+LL

Lateral wind

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Shear (kN)

Moment (kNm)

Axial (kN)

3.69

4.43

8.12

6.85

13.35

17.74

8. Pergola 4 at Area H1 : Loading assessment and design

Design for Steel Pergola at Ma Hang Headland Park

Calculation is provided following load transfer path from roof deck to steel post and anchor bolt/steel base plate.
Largest span, Loaded area, wind topography factor and loading combination will be used for structural member
design.
Pergola :
Area :

4
H1

Dead Load
Slat Self Weight, qds =

1197 kg/m 3

Structural Steel Sefl weight, qdst =

7850 kg/m 3

Wind Load
Basic wind pressure , qz =
(H < 5m)

1.82 kPa

Wind pressure coefficient, Cp =

Topography factor for Area A, Sa =

1.82

Design wind pressure, qw =1.15*Sa*Cp *qz =

(Additional 15% wind load is adopted for design)

7.62 kPa

Live Load
Maintenance Live load on roof deck, ql =

Design for

60 (B) mm x

0.75 kPa

90 mm (D) Slat, Recycled Plastic Wood

Design
This
Slat

Plan

From First Principle,

Isx =

1/12*60*90^3=

Zsx = Isx / (D/2) =

3645000/(90/2)=

As = B*D =

60*90=

3645000 mm4
81000 mm 3
5400 mm2

Maximum span, L =
Load width for wind load, bw =

2100 mm
60 mm

Load width for live load, bl =280+60 =

158 mm

Dead Load
self weight of slat, wds =

1197*9.81/1000*60/1000*90/1000=

Live load
Maintenance live load, wls =

0.75*158/1000=

0.12 kN/m

Wind load
Downward wind load, wws =

7.62*60/1000=

0.46 kN/m

Case 1 : 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL

Factored UDL on slat , wf1 = 1.4*wds+1.6*wls=

0.063 kN/m

0.28 kN/m

Case 2 : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download)

Factored UDL on slat , wf2 = 1.2*wds+1.2*wls+1.2*wws=

0.77 kN/m

(Controlled case)

Case 3 : 1.4 DL + 1.4WL(download)

Factored UDL on slat , wf3 = 1.4*wds+1.4*wws=

0.73 kN/m

Use maximum factored UDL for Design, wfd =

0.77 kN/m

Bending design
Mf =

1/8*0.77*(2100/1000)^2=

fb = Mf / Zs =

0.42*10^6/81000=

0.42 kNm
2

5.19 N/mm <

11.9 N/mm

CHECK OK
Shear Design
Vf =

1/2*0.28*2100/1000=

fv = Vf / As =

0.29 kN

0.29*1000/5400=

0.054 N/mm2 <

=

0.6*11.9
7.14 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Connection design between 60x90mm slat and 80x50x4mm steel plate

Design this steel plate connection

Section

Design this steel plate connection

Section

Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design
Bolt design
58 mm2

M10 Grade 8.8 Bolt, Ab =

No. of bolt, n =

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

0.42 kN

Bolt Shear stress, fvb = Vf / (n*Ab) =

3.62 N/mm <

80

mm (D) x

50

mm (B) x

mm steel plate
170667 mm4

Moment of inertia, I 1/12*4*80^3=

4267 mm3

Elastic modulus, Z = 170667/(80/2)=

Shear Area, Av =

375 N/mm
CHECK OK

320 mm2

80*4=

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

No. of plate provided per slat, n =

0.42 kN
2

Plate shear stress, fvp = Vf / Av / n =

0.66 N/mm2 <

0.6*220 N/mm2

132 N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Eccentricity, e =
Factored eccentric moment, Me = Vf *e = 0.42*25/1000=

25 mm
0.01 kNm

Plate bending stress, fbp = Me / Z / n =

1.17 N/mm <

0.01*10^6/2/4267=

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld design for 80x50x4mm steel plate and 160x80x17.5kg/m GMS RHS
Weld length provided, Lw =

80*2=

160 mm
42667 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 1/12*80^3=

Weld Elastic modulus, Zw =

1067 mm2

42667/(80/2)=

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

0.42 kN

Factored Eccentric moment, Me =

0.01 kNm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw =

0.42*1000/160=

2.63 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Me / Zw =

0.01*10^6/1067=

9.37 N/mm

Combined weld stress, few = (fbw^2+fvw^2)^1/2 =

Provide
4
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

fillet weld
0.7*220*4=

9.73 N/mm

616 N/mm >

9.73 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design for 160x80x17.5kg/m GMS RHS supporting slat

Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design

Design this RHS

Section

Plan

Design 160x80x17.5kg/m RHS as cantilever beam

160x80x14.4kg/m GMS RHS
I=
Z=
A=

6120000 mm4
76500 mm3
1840 mm2

Length of RHS =

2004 mm

No. of Point load from slat, n =

13

Factored Self weight of RHS =

Equivalent Factored UDL on RHS, w =

Cantilever span, L =
Factored moment, Mf =
Factored Shear, Vf =

1.2*22.6*9.81/1000=
0.42*2*13/(2004/1000)=

0.27 kN/m
5.45 kN/m
5.72 kN/m

1/2*5.72*(1476/1000)^2=

1476 mm
6.23 kNm

5.72*1476/1000=

8.44 kN

Bending design
fb = Mf / Z =

6.23*10^6/76500=

81.44 N/mm2 <

Shear design
fv = Vf / Av =

8.44*1000/1840=

4.59 N/mm2 <

=

220 N/mm2
CHECK OK

0.6*220

N/mm2

132
N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Deflection design

UDL on RHS, wu = 5.45/1.2=

E=
d = wL^4 / 8EI =

4.54 kN/m
205000 N/mm2
7.3 mm <
=

L / 180
11.13

mm

Design of Bolt joint at 160x80x17.5kg/m vertical RHS post supporting RHS cantilever beam
Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design

