GRE Engineering Guide

REP staRev 21000 ri A Epoxy Pipe Systems Title: Engineering Guide for Wavistrong filament wound epoxy pipe systems Date issued: 01-08-2001 Replaces issue of: 01-11-1997 Wavistrong Engineering Guide ES/EWICS SystemAl information was correct at the time of going to press. However, we reserve the right to alter, amend and update any products, systems and services described in this brochure. We accept no responsibility for the interpretation of statements made. © Copyright by Future Pipe Industries B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means ‘without written permission from the publisher. Wavistrong Engineering Guide WTable of Contents Section Page L Introduction . Il, Wavistrong information . bt tiiGenerat ee M12. Serial identification. 11.3. Winding angle W14. Joining systems 114.4. Tensile resistant joints. . 114.2. Non-tensile resistant joints 115. System data 115.1. Pipes . 115.2. Fittings - 115.3. Combined stresses 1.6. Head loss in pipes and fittings . . 1.6.1. Wavistrong pipes . 1.6.2. Wavistrong fittings IL-7. Wavistrong pipe properties 1.8. Bending radius . . 1.9. Fluid (water) hammer - 140, Stifness 111. Buckling pressure - 42, Classification . Wavistrong above ground pipe systems ee - 40 L1. Design : - 40 MLZ. Supports. - 40 M1L3. Clamps 40 IL4. Support distance li4.1. Single span length ML4.2. Continuous span length . M5. Corrected support distance M6. Anchor points. WL7. Anchor loads IV. Wavistrong underground pipe systems IV.1. Design and joining systems . ... . 1V.2. Anchor points . : V3. Caloulation of underground pipe systems : 1V.3.1. Pipe deflection . . : 1V.3.2. Deflection lag factor IV.3.3. Deflection coefficient . IV.3.4. Vertical soil load V3.5. Live load . IV.3.5.1. Live load coefficient single wheel load 1V.3.5.2. Live load coefficient two passing trucks 1V.3.6. Pipe stiffness factor 5 1V.3.7. Modulus of soil reaction IVA. Resulting hoop stress . IVS. Allowable combined stress Wavistrong Engineering Guide mWAppendix 1 Appendix tt Appendix It! Appendix IV Appendix V + List of symbols : Conversion tables : Conversion graph psi vs bar . : Conversion graph °C vs °F : Examples combined stresses Wavistrong Engineering Guide v|. Introduction This Wavistrong Engineering Guide provides information for the design, specification and installation of Wavistrong glass fibre reinforced epoxy pipe systems in the diameter range from 25 mm up to and including 1600 mm, for above ground and underground applications. Fordetailed specification, installation information and standard products references made to the Wavistrong System Specifications, the Wavistrong Installation Manual and the Wavistrong Product List. Beyond others, this information can be obtained at www futurepipe.com, Allconventional methods of calculating stressesin the pipe wall, resulting from intemal and external loads, are applicable to the Wavistrong pipe system. The occurring stresses in the structural laminate have tobe combined to an equivalent stress and compared with the allowable value of his stress. The allowable ‘equivalent stress has been determined using the Continuum Theory’. ‘The engineering of piping systems is complicated and can be simplified with the aid of calculation programs. Asa help for the piping engineer, Future Pipe industries developed computer programs for the calculation of stresses, strains and deformations for underground and above ground applications. On request, computer runs can be made for the calculation of stresses and deformations in a specific underground piping system in accordance with ANSVAWWA C950 or ATV A 127. For rigid above ground applications pipe stress analysis can be made with the aid of a computerized flexibility programs. ‘Although our Engineering Departmentis able to support the pipe system design withindividual calculations as described above, Future Pipe Industries will not act as “designer” as describedin ASME B31.3, chapter 1, paragraph 300 (b) (2). ‘The design of a pipeline system using Wavistrong products means a construction with pipes as well as fittings. Allelements of the system are designed such that the performance requirements of the pipeline is valid for each element of the Wavistrong system. ‘The choice for one of the possible joining systems will be considered in design stage. Together with our engineers we can advise an optimal solution. Because ofits benefits, the possibilty of using prefabricated pipeline sections (spools), should be considered in design stage of the piping system. ‘The advantage of using spools can be found in the reduced amount of joints to be made in the field, the shorter assembly dimensions, the narrow tolerances and the shortest installation time. With the knowledge of the system requirements for a pipeline system several questions have to be answered to come to a successful operating pipeline. Besides technical discussions these questions are answered in our technical iterature. The