BASIC INFECTION

PREVENTION AND
CONTROL FOR HOSPITAL
STAFF AND HEALTHCARE

OUTLINE OF
DISCUSSION

Standard Precaution
Transmission-Based
Precautions
Isolation

STANDA
RD

STANDARD
PRECAUTION
WHO DEFINITION:
Methods to reduce the risk
of transmission of
bloodborne and other
pathogens from both
recognized and
unrecognized sources

CDC DEFINITION:
The minimum infection
prevention measures that
apply to all patient care,
regardless of suspected or
confirmed infection status
of the patient, in any
setting where health care is
delivered

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION
+
BODY SUBSTANCE
ISOLATION

STANDARD
PRECAUTION
=

COMPONENTS
HAND HYGIENE
USE OF PPE

EXTENDED
COMPONENTS
RESPIRATORY HYGIENE
SAFE INJECTION PRACTICES
SAFE HANDLING OF
POTENTIALLY
CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT
OR SURFACES IN THE
PATIENT ENVIRONMENT

HAND
HYGIE

USE OF PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT

GLOVES
IF HANDS WILL COME INTO
CONTACT WITH PATIENTS BODY
FLUIDS
ALSO USED IF TOUCHING
PATIENTS MUCOUS MEMBRANES
AND NON-INTACT SKIN

MASK
FOR PATIENTS WITH
RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS
FOR COLONIZED PATIENTS
WHO UNDERGO AEROSOLIZING
PROCEDURES/TREATMENT
(NEBULIZATION)

EYE PROTECTION
USED WHEN PATIENT CARE
ACTIVITIES ARE LIKELY TO
CAUSE SPLASHES /SPRAYS
OF BODY
FLUIDS/SECRETIONS

GOWN
SHOULD BE USED DURING
PROCEDURES WHEN CONTACT
OF CLOTHING OR EXPOSED SKIN
WITH BLOOD, BODY FLUIDS,
SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS
IS ANTICIPATED

RESPIRATORY
HYGIENE

 A COUGH PRODUCES
UP TO 5000 DROPLETS
A SNEEZE CAN
PRODUCE UP TO
40,000 DROPLETS

IS A SOURCE CONTROL
MEASURE DEVELOPED
DURING THE SEVERE ACUTE
RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
(SARS) OUTBREAK

ELEMENTS:
COUGHING/SNEEZING
ETIQUETTE
EDUCATION OF HEALTH
WORKERS, PATIENTS AND
VISITORS

POSTED SIGNAGES
WITH INSTRUCTIONS
TO PATIENTS AND
ACCOMPANYING
FAMILY
MEMBERS/FRIENDS

SPATIAL SEPARATION
OF PERSONS WITH
RESPIRATORY
INFEECTIONS IN
COMMON WAITING
AREAS WHEN POSSIBLE

COUGH
COVER
ETIQUETTE
YOUR COUGH/SNEEZE
WITH A TISSUE OR A
HANDKERCHIEF
IF NOT AVAILABLE, USE
SLEEVES OF CLOTHES

 THROW USED TISSUE ON

INFECTIOUS WASTE BIN
WASH HANDS
AFTERWARD TO PREVENT
SPREAD OF INFECTION

SAFE INJECTION
PRACTICES

AVOIDANCE OF
RECAPPING
IF NOT POSSIBLE =
ONE HAND SCOOP
TECHNIQUE

SAFE HANDLING OF
POTENTIALLY
CONTAMINATED
EQUIPMENT OR
SURFACES IN THE
PATIENT

 GLOVES AND GOWN

(IF CONTACT WITH
PATIENT
ENVIRONMENT IS
ANTICIPATED)
HAND HYGIENE!!!

TRANSMISSION
BASED
PRECAUTIONS

ARE ADDITIONAL INFECTION

CONTROL PRECAUTIONS IN
HEALTHCARE WHICH ARE
APPLIED FOR PATIENTS WHO
ARE KNOWN TO BE
INFECTED WITH INFECTIOUS
AGENTS

CONTACT
PRECAUTION
APPLIES TO PATIENTS WITH THE
FOLLOWING SYMPTOMS:
Generalized rashes/exanthems
Stool incontinence
Draining wounds and lesions with
uncontrolled secretions

 USE DISPOSABLE PATIENT

CARE ITEMS, IF POSSIBLE
PATIENT ROOMS UNDER
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
SHOULD BE GIVEN
PRIORITY DURING
CLEANING

 PLACE PATIENT IN A
PRIVATE ROOM
AMBULATORY: PLACE
IN AN EXAMINATION/
TREATMENT ROOM

PATHOGEN-SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS:
C. difficile
Rotavirus
Hepatitis A
Herpes simplex
Impetigo (Streptococci)
Lice
Scabies

DROPLET
PRECAUTION
FOR PATIENTS SUSPECTED
OR KNOWN TO BE INFECTED
WITH MICROORGANISMS
SPREAD BY RESPIRATORY
DROPLETS

RESPIRATORY DROPLETS
= >5 um in size
= up to 3 feet
= talking, sneezing,
coughing, aerosolgenerating procedures

 Suctioning
Collection of respiratory
specimen
Resuscitation
Endotracheal intubation

SURGICAL MASK FOR

THE PATIENT AND HCW
CHANGE PPE IN
BETWEEN PATIENTS, IF
POSSIBLE

PATHOGEN-SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS

Diptheria
Influenza
Mumps
Pertussis
Meningococci

AIRBORNE
PRECAUTIONS
USED FOR PATIENTS KNOWN
OR SUSPECTED TO BE
INFECTED WITH AGENTS
THAT ARE TRANSMITTED BY
THE AIRBORNE ROUTE

INFECTIOUS DROPLET
NUCLEI
=DRIED RESIDUE FORMED
BY EVAPORATION OF
DROPLETS OR THRU
AEROSOLIZATION

 SINGLE ROOM WITH

CONTINUOUS NEGATIVE
PRESSURE
DIRECT EXHAUST OF AIR
TO OUTSIDE OF FACILITY

AMBULATORY SETTING:
PLACE PATIENT/S IN A
WELL-VENTILATED AREA,
PREFERABLY FAR FROM
OTHER PATIENTS
PLACE SURGICAL MASK
ON THE PATIENT

N95 RESPIRATOR

 WILL PROTECT THE

WEARER AGAINST
AIRBORNE PARTICLES
LESS THAN 0.3
MICRONS IN DIAMETER
N95 = 95% FILTER
EFFICIENCY

TUBERCULOSIS
MERS-CoV
MEASLES
CHICKENPOX

ISOLATION

DONE TO PROMOTE PREVENTION

OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
FROM A PATIENT TO OTHER
PATIENTS
FROM A PATIENT TO HCWs
FROM HCWs/OUTSIDERS TO A
PATIENT

 STRICT ISOLATION
USED FOR DISEASE
SPREAD THROUGH
THE AIR
ISOLATION ROOM

CONTACT ISOLATION
DROPLET ISOLATION
AIRBORNE ISOLATION
REVERSE ISOLATION