Design this bolt joint

Loaded

Unloaded

Section

Section

Consider only larger projection is loaded and small projection unload for worst case design.
Bolt design
Area per bolt, Ab =
No. of bolt provided, n =

157 mm 2
4

For the bolt group,

Ixx =

10000 mm2

Iyy =

10000 mm2

Ip = Ixx + Iyy =

20000 mm 2

Factored Direct Shear for bolt group, Vf =

Factored Moment for bolt group, Mf =

8.44 kN
6.23 kNm

Distance of bolt group centroid to one bol (502+502)1/2 =

Factored shear from bending, Vfb =
6.23*10^6*71/20000/1000=

71 mm
22.12 kN

For conservative design

Factored design shear for bolt, Vfd = Vfb + Vf =

30.56 kN

Bolt shear stress, fvb = Vfd / Ab =

22.12+8.44=

30.56*1000/157=

194.65 N/mm 2<

375 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Design of 160x80x17.5kg/m RHS Vertical post

Design this steel post

Each 160x80x17.5kg/m RHS Vertical Post

I=

6120000 mm4

Z=

76500 mm3

A=
r=

1840 mm2
58 mm

Effective Height of RHS post, H =

2750 mm

No of post provided, n =

Case 1 : 1.4DL+1.6LL
Load widith per RHS post bay, b =
Load length per RHS post bay, L =
Load area per RHS post, A = 2.1*2.005=

No. of slat at roof deck, n =

Height of RHS post, H =

2.1 m
2.005 m
4.21 m2

13
2.75 m

Dead load: self weight of slat =

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 160x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

0.063*2.1*13=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.005=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.72 kN
0.44 kN
0.78 kN
2.94 kN

Live load : Maintenance live load =

0.75*4.21=

3.16 kN

DL eccentric moment, Mde=

(1.323/3*2.94*1.323/2-0.441/3*2.94*0.441/2)=

0.76 kNm

LL eccentric moment, Mle=

(1.323/3*3.16*1.323/2-0.441/3*3.16*0.441/2)=

0.82 kNm

w = 1.4DL + 1.6 LL =

9.172 kN

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

9.172 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

9.172*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

2.49 N/mm2

2750/58=

47.41 <180
2

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Eccentric moment, Mfe =
fb = Mf e/ Z =

195 N/mm >

(1.323/3*9.172*1.323/2-0.441/3*9.172*0.441/2)/2=

2.49 N/mm
CHECK OK

1.19 kNm
2

1.19*10^6/76500=

15.56 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 2 : 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(downward)
1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(downward)

Section

Factored Self weight of 2nos. RHS post =

Factored Axial compression from RHS beam, Pf =

1.2*22.6*9.81/1000*2750/1000*2=

0.95 kN
8.44 kN

Factored axial compression, Pfd =

9.39 kN

Factored moment, Mf =

6.23 kNm

Axial deisgn

Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A/n =

9.39*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio, = L/r

2750/58=
From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z/ n =

9.39 kN
2.55 N/mm2
47.41 <180
195 N/mm 2>

2.55 N/mm 2
CHECK OK

6.23 kNm
6.23*10^6/76500/2=

40.72 N/mm 2<

220 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Case 3 : 1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL

(lateral)

Load widith per RHS post bay, b =

Load length per RHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 2.1*2.005=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

2.1
2.005
4.21
13
2.75

m
m
m2
m

Dead load: self weight of slat =

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 160x180x14.4kg/m SHS =

0.063*2.1*13=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.005=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.72 kN
0.44 kN
0.78 kN
2.94 kN

Live load : Maintenance live load =

0.75*4.21=

3.16 kN

Lateral wind load assessment:

Area I
Area II

500
160

Area III

2750

Lateral wind load

Section
(Lateral wind load)

Design wind pressure, qw =Sa*Cp *qz =

7.62 kPa

I- Roof Deck
II- 160x80x14.4kg/m RHS post-2nos. Of 0.7m long
III- 160x80x14.4kg/m SHS post -2.75m long

Area
I
II
III

(1)
Project area, A (m)
b
x
d
0.09
x
2.1
0.5
x
0.1
0.08
x
2.75

(2)
(4)
(3)=(1)*(2)*qw
Nos of ProjectedWind shear, S Level arm, L
Area, n
(kN)
(m)
1
1.44
2.75
2
0.76
3.1
2
3.35
1.375
5.55

Design factored Axial compression, Pf = 1.2DL + 1.2LL= 1.2*2.94+1.2*3.16=

Design factored lateral wind shear, Vf = 1.2*S =
1.2*5.55=
Design factored bending moment, Mf = 1.2*M =

1.2*10.93=

(5)=(3)*(4)
Moment, M
(kNm)
3.96
2.36
4.61
10.93
7.32 kN
6.66 kN
13.12 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