different subjects for discussion referring to the relevant information are given in the following diagram (fig. |.1., page 2). If product information is not covered by this guide, our engineers will be pleased to assist and inform you about typical design possibilities and latest improvements of Wavistrong. dog Beanspruchung und Verformung von GIK Mehrschichten Verbunden’, A. Puck, Kunststoffe67, Tell 1-I, 1967. Heft 12 Wavistrong Engineering Guide 1Fig. 1.1. Product information Coenen Spang (oa) Engooing Gade Peso Syrem Specticaions adi — oo Eigheorha ue ‘Operating (Design) te >| Sten eance in Stee Wavistrong Engineering Guide 2ll. Wavistrong information 14, General ‘Wavistrong piping systems are manufactured from glass fibres, impregnated with an aromatic- or cyclo aliphatic amine cured epoxy resin. This thermosetting resin system possesses superior corrosion resistance, together with excellent mechanical, physical and thermal properties. ‘The glass fibre reinforced epoxy resin piping system resists the corrosive effects of mixtures of low ‘concentrations of acids, neutral or near-neutral salts, solvents and caustics, both under internal and external loads at temperatures up to 110°C. The helically wound continuous glass fibres of the reinforced (structural) wall of the pipes and the fittings are protected on the inner side by the resin-rich reinforced liner and on the outer side by the resin topcoat. 1.2. Serial identification ‘The serial identification consists of two parts, namely: ‘A. Type identification ‘The type of product is identified by three alphabetic characters 1. Type of matrix: _E stands for epoxy resin stands for electrical conductive epoxy resin S stands for standard W stands for potable water 2. Type of applicatior 3. Type of joint: T stands for tensile resistant N stands for non-tensile resistant B. Pressure class This figure indicates the maximum allowable intemal pressure (bar) that the product can resist for a life time of 50 years, with a service (design) factor (S,) of 0.5, which implies a safety factor of 2. Example: Serie EST 20 means: Epoxy resin ‘Standard application Tensile resistant joining system Nominal pressure 20 bar. Note ‘Tho data in this Engineering Guide for series EST are also valid for series EWT and CST. ‘The data in this Engineering Gulde for serios ESN ae also vald for serios EWN and CSN. For the design of the pipe it has been assumed that for the tensile resistant types of joints (identification T) the ratio= AvialsteSS — 9.5, and for non-tensile resistant types of joints (identification N) the Hoop stress ratio R = 0.25. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 31.3. Winding angle Depending on the loading of the system and the pressure class, the continuous glass fibre reinforcement is helically wound under a predetermined angle with the axis of the pipe. For the different systems the winding angle («) is given in table Ia. Table II-a. Winding angle « (degrees) sees [~@ 7 725 Ed [0 _[_=0 =a | — oS [se | se | 8" ESN = = or ef For some applications it can be of advantage to use a different winding angle («) in order to obtain specific product characteristics. 114, Joining systems ‘The Wavistrong joining systems can be divided into two major groups: A. Tensile resistant type of joints. These joints can take the full axial load due to internal pressure. B. _Non-tensile resistant type of joints. The axial forces in the system have to be taken by external provisions on the pipeline, 4.1. Tensile resistant joints Te A. Adhesive bonded conical/cylindrical joint (CJ) C The Wavistrong adhesive bonded conical/cylindrical joint is a rigid type of joining. The joint consists of a slightly conical socket end and ee eee a cylindrical spigot end. The socket end is provided with a pipe stop Fig. II.1. Cd foraccurate assembly dimensions. The adhesives atwo component ‘epoxy resin system, packed in separate containers. B. Adhesive bonded taper/taper joint (TJ) The Wavistrong adhesive bonded tapertaper ints arid type of joining. The joint consists of a conical socket and a spigot end. The oO adhesive is atwo component epoxy resin system, packed in separate containers. feat ania: Fig. 1L2. TJ C. Rubber seal lock joint (RSLJ) This type of joint consists of an integral filament wound socket end and a machined spigot end. The (-ting seal is positioned on the spigot end. The locking device is inserted through an opening in the socket end. I fis in a circumferential groove on the inner side of the socket end and rests against a shoulder on the spigot end. The Wavistrong rubber seal lock joint allows for some axial movement as well as a certain angular deflection (table Ill-g., page 53) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 4D. Laminated joint (uy) ) T Generally these 0 0 Q 8 O joints. will only be used for diameters mee —E— ‘over 400 mm. The Fig. 1.3. RSLY preparation of this Symba: —Y— Figid joint requires Fig. 11.4. LJ ‘good