7.32 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

7.32*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

1.99 N/mm 2

2750/58=

47.41 <180

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

195 N/mm2 >

Shear design
Vf =

6.66 kN

fv = Vf / A /n=

6.66*1000/1840/2=

1.81 N/mm >

=

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

1.99 N/mm2
CHECK OK

0.6*220

N/mm

132
N/mm2
CHECK OK

13.12 kNm
2

13.12*10^6/76500/2=

85.75 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld Design
Consider one post
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

7.32 kN

Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

6.66 kN
13.12 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

7.32*1000/660/2=

5.55 N/mm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw /n =

6.66*1000/660/2=

5.05 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

For conservative design,
Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

13.12*10^6/13013/2=

504.11 N/mm

504.11+5.05+5.55=

515 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

515 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 4 : 1.4DL+1.4WL(lateral)

Design factored Axial compression, Pf = 1.4DL

Design factored lateral wind shear, Vf = 1.4*S =
Design factored bending moment, Mf = 1.4*M =

Axial deisgn
Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A /n=

1.4*2.94=
1.4*5.55=
1.4*10.93=

4.12 kN
7.77 kN
15.3 kNm

4.12 kN
4.12*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio, = L/r

2750/58=
From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

1.12 N/mm2
47.41 <180
195 N/mm2 >

1.12 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Shear design
Vf =
fv = Vf / A/n =

7.77 kN
2

7.77*1000/1840/2=

2.11 N/mm <

0.6*220

fb = Mf / Z/n =

15.3 kNm
2

15.3*10^6/76500/2 =

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

100 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

4.12 kN
7.77 kN
15.3 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

4.12*1000/660/2=

3.12 N/mm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw /n =

7.77*1000/660/2=

5.89 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

For conservative design,
Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

15.3*10^6/13013/2=

587.87 N/mm

587.87+5.89+3.12=

597 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

597 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 5 : 1.4DL+1.4WL(downward)
Load widith per SHS post bay, b =
Load length per SHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 2.1*2.005=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

2.1 m
2.005 m
4.21 m2
13
2.75 m

Dead load:
self weight of slat =

0.063*2.1*13=

1.72 kN

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =

Self weight of 2nos.160 x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

22.6*9.81/1000*2.005=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

0.44 kN
0.78 kN
2.94 kN

1.4DL =

132
N/mm2
CHECK OK

Bending design
Mf =

N/mm

1.4*2.94=

4.116 kN

Downward wind load :

Nos. of slat, n =
design wind pressure, qw =
load width per slat, B =

13
7.62 kPa
60 mm

(Section)
Downward wind load, WLdownward =

60/1000*2.1*13*7.62=

12.48 kN

Eccentric moment, Me,downward =

12.48*1.935/2=

12.07 kNm

1.4DL + 1.4 * WLdownward =

23.2 kN

1.4*Me,downward =

16.898 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

23.2 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

23.2344*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

6.31 N/mm 2

2750/58=

47.41 <180
195 N/mm2 >

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

6.31 N/mm2
CHECK OK

16.898 kNm
2

16.898*10^6/76500/ 2=

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

110.44 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored moment, Mf =
Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =
Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

23.2 kN
16.898 kNm
23.2344*1000/660 /2=

17.6 N/mm

16.898*10^6/13013/2 =

649.27 N/mm

For conservative design,

Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

649.27+17.6=

667 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

667 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 6 : 1.0DL-1.4WL(downward)
Load widith per SHS post bay, b =
Load length per SHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 2.1*2.005=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

2.1 m
2.005 m
4.21 m2
13
2.75 m

Dead load:
self weight of slat =
self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 2nos.160 x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

Live load : Maintenance live load =

1.0DL =

0.063*2.1*13=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.005=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.72 kN
0.44 kN
0.78 kN
2.94 kN

0.75*4.21=

3.16 kN

1.0*2.94=

2.94 kN

Downward wind load :

Nos. of slat, n =
design wind pressure, qw =
load width per slat, B =

13
7.62 kPa
60 mm

(Section)
Downward wind load, WLdownward =

60/1000*2.1*13*7.62=

12.48 kN

Eccentric moment, Me,downward =

12.48*1.935/2=

12.07 kNm

1.0DL - 1.4 * WLdownward =

1.4*Me,downward =

16.6 kN
16.898 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

16.6 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

16.596*1000//2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

4.51 N/mm 2

2750/58=

47.41 <180
195 N/mm2 >

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

4.51 N/mm2
CHECK OK

16.898 kNm
2

16.898*10^6/76500/ 2=

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

110.44 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored moment, Mf =

16.6 kN
16.898 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

16.596*1000/660 /2=

12.57 N/mm

16.898*10^6/13013/2 =

649.27 N/mm

(649.27^2+16.596^2)^0.5=

649 N/mm

For conservative design,

2

Combined weld stress, few = (fbw +faw

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

2 1/2
)

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

649 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design of anchor bolt

Plan
Consider Case 1 and Case 5 for steel post,
Factored Axial compression, Pf =
Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

23.2 kN
7.8 kN
16.898 kNm

Anchor bolt design is performed by Hilti's computer program. Please refer next page.
Provide

nos. HIT-RE500/HAS-E M16x125 bolt

(Case 5 control)
(Case 4 control)
(Case 5 control)

Loading schedule (unfactored load)

Item

Pergola 4
at Area
H1

Upward/downward
wind

DL

LL

DL+LL

Lateral wind

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Shear (kN)

Moment (kNm)

Axial (kN)

2.94

3.16

6.1

5.55

10.93

12.48

9. Pergola 5 at Area H2 : Loading assessment and design

Design for Steel Pergola at Ma Hang Headland Park

Calculation is provided following load transfer path from roof deck to steel post and anchor bolt/steel base plate.
Largest span, Loaded area, wind topography factor and loading combination will be used for structural member
design.
Pergola :
Area :

4
H2

Dead Load
Slat Self Weight, qds =

1197 kg/m 3

Structural Steel Sefl weight, qdst =

7850 kg/m 3

Wind Load
Basic wind pressure , qz =
(H < 5m)

1.82 kPa

Wind pressure coefficient, Cp =

Topography factor for Area A, Sa =

1.82

Design wind pressure, qw =1.15*Sa*Cp *qz =

(Additional 15% wind load is adopted for design)

7.62 kPa

Live Load
Maintenance Live load on roof deck, ql =

Design for

60 (B) mm x

0.75 kPa

90 mm (D) Slat, Recycled Plastic Wood

Design
This
Slat

Plan

From First Principle,

Isx =

1/12*60*90^3=

Zsx = Isx / (D/2) =

3645000/(90/2)=

As = B*D =

60*90=

3645000 mm4
81000 mm 3
5400 mm2

Maximum span, L =
Load width for wind load, bw =

1759 mm
60 mm

Load width for live load, bl =290+60 =

150 mm

Dead Load
self weight of slat, wds =

1197*9.81/1000*60/1000*90/1000=

Live load
Maintenance live load, wls =

0.75*150/1000=

0.11 kN/m

Wind load
Downward wind load, wws =

7.62*60/1000=

0.46 kN/m

Case 1 : 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL

Factored UDL on slat , wf1 = 1.4*wds+1.6*wls=

0.063 kN/m

0.26 kN/m

Case 2 : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download)

Factored UDL on slat , wf2 = 1.2*wds+1.2*wls+1.2*wws=

0.76 kN/m

(Controlled case)

Case 3 : 1.4 DL + 1.4WL(download)

Factored UDL on slat , wf3 = 1.4*wds+1.4*wws=

0.73 kN/m

Use maximum factored UDL for Design, wfd =

0.76 kN/m

Bending design
Mf =

1/8*0.76*(1759/1000)^2=

fb = Mf / Zs =

0.29*10^6/81000=

0.29 kNm
2

3.58 N/mm <

11.9 N/mm

CHECK OK
Shear Design
Vf =

1/2*0.26*1759/1000=

fv = Vf / As =

0.23 kN

0.23*1000/5400=

0.043 N/mm2 <

=

0.6*11.9
7.14 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Connection design between 60x90mm slat and 80x50x4mm steel plate

Design this steel plate connection

Section

Design this steel plate connection

Section

Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design
Bolt design
58 mm2

M10 Grade 8.8 Bolt, Ab =

No. of bolt, n =

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

0.42 kN

Bolt Shear stress, fvb = Vf / (n*Ab) =

3.62 N/mm <

80

mm (D) x

50

mm (B) x

mm steel plate
170667 mm4

Moment of inertia, I 1/12*4*80^3=

4267 mm3

Elastic modulus, Z = 170667/(80/2)=

Shear Area, Av =

375 N/mm
CHECK OK

320 mm2

80*4=

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

No. of plate provided per slat, n =

0.42 kN
2

Plate shear stress, fvp = Vf / Av / n =

0.66 N/mm2 <

0.6*220 N/mm2

132 N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Eccentricity, e =
Factored eccentric moment, Me = Vf *e = 0.42*25/1000=

25 mm
0.01 kNm

Plate bending stress, fbp = Me / Z / n =

1.17 N/mm <

0.01*10^6/2/4267=

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld design for 80x50x4mm steel plate and 160x80x17.5kg/m GMS RHS
Weld length provided, Lw =

80*2=

160 mm
42667 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 1/12*80^3=

Weld Elastic modulus, Zw =

1067 mm2

42667/(80/2)=

Factored Shear from slat, Vf =

0.42 kN

Factored Eccentric moment, Me =

0.01 kNm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw =

0.42*1000/160=

2.63 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Me / Zw =

0.01*10^6/1067=

9.37 N/mm

Combined weld stress, few = (fbw^2+fvw^2)^1/2 =

Provide
4
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

fillet weld
0.7*220*4=

9.73 N/mm

616 N/mm >

9.73 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design for 160x80x17.5kg/m GMS RHS supporting slat

Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design

Design this RHS

Section

Plan

Design 160x80x17.5kg/m RHS as cantilever beam

160x80x17.5kg/m GMS RHS
I=
Z=
A=

6120000 mm4
76500 mm3
1840 mm2

Length of RHS =

2100 mm

No. of Point load from slat, n =

14

Factored Self weight of RHS =

Equivalent Factored UDL on RHS, w =

Cantilever span, L =
Factored moment, Mf =
Factored Shear, Vf =

1.2*22.6*9.81/1000=
0.42*2*14/(2100/1000)=

0.27 kN/m
5.6 kN/m
5.87 kN/m

1/2*5.87*(1764/1000)^2=

1764 mm
9.13 kNm

5.87*1764/1000=

10.35 kN

Bending design
fb = Mf / Z =

9.13*10^6/76500=

119.35 N/mm2 <

Shear design
fv = Vf / Av =

10.35*1000/1840=

5.63 N/mm2 <

=

220 N/mm2
CHECK OK

0.6*220

N/mm2

132
N/mm 2
CHECK OK

Deflection design

UDL on RHS, wu = 5.6/1.2=

E=
d = wL^4 / 8EI =

4.67 kN/m
205000 N/mm2
9.05 mm <
=

L / 180
11.67

mm

Design of Bolt joint at 160x80x17.5kg/m vertical RHS post supporting RHS cantilever beam
Load combination : 1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL(download) control and is used for design