craftsmanship; itis recommended that Future Pipe Industries provides assistance during installation. E, Flanged joint (Fd) To enable connections with steel tines, Wavistrong pipes and fittings can be supplied with fianges, drilled in accordance with ANSI, DIN or other specifications. Special requirements can be met upon 0 0 ing and to allow for easy assembling anc request. Glass fibre reinforced epoxy flanges are always flat faced and in view of this, matching flanges should also be flat era. faced. The flanged joint is completed by using a gasket. Fig. 11.5. Fu 11.4.2. Non-tensile resistant joints ‘A. Rubber seal joint (RSJ) ‘The socket end ofthis jointis an integral filament wound. part of the pipe. The spigot end is a machined part on Which the O-ring seal is positioned. This flexible joint 0 0 allows for axial movement of the spigot in the socket yet —E ‘and some angular defiection (table Ill-g., page 53). B, Mechanical coupler (MC) Fig. 1.6. RSJ ‘The mechanical coupler normally consists of a metal casing and a rubber seal. These couplers are available indifferent types and are mostly non-thrust resistant. In those joints the sealing is obtained on the (machined) surface of plain-ended pipes. The maximum allowable pressure depends on the type of coupler. 15. System data 15.1. Pipes In sections Il. and IV. tables for the mechanical behaviour of the standard pipe series are listed. For the determination of this behaviour, or in case these data cannot be used and separate calculations are required, the pipe data from table II-b. through II-d. (page & through 11) and fig. 1.7. (page 13 through 18) provide the necessary information. Table II. through II-d. give the following pipe data for the series Wavistrong Engineering Guide 5A. Minimum reinforced wall thickness (T,) EST and ESN: The minimum reinforced wall thickness is calculated with the !SO-formula: TO 2S y Py : Where: Te = minimum reinforced wall thickness ID = inner diameter allowable hoop stress (HDS)(table II-h., page 20) Py, = nominal pressure Note: Ty = total wall thickness (mm) Ww ete T+ Te Where: T= lor thickness 5mm 3mm B. Mass of the pipe (G,) ‘The mass of the pipe is calculated as follows: 5 (OD?-1D4) +5, +10 Where: G, = linear mass of the pipe OD = outer diameter ID = inner diameter S,_= specific gravity of the laminate (table Il4., page 21) Note: OD D+ 2" Ty C. Structural wall area (A) The structural wall area is calculated from: A= *(007-DI") structural wall area structural outer diameter structural inner diameter Dez" +t) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 6 (Eq. 11.1.) (mm) (mm) (wim) (pa) ‘wall thickness may be greater then the theoretically calculated minimum value. (Eq. 11.2.) (kg/m) (mm) (mm) (kgim*) (Eq. 11.3.) (mm?) (mm) (mm)D. Linear moment of inertia (1,) The linear moment of inertia is obtained from the following formula: +(D0*-pI+y Wher 1, = linear moment of inertia DO = structural outer diameter DI = structural inner diameter E. Radius of inertia (I,) The radius of inertia is calculated from the following equation: radius of inertia. linear moment of inertia (Eq. 11.4.) structural wall area (Eq. 11.3.) F. Bore area (A,) The bore area of the pipe is: Eup? 1p! 4 Where: bore area G. Moment of resistance to bending (W, (Eq. 4) (mm*) (rum) (rom) (Eq. 11.5.) (mom) (mm*) (mm?) (Eq. 11.6.) (mm?) (mm) For the calculation of the moment of resistance to bending the following formula is used: Do*-pI* 32° DO Where: We = moment of resistance to bending structural outer diameter structural inner diameter Note: Wy=2+ Wy wher: Wy = moment of resistance to torsion (ram) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 7 (Eq. 117.) (mm*) (mm) (mm)H. Mass of the pipe content (G,) ‘The values in table II-d. (page 11) have been calculated with the following equation: Gy FG 1iDe + Syr10* (Eq. 11.8.) Where: Gy = linear mass of the pipe content (kgim) ID = inner diameter (mm) S, = specific gravity of the fluid (kg/m?) Table Il-b. Pipe data for series EST Tinear Tear Momant of ‘nner Structural wall Radius of Series mass of moment of Bore area | resistance to Catsend fhopipe | ore Tnerta” | ert ending » & A i he A Ws (com) {iim} 10% mm’ | -10* my | +10 (mmy_| 40% mm’y_| 40° cm’ ESTE 350 74 Sit] 48600 125 962.1 2734 400 34 aos | 82090 143 | 125668 | dora 450, 118 sia | ss2ez4 181 tso04 | 5708 500, 141 eas | 2o2at2 ia | 9635 | 7o89 600 197 ora | 419000 za | zaara | aara'r 700 263 1243 | ree. zo | eas | 2708 750 200) s4a7 | so2air7 zs | sire | 2eroa 00, 343] too | tsaao02 zee | 50285 | 3024 200 428} 2083 | 14st. 32 63617 | 46027 1000, s22| 2588 | 5268703 as7 | 7asao | aa.o 1200 739 9760349 was] sis087 | ss0re9 1400 12501005 aso | tsses8 | i7s028 1600, 2120045.0 sri | 201062 | 2618200, EST IZs 250 1599.5 20 490.9 125.0 300 33101 107 78 | 2188 350 6123.8 125 362.1 3a 400 104358 143 | 12568 | 5103, 450 ter02 184 1008 | 7262 ‘500 250647 ire | 9638 | s0188 600 3606.4 21s | 2e27a | iran 700 0002.4 250 | se455 | 27085 750 1303003 