Design this bolt joint

Loaded

Unloaded

Section

Section

Consider only larger projection is loaded and small projection unload for worst case design.
Bolt design
Area per bolt, Ab =
No. of bolt provided, n =

157 mm 2
4

For the bolt group,

Ixx =

10000 mm2

Iyy =

10000 mm2

Ip = Ixx + Iyy =

20000 mm 2

Factored Direct Shear for bolt group, Vf =

Factored Moment for bolt group, Mf =

10.35 kN
9.13 kNm

Distance of bolt group centroid to one bol (502+502)1/2 =

Factored shear from bending, Vfb =
9.13*10^6*71/20000/1000=

71 mm
32.41 kN

For conservative design

Factored design shear for bolt, Vfd = Vfb + Vf =

42.76 kN

Bolt shear stress, fvb = Vfd / Ab =

32.41+10.35=

42.76*1000/157=

272.36 N/mm 2<

375 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Design of 160x80x17.5kg/m RHS Vertical post

Design this steel post

Each 160x80x14.4kg/m RHS Vertical Post

I=

6120000 mm4

Z=

76500 mm3

A=
r=

1840 mm2
58 mm

Effective Height of RHS post, H =

2750 mm

No of post provided, n =

Case 1 : 1.4DL+1.6LL
Load widith per RHS post bay, b =
Load length per RHS post bay, L =
Load area per RHS post, A = 1.758*2.1=

No. of slat at roof deck, n =

Height of RHS post, H =

1.758 m
2.1 m
3.69 m2

8
2.75 m

Dead load: self weight of slat =

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 160x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

0.063*1.758*8=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.1=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.55 kN
0.47 kN
0.78 kN
2.8 kN

Live load : Maintenance live load =

0.75*3.69=

2.77 kN

DL eccentric moment, Mde=

(1.323/3*2.8*1.323/2-0.441/3*2.8*0.441/2)=

0.73 kNm

LL eccentric moment, Mle=

(1.323/3*2.77*1.323/2-0.441/3*2.77*0.441/2)=

0.72 kNm

w = 1.4DL + 1.6 LL =

8.352 kN

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

8.352 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

8.352*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

2.27 N/mm2

2750/58=

47.41 <180
2

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Eccentric moment, Mfe =
fb = Mf e/ Z =

195 N/mm >

(1.323/3*8.352*1.323/2-0.441/3*8.352*0.441/2)/2=

2.27 N/mm
CHECK OK

1.08 kNm
2

1.08*10^6/76500=

14.12 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 2 : 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(downward)
1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(downward)

Section

Factored Self weight of 2nos. RHS post =

Factored Axial compression from RHS beam, Pf =

1.2*22.6*9.81/1000*2750/1000*2=

0.95 kN
10.35 kN

Factored axial compression, Pfd =

11.3 kN

Factored moment, Mf =

9.13 kNm

Axial deisgn

Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A/n =

11.3*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio, = L/r

2750/58=
From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z/ n =

11.3 kN
3.07 N/mm2
47.41 <180
195 N/mm 2>

3.07 N/mm 2
CHECK OK

9.13 kNm
9.13*10^6/76500/2=

59.67 N/mm 2<

220 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Case 3 : 1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL

(lateral)

Load widith per RHS post bay, b =

Load length per RHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 1.759*2.1=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

1.759
2.1
3.69
14
2.75

m
m
m2
m

Dead load: self weight of slat =

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 160x180x14.4kg/m SHS =

0.063*1.759*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.1=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.55 kN
0.47 kN
0.78 kN
2.8 kN

Live load : Maintenance live load =

0.75*3.69=

2.77 kN

Lateral wind load assessment:

Area I
Area II

500
160

Area III

2750

Lateral wind load

Section
(Lateral wind load)

Design wind pressure, qw =Sa*Cp *qz =

7.62 kPa

I- Roof Deck
II- 160x80x14.4kg/m RHS post-2nos. Of 0.7m long
III- 160x80x14.4kg/m SHS post -2.75m long

Area
I
II
III

(1)
Project area, A (m)
b
x
d
0.09
x
1.759
0.5
x
0.1
0.08
x
2.75

(2)
(4)
(3)=(1)*(2)*qw
Nos of ProjectedWind shear, S Level arm, L
Area, n
(kN)
(m)
1
1.21
2.75
2
0.76
3.1
2
3.35
1.375
5.32

Design factored Axial compression, Pf = 1.2DL + 1.2LL= 1.2*2.8+1.2*2.77=

Design factored lateral wind shear, Vf = 1.2*S =
1.2*5.32=
Design factored bending moment, Mf = 1.2*M =

1.2*10.3=

(5)=(3)*(4)
Moment, M
(kNm)
3.33
2.36
4.61
10.3
6.68 kN
6.38 kN
12.36 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

6.68 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

6.68*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

1.82 N/mm 2

2750/58=

47.41 <180

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

195 N/mm2 >

Shear design
Vf =

6.38 kN

fv = Vf / A /n=

6.38*1000/1840/2=

1.73 N/mm >

=

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

1.82 N/mm2
CHECK OK

0.6*220

N/mm

132
N/mm2
CHECK OK

12.36 kNm
2

12.36*10^6/76500/2=

80.78 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

Weld Design
Consider one post
Weld length provided, Lw =

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

6.68 kN

Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

6.38 kN
12.36 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

6.68*1000/660/2=

5.06 N/mm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw /n =

6.38*1000/660/2=

4.83 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

For conservative design,
Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

12.36*10^6/13013/2=

474.91 N/mm

474.91+4.83+5.06=

485 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

485 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 4 : 1.4DL+1.4WL(lateral)

Design factored Axial compression, Pf = 1.4DL

Design factored lateral wind shear, Vf = 1.4*S =
Design factored bending moment, Mf = 1.4*M =

Axial deisgn
Pfd =
fa = Pfd / A /n=

1.4*2.8=
1.4*5.32=
1.4*10.3=

3.92 kN
7.45 kN
14.42 kNm

3.92 kN
3.92*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio, = L/r

2750/58=
From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

1.07 N/mm2
47.41 <180
195 N/mm2 >

1.07 N/mm2
CHECK OK

Shear design
Vf =
fv = Vf / A/n =

7.45 kN
2

7.45*1000/1840/2=

2.02 N/mm <

0.6*220

fb = Mf / Z/n =

14.42 kNm
2

14.42*10^6/76500/2 =

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

94.25 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

3.92 kN
7.45 kN
14.42 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

3.92*1000/660/2=

2.97 N/mm

Shear Weld stress, fvw = Vf / Lw /n =

7.45*1000/660/2=

5.64 N/mm

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

For conservative design,
Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

14.42*10^6/13013/2=

554.06 N/mm

554.06+5.64+2.97=

563 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

563 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 5 : 1.4DL+1.4WL(downward)
Load widith per SHS post bay, b =
Load length per SHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 1.759*2.1=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

1.759 m
2.1 m
3.69 m2
14
2.75 m

Dead load:
self weight of slat =

0.063*1.759*14=

1.55 kN

self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =

Self weight of 2nos.160 x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

22.6*9.81/1000*2.1=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

0.47 kN
0.78 kN
2.8 kN

1.4DL =

132
N/mm2
CHECK OK

Bending design
Mf =

N/mm

1.4*2.8=

3.92 kN

Downward wind load :

Nos. of slat, n =
design wind pressure, qw =
load width per slat, B =

14
7.62 kPa
60 mm

(Section)
Downward wind load, WLdownward =

60/1000*1.759*14*7.62=

11.26 kN

Eccentric moment, Me,downward =

11.26*1.935/2=

10.89 kNm

1.4DL + 1.4 * WLdownward =

21.3 kN

1.4*Me,downward =

15.246 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

21.3 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

21.252*1000/1840/2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

5.78 N/mm 2

2750/58=

47.41 <180
195 N/mm2 >

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

5.78 N/mm2
CHECK OK

15.246 kNm
2

15.246*10^6/76500/ 2=

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

99.65 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored moment, Mf =
Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =
Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

21.3 kN
15.246 kNm
21.252*1000/660 /2=

16.1 N/mm

15.246*10^6/13013/2 =

585.8 N/mm

For conservative design,

Combined weld stress, few = fbw+faw+fvw =

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

585.8+16.1=

602 N/mm

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

602 N/mm
CHECK OK

Case 6 : 1.0DL-1.4WL(downward)
Load widith per SHS post bay, b =
Load length per SHS post bay, L =
Load area per SHS post, A = 1.759*2.1=
No. of slat at roof deck, n =
Height of SHS post, H =

1.759 m
2.1 m
3.69 m2
14
2.75 m

Dead load:
self weight of slat =
self weight of 200x100x22.6kg/m RHS =
Self weight of 2nos.160 x80x14.4kg/m SHS =

Live load : Maintenance live load =

1.0DL =

0.063*1.759*14=
22.6*9.81/1000*2.1=
14.4*9.81/1000*2.75*2=

1.55 kN
0.47 kN
0.78 kN
2.8 kN

0.75*3.69=

2.77 kN

1.0*2.8=

2.8 kN

Downward wind load :

Nos. of slat, n =
design wind pressure, qw =
load width per slat, B =

14
7.62 kPa
60 mm

(Section)
Downward wind load, WLdownward =

60/1000*1.759*14*7.62=

11.26 kN

Eccentric moment, Me,downward =

11.26*1.935/2=

10.89 kNm

1.0DL - 1.4 * WLdownward =

1.4*Me,downward =

15.2 kN
15.246 kNm

Axial deisgn
Pfd =

15.2 kN

fa = Pfd / A /n=

15.18*1000//2=

slendereness ratio,

= L/r

4.13 N/mm 2

2750/58=

47.41 <180
195 N/mm2 >

From table of HK2005, reduced axial stress, pa =

Bending design
Mf =
fb = Mf / Z /n=

4.13 N/mm2
CHECK OK

15.246 kNm
2

15.246*10^6/76500/ 2=

Weld Design
Weld length provided, Lw =

99.65 N/mm <

220 N/mm
CHECK OK

2*10+2*80+4*120=

660 mm
1301333 mm3

Weld Moment of inertia, Iw = 2*10*80^2+2*1/12*80^3+4*1/12*120^3+4*80*40^2=

Weld Elastic modulus, Z w =

13013 mm2

1301333/(200)=

Factored Axial compression, Pf =

Factored moment, Mf =

15.2 kN
15.246 kNm

Axial Weld stress, faw = Pf / Lw /n =

Bending weld stress, fbw = Mf / Zw /n =

15.18*1000/660 /2=

11.5 N/mm

15.246*10^6/13013/2 =

585.8 N/mm

(585.8^2+15.18^2)^0.5=

586 N/mm

For conservative design,

2

Combined weld stress, few = (fbw +faw

Provide
6
mm
Provided weld strength, pw =

2 1/2
)

fillet weld
0.7*220*6=

924 N/mm >

586 N/mm
CHECK OK

Design of anchor bolt

Plan
Consider Case 1 and Case 5 for steel post,
Factored Axial compression, Pf =
Factored Shear, Vf =
Factored moment, Mf =