208 | 4ai79 | Saona 300, teaaoe.t 238 | so28s | 1238 900 269409.0 saz} sor? | stone 1000, 410021.8 367 | __7asao | 6030.2 EST Te 200 827°5 72 site 30.3 250 2064.8 90 160.4 300 42263 108 273.9 350, 77877 128 aai2 400 134152 ia 652.5 450 213253, 184 e224 : 00 323048 179 1258.0 600 er28r9 215 2184.0 700 125057.5, 251 sa7e’s 750 tears52 269 4202.7 800 216 287 5155.3, ETH 150 34033 54 a7 200 1108.3 72 108.5 250 26735 20 208.3 300, 55004 108 35415 350 sorera 128 360.8 4400 W276 14 834.6 450 276021 162 1188.7 500 ‘982.1 180 1625.4 600 arr102 216 __2826.8 (continued) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 8Table Il-b. Pipe data for seri EST (continuation) 9 Rointorood Women of Ioner Linear mo. | Radius of Series ‘wal Bore area | resistance to ciameter | yttaoas ment of neria| "“inerta 0 te h rn) Jom) 10! “4 STIS 100 2 1082 37 150 34 4457 54 200 a1 1380.7 73 250 5a 3365.4 an 300 a 080.7 108 350 74 120088 427 400 82 0727 145 460 92 352258 163 500 102 3531.0 181 600 122 11050914 217 EST SE 30 24 B47 29 100 28 1138 a7 160 38 553.9 55 200 Ba 17544 73 250 4 4258.8 Pt 4300 17 ‘3000.8 108 350 0 16499.9 127 4 103 26160.8 447 EST ao 50 18. 104 12 80 26 50.7 30 100 33 1472 a7 $50 50 7482 35 200 8 23213 73 250 3 ‘5058.4 92 300 98 118049 110 350 118 217373 28 400 132 368727 47 Co 25 12 15 10 40 18 58 15 50 2a 24 18 80 33 78 30 100 a2 1923 37 450 63 96855 56 200 83 2903.1 14 260 108 7308.3 92 300 125 151486 4 360 48 20823 129 400 167, 478700 148 Wavistrong Engineering GuideTable II-c. Pipe data for series ESN ‘Sores | _ loner [Reinforced] Linear | Stucural | Unear mo- | Radus of | Bore area | Moment of iameter |""'wal | mase ot | wall ‘mentof | "inertia resistance to thickness | the pice | area inertia Bonding 0 t G A k he a Ww gommy | tommy | gag) | 10% ony | 10% (rum | +10 tmp | +102 mom) | 10% nn’ ESNIO] 450] 33 108 aA 121614 | 16.1 1500.4 S314 500 | 36 29 57.1 reese | a7a | 10635 naa 00 | 43 179 ara avasog | 214 | 28274 s2287 moo | 1 zz | sat yosto.1 | 250 | 38a 198218 so | 54 | 272 | 1283 or77e3 | 26.7 | at79 2409'5 soo | 58 | 309 z si96212 | 285 | s0265 2048.2 900 | ss | 385 5: sgoreia | 321 | e367 ai7a6 sooo | 72 | 468 | 2280 | zao7zos | 356 | 7ess0 s707s rao | se | oot | 3268 | sorrso8 | 423 | 113007 9813.3, rao | 100 | a6 | 4433 | stosz2n6| 49.9 455274 ss00_| 115 | 1153 | 5825 | se03650'6 | 57.0 233197 ESN TE] 350 28 Ta BEd 4000.0 | 12.5 2734 400 5: 94 408 2000 | 143 4074 450 se 116 514 132824 | 161 708 500 a0 | 141 635 2ozsi2 | 179 7949 600 aa | 197 sia | a1g009 | 214 13727 700 56 1243 775883 | 250 2178.8 750 60 a7 | soza77 | 268 2879.4 800 8 sg44092 | _ 255 3302.4 ESN | 200 24 793.2 72 Trt 250 25 tsa | 90 i 300 30 3310. 107 2186 350 35 erz38 | 125 5421 400 40 50.9 | tos88 | 143 510.3 450 a5 e44 | se7oza | 161 | 15004 726.2 500 a sti | 2sose7 | aro | 10635 tots 500 4 si3__| 536061 | 24 227.4 48.4 ESNaS | —200 25 18.0 327.5 72 3142 203 250 32 2568 zosis | 90 160.4 300 38 364 42263 | 108 2739 350 4 43.4 qr | 126 4312 400 ea ost tsai52 | 144 052.5 450 87 ais | 2tszs3 | t64 9224 500 63 soo | 323004 | i739 1258.0 600 76 53 | srze79_|_ 215 2184.0. ESNa2] — 00 24 63 ‘347 28 128 100 24 73 408.2 37 187 150 24 118 3403 | 84 437 200 33 22 s1053 | 72 108.5 250 a1 329 20735 | 90 206.3 300 49 474 550.4 | 108 | 706. 356.5w a0 cy 04 40 10 30 18 80 40 100 63 7150 Tat 200 25.4 250, 39.3 300 56.5 350 770 400 | soos, 480] 127.2 s00 | 573 600_| 226.2 700] 307. so | 353.4 00 | 402‘s ‘300 —) soe a tooo | 8283 y200 | 9048 s4o0 | 1231.5 se00_|_ 1608.5 1.5.2. Fittings ‘The minimum reinforced wall thickness (T,) of fitings is related to the minimum reinforced wall thickness. (T,) of pipes by the ratio allowable hoop stress (S,,) of pipes divided by the allowable hoop stress (S,) of fittings. The allowable hoop stress (S,) for pipes is given in table II-h. (page 20), being the Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS). For fittings the allowable hoop stress Is as follows: - tee/lateralireducer: = elbow/double socket: Note: Fittings are only avalable in the series EST, EWT and CST. A non-tonsile resistant pipe system can be designed as a ‘combination of non-tensile resistant pipes with tensile resistant fitings. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 1Table Il-e. Available standard Wavistrong systems. ra aT Sass fas TOT-BO[ BO [TOO] TEU BOO] SO-300]SGO-FOO STB] TAT] BOTON OO TAOT] TOOT : alia = _ oot ti tt atte te | Note 1 CJ —Conical/Cylindrical Adhesive bonded Joint 2 TJ Taper/Taper Adhesive bonded Joint 3 RSLJ Rubber Seal Lock Joint 4, RSJ Rubber Seal Joint 5? LJ Laminated Joint 6 FJ Flanged Joint Mechanical couplers on request. [EEEEG - See higher pressure ciass Other systems are available on request. 5.3. Combined stresses L7-a. through II.7-c. (page 13 through 15) give the allowable axial (longitudinal) and hoop (circumferential) stress for pipes, wound under winding angles of 55°, 63° or 73", in combination with shear stress (7). ‘The equivalent stress (S,,), calculated with the use of the continuum theory”? and related to the Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS), for the different pipes = 19.3 N/mm®. For this case the maximum service (design) factor referred to in ASTM D 2992, (S) = 0.5. ‘The maximum equivalent stress (S,jne) for combined stresses in the pipe wall, due to the hydrostatic oad plus external mechanical loads = 24.5 N/mm, For combined stress situations the maximum service (design) factor (S,) = 0.67. For examples of the use of fig. Il.7. see Appendix V. > Pipes, o ~ 65° BS 88 8 8s 8 B ° a ° 5 wo 1 Hw Axial stress. (N/mm!) ——> === Alowable stresses for hydrostatic loading, service (design) factor = 0.5, Seq = 19.3 Nim — _Alowatie stresses for combined loading, service (design) factor = 0.67, Seq(max) = 245 Nim —— _ Allowable stresses for combined loatng in combination with shear stress, Seq(max) = 24.5 Nimm=Fig. 1L.7-b, Pipes, winding angle w = 63° Pipes, 220 n= Api stress 340 Hodp stress- 20 200 200 260 | =| E = 20 i —— + —_;—_] 200 180 {———— i <=10) 3 10 | g eeahome ‘ 2 w = i 10 TK 100 4 as i i CT eo : fon LEH a act —— 4 J o 5 © 6 © 2% 0 & w Axial stress (N/mm#)———>> ———- _Alowable stresses for hydrostatic loading, service (design) factor = 0.8, Seq = 19:3 Nfmme — _Alowabie stresses for combined loading, service (design) factor = 0.67, Seq(max) = 245 Nfmme —— _Alowabe stresses for combined loacng in combination wih shear stress, Seq(max) = 245 Nimm* Wavistrong Engineering Guide 14(FPa Fig. 1L7-c. Pipes, winding angle o = 73° a Pipes, «@ = 73° bead | Setnan|= 24 fae Sea ai fecal aneeadlraes ptt NR z = VAL Hi Tn ice hee ro hobo : is 20 pecoty : TH . | ee eee v “1 Axial stress_(Nfmm*)———> ===— Alowabie stresses for hydrostatic loading, service (desig) factor = 0.5, Soq = 19.3 Nim —— _Alowable sressos for combined loading, service (dosign) factor ~ 0.67, Soq(max) = 24.5 Nimm* —— _Alwable sirsses for combined loading In comblntion wih shear stresses, Seqimax) = 24.5 Nimm= Wavistrong Engineering Guide 151.6, Head loss in pipes and fittings 1.6.1. Wavistrong pipes Wavistrong pipe systems have a relatively low head loss due to their smooth inner surface. The head losses have been determined by using the Darcy Welsbach formula, ‘The friction coefficients for the pipeline system are determined by the Colebrook-White method with a wall roughness k = 0.05 mm, including head loss over the joints. ‘This approximates a Hazen-Wiliams coefficient of 150. For the pipes and fittings as such the wall roughness k= 0.04 to 0.02 mm. Head loss flow charts for pipes are shown in fig. II.8. and II.9. (page 18 and 19). These figures give the head loss for the pipeline system in metre water column per metre pipe length for water at 10°C. ‘At higher operating temperatures the kinematic viscosity of water decreases, resulting in lower head losses. 11.6.2. Wavistrong fittings ‘The head loss in fitings can be calculated from the following formula: BH nog= 644 + Sy V2 (Eq. 119.) Where: ‘Heng = head toss in the fiting (im?) g ction coefficient ©) Sy pecific gravity of the fluid (kgim*) v iow velocity (mis) ‘The friction coefficient (C) for elbows and tees is given in table II-f. and II-g. (page 17). The head loss in fitings can be expressed in an equivalent pipe length (Lg) when using the head loss of pipes from fig. 11.8. and 11.9. (page 18 and 19). aM, bea S10 (Eq. 11.10) equivalent pipe length (m ead loss in the fiting (wi) ead loss in the pipe (fig. 1.8. and I1.9., page 18 and 19) (mw.c.Jm) celeration due to gravity (mis?) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 16Table II. Friction coefficient ¢ (-) for elbows, a i oat gor oo ota oa0 Note: Elbows ID 2 450 mm are mitered. For al standard elbows the radius R= 4.5 *1D Table Il-g. Friction coefficient { (-) for tees and laterals ow seperation [Pow cortnaton a @tod rd 2 ia od a ee = c a $ wo ® D o | + | om ce | om 20 ose | $8 3 | 88 = 3% 338] 0 ’ er ca (am one | ag on obs te | oa 888 ca |r eam eee | aa ae obs oe | oe Se re 300 | “O° ae os | fae | oan aa obs es to oes os eo | O° ate os | + | on 10 | os 07 os} Ga or | 33 Ske tae eeoranoets |e + [oa] oss ze | og ont oss] 939 $3938 os | °o s t = tcton coon for prasou iss of ® rave to © {8 tow sopsaon + toon cotcent fr presure toss of ® rave to © {Ge (How combination) = frcton cootiient for pressure loss of @ reiaive to ° = flow inthe run o flow in the branch Wavistrong Engineering Guide 7Fig. IL8. Head loss flow chart ID 25 mm through 300 mm 2 Head loss in m.w.cm pie length ot Flow quantty in mh Wavistrong Engineering Guide 8Fig. 9. Head loss flow chart 1D 300 mm through 1600 mm. Flow quantity in meyh Wavistrong Engine: 191,7. Wavistrong pipe properties Tables I-h. through IF. (page 20 and 21) detallthe minimum properties, obtained when testing Wavistrong in accordance with the indicated test methods. Unless otherwise stated, all properties refer to the reinforced wall and are vali for temperatures at 20°C. For higher temperatures the correction factors for the E-moduli of table II. (page 21) should be applied. Table II-h, Hydrostatic properties 2 Winding angle (a) roperty Test method aati [ies [das Bravia: (R = 0.5) mate teop ores asta o 1560 a0 | 200] = | mm mente Ease Wal Stree rutre ripe maunviee | 100 | 40 | | nmme Update Den Basi Jacrw 0 2002 8 so | 100 |. | imme pdr Deion strove last o 20022? ee ee Unianial: (R = 025) Limate hoop stress eae lees (wooping) Jastu 370 | Nn Hydrostatic Design Basis . i HOB (50 years) Jasta 0 2092 8 200 | 160 | Nim ioe Boxewort tet Jastm 0 2092 B? | 100 | 80 | nimme HDS (50 years) HDS = HDB * S, Where: HDS = Hydrostatic Design Stress HDB = Hydrostatic Design Basis, S, = service (design) factor” * Maximum service (design) factor S,= 0.5. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 20Table II, Mechanical properties Winding angle (o) Property [Test method =] | asm 2105 | 75 | 55 40 | Ninn Axil tensile modulus &, | ast 2105 | 12000 | 11500 | 11500 | Ninn Hoop tensile stress ast 2200 | 210 | 260 | 400 | Nimme Hoop tensile modulus ‘astm 0 2290 | 20500 | 27500 | 37000 | Nimm= shear modulus os 11500 | 9500 } 7000 | Ninn Adal bonding stross wo | 65 50 | Wim [Axa Bending modulus & | astmoz026 | 12000 | 11500 | 11500 | Nimme Hoop benaing stress asmo2e2 | 90 | 120 | 160 | Nims Hoop bending modulus e, | astm 2a | 20500 | 27600 | 37000 | Nim Poisson rato axitoap! New oss | osz | 047 i Poisson rato hoop/aal” No oss _| 02s | os : Table II-k. Temperature correction factor R, (-) for modull of elasticity “Correction factor Wanaing Temparatre RO. "angle Co). Raval ReHoop @) 20 a [100 [00 Res 5" 7 oe | 082 | 072 | 060 | oss Re oy 1 092 | os2 | 072 | oso | oss Re ie 1 092 | 082 | o7 | oso | oss Re os 1 09s | 090 | oa | o75 | oro RS 6 ‘ oar | oss | os0 | oss | oz RS Be 4 oss | oss | osr | oss | os Table IH1. Physical properties Property [Coeticiont of inoar thermal expansion % | ASTMD 636 2210") mmimm-e [Thermal conductivity 029 | Wim [Specie heat o21 | akg. [Glass content (by mass) astuo2sea | 702s | % [Giass content (by volume) astm 2584 | 5227 | % [Specie gravity of the laminate 5 1850. | kg/m? Barco! hardness ASTM D 2563 ase [Surface resistance (Series C.) astm 257 | <10*10'| am The fist index gives the direction of the contraction, the second index gives the load direction Wavistrong Engineering Guide 21.8. Bending radius ‘The minimum allowable bending radius (R,) for a pipe, installed at 20°C, is given in table Il-n. and Il-o. (page 24 and 25). ‘The allowable radius depends on the operating temperature (T) and -pressure (P). For elevated operating temperatures, the indicated values of table I-n. and I-o. have to be corrected withthe temperature correction factor (Re) from t ble II-k. (page 21). ‘The minimum allowable bending radius (R,) has been calculated with the following formula: temperature correction factor (table II-k., page 21) E = axial bending modulus (table IIj., page 21) Di = structural inner diameter Sq = remaining axial stress smaining axial stress llowable axial stress tual axial stress due to internal pressure For bi-axial loaded systems: 3-8 7 (Bat) fe For uni-axial loaded systems: Syx 0(2 +1) = .ctual axial stress due to internal pressure perating pressure (table II-b. and II-c., page 8 through 10) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 2 (Eq. 111.) (m) &) (N/mm?) (mm) (N/mm?) (Eq. 11.12.) (N/mm?) (N/mm?) (N/mm?) (Eq. 11.13.) (Eq. 11.14.) (Nim) (Mpa) (mm) (mm)) The allowable axial stress (S,q) depends on the type of loading (R) and the winding angle (a) and is given in table Il-m. Table im. Allowable axial stress S,, (Nimm*) axial stress hoop stress ‘The values of table II |. and Il-o. (page 24 and 25) are only valid for the pipes of the indicated series. For available standard pipe systems, see table Il-e. (page 12). Wavistrong Engineering Guide 23Table II-n. Bending radius R, (m) at 20°C for series EST ‘Operating pressure ( peter |e (ae we re Ts ‘360 | 207 720 2 400 | 330 137 105 450 | 381 | ato 154 118 500} 426 | 243 wm 131 600 | sos | 292 205 158 oo | 593 | 340 239 184 750 | 635 | 365 256 197 soo | sat | 370 269 209 900 | 725 | 425 303 235 1000 | a10 | 476 337 261 1200 | 97s | 573 405 ata 400 | sna7 | 670 474 366 ae00_| 1316 | 767 542 418 ESTs | 250 | i768 | 102 72 35 300 | 214 | 122 a6 88 350 | 250 | 143 100 7 400 | 205 | 163 18 38 aso | azt | tes 128 99 500 | 332 | 197 140 109 800 | 403 | 238 169 431 700 | 47a | 270 197 153 750 | soo | 290 ait 166 soo | sas | sto 228 175 200 | ste | 360 258 196 1000 | 687_| 400 263 218 ESTs [200 | 159 35 3 45 260 | 80 | 103 n 55 300 | 225 | 125 87 6 aso} 271 | 148 402 8 400 | 202 | 165 115 a8 450 | 337 | 188 130 99 500 | 383 | 210 145 rr 600 | 450 | 250 173 133 roo | siz | 290 201 184 750 | 62 | 313 27 166 00 | so7_| 336 232 17 EST zo is0 | 110 2 ry 33 200 | 131 7 58 a 250 | 167 99 70 55 300 | 203 | 120 85 66 aso | 239 | 140 99 7 400 | 276 | 161 113 88 450 | 312 | iat 128 99 00 | sas | 202 saz 109 00 | 406 | 239 169 431 EST