21.3 kN
7.5 kN
15.246 kNm

Anchor bolt design is performed by Hilti's computer program. Please refer next page.
Provide

nos. HIT-RE500/HAS-E M16x125 bolt

(Case 5 control)
(Case 4 control)
(Case 5 control)

Loading schedule (unfactored load)

Item

Pergola 5
at Area
H2

Upward/downward
wind

DL

LL

DL+LL

Lateral wind

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Shear (kN)

Moment (kNm)

Axial (kN)

2.8

2.77

5.57

5.32

10.3

11.26

10. Loading Schedule and Anchor Bolt Design

Loading schedule (unfactored load)

Item

LL

DL+LL

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Shear (kN)

Moment (kNm)

Axial (kN)

Pergola 1 at
Area C

3.01

3.56

6.57

3.95

7.39

7.68

Item

DL

LL

DL+LL

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Shear (kN)

Moment (kNm)

Axial (kN)

Pergola 2 at
Area D

3.69

4.43

8.12

6.85

13.35

17.74

Item

DL

LL

DL+LL

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Shear (kN)

Moment (kNm)

Axial (kN)

Pergola 3 at
Area H1

2.94

3.16

6.1

5.55

10.93

12.48

Item

DL

LL

DL+LL

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Axial (kN)

Shear (kN)

Moment (kNm)

Axial (kN)

2.8

2.77

5.57

5.32

10.3

11.26

Pergola 4 at
Area H2

Lateral wind

Upward/downward
wind

DL

Lateral wind

Lateral wind

Lateral wind

Upward/downward
wind

Upward/downward
wind

Upward/downward
wind

Factored Anchor bolt design load

Pergola
Area
Axial (kN)
2
C
13.6
3
D
32.1
4
H1
23.2
5
H2
21.3

Shear (kN)
5.53
9.59
7.77
7.45

Moment (kNm)
10.402
24.02
Control case
16.90
15.25

Company:

Page 1 of 5

Specifier:

Project:

User application

Address:

Contract No.:

PROFIS Anchor 1.8.0

Phone/Fax: - / -

Responsible:

http://www.hilti.com/

E-Mail:

Location/Date: - / 23/9/2009

Specifier's comments:

Anchor type and size:

Effective embedment depth:
Material:
Approval No.:
Issued/Valid:
Proof:
Stand-off installation:
Anchor plate:
Base material:
Reinforcement:

HIT-RE 500 + HAS-E (5.8)-M16

h ef = 125 mm
5.8
-/Engineering judgement SOFA - after ETAG testing
eb = 0 mm (no stand-off) ; t = 12 mm
S235 (ST37) ; ; lx x ly x t = 400 x 400 x 12 mm
uncracked concrete C25/30, fcc = 30.00 N/mm ; h = 350 mm
reinforcement spacing >= 150 mm
no longitudinal edge reinforcement

Anchor

Geometry [mm]
plan view

section A

t=12
h ef =125

lx = 400

x
section B

h = 350
>10h

ef

300

>10h

ef

ly = 400

section A
Loading
Resulting loads [kN, kNm]

Design loads [kN, kNm]

N

32.10

Vx

0.00

Vy

9.59

Mx

-24.02

My

0.00

Mz

0.00

Eccentricity (structural section) [mm]

ex = 0 ; e y = 0

Input data and results must be checked for agreement with the existing conditions and for plausibility!
PROFIS Anchor ( c ) 2003 Hilti AG, FL-9494 Schaan Hilti is a registered Trademark of Hilti AG, Schaan

Company:

Page 2 of 5

Specifier:

Project:

User application

Address:

Contract No.:

PROFIS Anchor 1.8.0

Phone/Fax: - / -

Responsible:

http://www.hilti.com/

E-Mail:

Location/Date: - / 23/9/2009

Load case (Design loads):

Anchor reactions [kN]
Tension force: (+Tension -Pressure)
Anchor

Tension force

Shear force

26.00

1.20

26.00

1.20

26.00

1.20

11.98

1.20

11.98

1.20

0.00

1.20

0.00

1.20

0.00

1.20

max. concrete compressive strain [ : 0.18

max. concrete compressive stress [N/mm :
resulting tension force [kN]: 102.00
resulting compression force [kN]: 69.87

4.86

Tension load
Design values [kN]
Proof
Steel failure
Pull-out failure
Concrete cone failure

Load

Capacity

26.00

48.10

Utilisation
54

OK

26.00

37.99

68

OK

101.97

121.65

84

OK

Steel failure
h

N Rk,s [kN ]
72.15

M,s

1.500

N Rd,s [kN ]

NSd [kN ]

48.10

26.00

Pull-out failure
h

62.42

NRd,p [kN ]

N Sd [kN ]

1.800

37.99

26.00

A c,N [mm ]

c cr,N [mm ]

s cr,N [mm ]

62500.0

125

250

N Rk,p [kN ]

M,p

1.095

Concrete cone failure

2

A c,N [mm ]
212500.0

ec1,N

ec2,N

1.000

0.835

N Rk,c [kN ]
55.11

M,c

1.800

s,N

ucr,N

1.000

re,N

1.000

1.400

N Rd,c [kN ]

N Sd [kN ]

121.65

101.97

Input data and results must be checked for agreement with the existing conditions and for plausibility!
PROFIS Anchor ( c ) 2003 Hilti AG, FL-9494 Schaan Hilti is a registered Trademark of Hilti AG, Schaan

[%]

Status

Company:

Page 3 of 5

Specifier:

Project:

User application

Address:

Contract No.:

PROFIS Anchor 1.8.0

Phone/Fax: - / -

Responsible:

http://www.hilti.com/

E-Mail:

Location/Date: - / 23/9/2009

Shear load
Design values [kN]
Proof

Load

Capacity

Steel failure (without lever

1.20

34.60

OK

Utilisation

[%]

Status

arm)
Pryout failure

1.20

61.73

OK

Concrete edge failure in

9.59

134.07

OK

direction y+
Steel failure (without lever arm)
h

V Rk,s [kN ]

M,s

V Sd [kN ]

34.60

1.20

1.250

43.25

V Rd,s [kN ]

Pryout failure
2

A c,N [mm ]

A c,N [mm ]

c cr,N [mm ]

scr,N [mm ]

k-factor

300000.0

62500.0

125

250

2.000

s,N

1.000

ec1,N

ec2,N

1.000

1.000

NRk,c [kN ]
55.11

M,c,p

re,N

ucr,N

1.000

1.400

V Rd,c1 [kN ]

VSd [kN ]

61.73

1.20

1.500

Concrete edge failure in direction y+

2

lf [mm ]

d nom [mm ]

c 1 [mm ]

A c,V [mm ]

A c,V [mm ]

125

16

650

787500.0

1901250.0

s,V

h,V

1.000

,V

1.407

V Rk,c [kN ]

M,c

246.47

1.500

ec,V

ucr,V

1.000

1.000

1.400

V Rd,c [kN ]

V Sd [kN ]

134.07

9.59

Combined tension and shear loads

N

0.838
N

Utilisation

0.072

N,V

[%]

76

<= 1

V)

/ 1.2 <= 1

Edge reinforcement
Edge reinforcement is not required to avoid splitting failure
No edge reinforcement is required to assure characteristic shear resistance against concrete edge failure

Input data and results must be checked for agreement with the existing conditions and for plausibility!
PROFIS Anchor ( c ) 2003 Hilti AG, FL-9494 Schaan Hilti is a registered Trademark of Hilti AG, Schaan

Status
OK

Company:

Page 4 of 5

Specifier:

Project:

User application

Address:

Contract No.:

PROFIS Anchor 1.8.0

Phone/Fax: - / -

Responsible:

http://www.hilti.com/

E-Mail:

Location/Date: - / 23/9/2009

Displacements
The displacement of the highest loaded anchor should be calculated according to the relevant approval. The displacement due to
hole tolerances can be neglected, because this method assumes filled holes (Hilti Dynamic Set). The characteristic loads of the
highest loaded anchor are
N Sk

20.19 [kN]

2.37 [kN]

V Sk

The acceptable anchor displacements depend on the fastened construction and must be defined by the designer!
Proof of the transmission of the anchor loads to the supports
Transmission of the anchor loads into the concrete
Checking the transfer of loads into the base is required in accordance with ETAG Section 7.1!
Shear resistance of base material
Shear resistance of the base material must be checked according to relevant approval or Eurocode 2/ BS8110 etc.
Warnings
An even load distribution of the shear load is assumed, e.g. by using the Hilti Dynamic Set.
The compliance with current standards (e.g. EC3) is the responsibility of the user
Dry hole and standard cleaning are assumed! Temperature influence is neglected!

Fastening meets the design criteria!

Input data and results must be checked for agreement with the existing conditions and for plausibility!
PROFIS Anchor ( c ) 2003 Hilti AG, FL-9494 Schaan Hilti is a registered Trademark of Hilti AG, Schaan

Company:

Page 5 of 5

Specifier:

Project:

User application

Address:

Contract No.:

PROFIS Anchor 1.8.0

Phone/Fax: - / -

Responsible:

http://www.hilti.com/

E-Mail:

Location/Date: - / 23/9/2009

Anchorplate, steel: S235 (ST37)

Section type: Square hollow section - 150 x 150 x 10,0 (150 x 150 x 10)
Hole diameter d f = 18 mm
Recommended plate thickness: not calculated

x
4

50.0

50.0
200.0

200.0

Anchorplate [mm]
x

-200

200

150

200

200

150

150

200

-200

-200

-200

Coordinates Anchor [mm]

Anchor

Anchor

Anchor

-150

-150

-150

-150

150

150

-150

-150

150

Input data and results must be checked for agreement with the existing conditions and for plausibility!
PROFIS Anchor ( c ) 2003 Hilti AG, FL-9494 Schaan Hilti is a registered Trademark of Hilti AG, Schaan

Appendix A

Wind Topography Analysis

Appendix B

Reference Design Intent Drawing

10

Appendix C

Recycled Plastic Wood Test Report