a Too | 45 32 25 2 150 | 99 50 2 33 200 | 136 80 57 “4 250 | 172 | 100 7 55 soo | 209 | it 85 66 350 | 206 | 142 100 7 400 | 271 | 159 113 a7 aso | 307 | 180 war 98 s00 | saa | 201 142 109 oo | 417_| 242 170 131 ESTE 30 | 39 aT 2 7 100 | 72 4 20 2 160 | 119 ea “a 33 200 | 154 85 58 4 250 | tea | 105 7% 55 300 | 225 | 125 87 66 350 | 260 | 145 101 7 4oo_| 206 | 165 15 88 Wavistrong Engineering Guide 24Table II-n. Bending radius R, (m) at 20°C for series EST (continuation) (continued) Opec eee Operating pesemne (me) rerearceerceeatc] [esr 50] Series | mm [1, | 08-P, | 08-P, | 04-P, [02m | OP EST ao 60} a7 78 7% 7 7 3 0 | 59 3 2B 8 “ 2 too | 70 4 29 2 18 5 150 | tot 60 42 33 7 23 200 | 139 at sr a 368 30 250 | 170 | 100 n 55, 45 38 300 | 208 | 121 es rf 54 45 360 | 230 | 140 99 8 82 53 Table II-o. Bending radius R, (m) at 20°C for series ESN 7 ‘Operating pressure ) sores | am [TP | 08] O8"Pe | O47, One, TO Py a a 230 178 73 130 To soo | 3a3 ae ti tao i3e 448 soo | 485 a6 239 182 ier 38 yoo | S22 a as 22 ier ier 750 | 575 302 208 240 204 173 foo | boa ns ae 235 a tae soo | gas ite 386 ar ba 207 1000 | 760 523 bor 20 300 20 1300 | fae 3 a a a are 1400 | to92 ed 38 a9 ar ee seo0 | 1230 a3 83 a 435 368 Ene] 350 | 207 iro 120 a2 7 ° too | 339 tos ar 0s a8 2 80 | Ser 29 134 ie $6 a Soo | aan 2s i iat tor 2 00 | S00 302 203 138 1% 02 moo | $93 340 339 ee 150 128 730 | 635 aoe 350 isr 130 138 ao | Sat x3 259 203 170 aa ana | 200} 108 7 °0 “0 ‘2 3 330 | 21a 2 88 38 se a ao | 330 ia 109 ° oo s 350 | 209 i" 120 2 5 rt too | 342 13 137 105 86 2 30 | See 220 ie "3 3 a 500 | 308 238 88 430 ior 80 s09_| 435 202 15 iza_| ioe a ea 28 ° = ‘* 30 350 | 198 fie es 83 5 % goo | ze uaa soz 7 & 5 350 | 300 170 1 a % & 00 | San 190 138 toa 38 2 feo | 370 a8 182 3 se a soo | aie baa 170 i tor 20 £00. 433. 288 203. cI i128 106 ena] 80] 25 2 20 ‘8 16 15 om 2 Fa 2 20 8 iso | i32 ” 3 2 2 a 200 | t8r a er 82 6 38 30 | 200 fe & % 3 ® 300. 243. 143 401 ry £4 Ss Wavistrong Engineering Guide 25Fluid (water) hammer can be defined as the occurrence of pressure changes in closed piping systems, ‘caused by changes in the flow velocity. Therefore, fluid (water) hammer can occur in all kinds of piping systems for the transportation of liquids. ‘The greater and faster the velocity changes are, the greater the pressure changes will be. The relation between change of velocity and pressure can be derived from the formula of Joukowsky 119. Fluid (water) hammer ApoB eay (Eq. 11.15.) = pressure change (m.w.c) /ave velocity (mis) acceleration due to gravity (mis?) change in flow velocity (mis) In accordance with ANSVAWWA C950-88 a transient pressure increase of 1.4 times the design pressure Is allowable, which is also valid for the Wavistrong piping system. ‘The wave velocity (c) depends on the type of fluid, pipe dimensions and the E-modulus. The wave velocity can be calculated with the aid of the Talbot equation: (Eq. 11.16) Where: © = wave velocity (mis) ‘Sy = specific gravity of the fluid (kg/m?) Ky = compression modulus of the fluid (Nimm?) ID = inner diameter (mm) Te = minimum reinforced wall thickness (table Il-b. and IIc., page 9 and 10) (mm) E, = volumetric E-modulus (Nim?) f= constant oO ‘Tis calculation method is ony valid or taight pipeline sections with ciferenttypesoflns. On request, system calculations ccan be made by a third party Wavistrong Engineering Guide 26For isotropic materials, the volumetric E-modulus is equal to the E-modulus. For an-isotropic materials, where the material characteristics are dependent on the winding angle (o), the volumetric E-modulus (Ey) is calculated from the following equation: (Eq. 11.17.) Where: Ey = volumetric E-modulus (Nim?) Ex = axial bending modulus (Nim?) E, = hoop bending modulus (Nim?) Nyy = Poisson ratio axiahoop = * ‘i QO Nyx = Poisson ratio hoop/axial = * 4 oO For the three winding angles («) of the Wavistrong pipes the volumetric E-modulus (E,) is given in table Ip. Table II-p. Volumetric E-modulus E, (N/mm*) ‘Winding angle (@) oe" 6" 73° Ey 22775 24515 26965 ‘The constant (f) in the Talbot equation depends on the type of anchoring of the system: ‘A. The pipeline may be anchored up-stream; in this case the system is loaded achieved in a tensile resistant piping system. i-axially. This can be f= (Eq. 11.18.) B. The pipeline may be anchored completely to prevent axial displacements. This may occur in tensile resistant and non-tensile resistant piping systems. 1221 — Nyy Nyy (Eq. 11.19.) C. The pipeline may be installed with expansion joints so that there will be no axial stresses. This will happen in case of non-tensile resistant pipelines. 19-1 -05 + Nyy (Eq. 11.20.) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 27‘The constant (f) is given in table II-q. forthe three winding angles (a). Table II-g. Constant f (-) ‘Winding angle (a) Constant oe ca ia # 11265 7.1608 72188 2 o7s3 o.sse 0.9295 6 oat 087 0.926 The values of the wave velocity (c) (c1 through c3) are related to the type of anchoring of the pipeline system (constant f1 through 13). For the two systems EST and ESN these values are listed in tables l-r-1, (page 29) and Il-r-2. (page 30). Wavistrong Engineering Guide 2BTable II--1. Wave velocity ¢1, ¢2 and 3 (mis) for series EST” BD | 2 | & sony | ots) | cis) Earzs | 100 | 628] — 792 150 | 580 | 692 200 | 587 | 600 250 | 00 | 689 500 | 585 | 688 sso | 585 | 687 400 | se7 | 690 450 | 506 | 680 500 | ses | 680 s_| gee EsTaz | 80] 884 | 703 too | car | 754 aso | 640 | 747 BTS 200 | 642 | 749 20 | 64a | 750 300 | 843 | 750 350 | ees | 751 B68 1 a a a0 | 705 | is too | 709 | 819 aso | riz | a2 200 | 709 | 10 250 | ma | aaa 300 | roo | 19 ESTs aso | 71 | 820 400 | 709 | _s19 Earso [25 [92a] 1028 40 | ros | 908 so | 75 | 86 ao | 770 | ast too | 775 | 380 sso | 75 | 886 200 | T72 | 382 250 | 172 | 883 300 | 773 | 883 EST 25 30 | 773 | ses 400 | 773 | see » Note: values of table I. are valid fr the following condition k= 2050 Nimm? 8, = 1000 kg/m? Wavistrong Engineering Guide 29Table II-+-2. Wave velocity c1, ¢2 and c3 (m/s) for series ESN? Soria a Saree ESN TO] 450] 439] — 440 00 | 435 | 436 00 | 432 | 435 700 | 438 | 430 70 | 435 | 436 300 | 437 | a8 p00 | 436 | 437 tooo | 435 | 436 t200 | 434 | 435 s4o0 | 434 | 435 sgo0_| 435 | 436 a a 400 | 458 | 451 aso | 458 | 451 soo | 45a | 451 00 | 458 | 451 roo | 458 | 451 750 | 458 | ast goo_| 461 | 454 sna | 200] sar] 50 250 | 505 | 498 00 | sos | 498 30 | 508 | 408 oo | 0s | 498 450 | 508 | 498 500 | 510 | soz s00_| 509 04 * Note: values of table Ik, are valid fr the folowing conditions: = 2050 Nim? 8) = 1000 kglm™ Wavistrong Engineering Guide 30N40. Stiffness ‘An investigation of standards conceming the stiffness of flexible pipes shows that there are different opinions on the interpretation of pipe stiffness. The following identifications illustrate this point A. Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness (STIS) ‘The STIS is described in NEN 7037 and is calculated with the following formula: 1.e,(_Te STIS= 35 + Ey (o] (Eg. 11.21.) Where: sTIS ‘Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness (N/m?) E, hoop bending modulus (table II-j., page 21) (Nim?) il? minimum reinforced wall thickness (table lI-b. and tl-c., page 9 and 10) (mm) 15 = inner diameter (am) B. Specific Tangential End Stiffness (STES) The STES will be derived from the STIS and gives information on the regression of the stiffness. in relation to the life time (50 years). The determination of the STES is described in NEN 7037. STES-a+B+STIS (Eq. 11.22.) Specific Tangential End Stiffness (Nim?) reep factor 0 igeing factor Oo pecific Tangential Initial Stiffness (Eq. I.21.) (wim) For the glass fibre reinforced epoxy Wavistrong pipes o. * B = 0.9. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 34C. Stiffness Factor (SF) Another identification of the stiffness is described in ASTM D 2412 ands called the Stiffness Factor (SF): +E y*T2 (Eq. 11.23.) Stiffness Factor ((e?.tbfin) }00p bending modulus (table Il, page 21) (psi) minimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10) (in) ‘The Stiffness Factor (SF) can also be calculated from the STIS-value by using the following formula: SF = STIS +8,848 + (ID+T,)° (Eq. 11.24.) Where: SF = Stifness Factor (in ori) STIS = Specific Tangential nial Stfness (Eq. 1.21.) (Nim?) 0 inner diameter (mn) Te = mininium reinforced wall thickness (table Ib. and lI-c., page 9 and 10) (mm) ‘There is also a relation between the Stiffness Factor (SF) and the Pipe Stiffness (PS): SF=0.149 +r ¥PS (Eq. 11.25.) Stiffness Factor (in?.bfin) ean pipe radius (in) ipe Stiffness (Eq. 1.26.) (psi) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 32The Pipe Stiffness (PS) is described in ASTM D 2412 and can be calculated as follows: D. Pipe Stiffness (PS) + Eyo( Py 474+ E, ( we a} (Eq. 11.26) Where: PS = Pipe Stiffness (psi) E, hoop bending modulus (table Ilj., page 21) (psi) a minimum reinforced wall thickness (table Il-b. and lI-c., page 9 and 10) (in) 10 inner diameter (in) ‘The Pipe Stiffness (PS) can also be calculated from the STIS-value by the following formula: ) PS- STIS+0.007787 (Eq. 1.27.) Where: PS = Pipe Stiffness (psi) STIS = Specific Tangential initial Stiffness (Eq. 21.) (wim?) In tables II-s-1. (page 34) and Il-s-2. (page 35) the different stiffness values at a temperature of 20°C are listed. At temperatures in excess of 20°C the reduction factors (Re) for the moduli of elasticity should be applied (table I-k., page 21). Wavistrong Engineering Guide 33Wavistrong Engineering Guide 34 Sales ES Series |] svis | SF] PS Sees |] sis) SF PS am | coum’ | ntti | (os) enum ] ani’) | arivney | (os Ears | 350] 1150 | —a50 |e Esta] 100 | 21000] 210] 77 400 | 1150 | 660] 9 150 | t41s0 | 450 | 110 450 | 1150 | 950] 9 200 | 1360 | 1040 | 108 500 | 1150 | 1300] 9 250 | t3e50 | 2010 | 106 soo | 1150 | 2240] 9 300 | 13520 | 3430 | tos roo | 1150 | 3860] 9 aso | 13430 | s410 | 105 750 | 1150 | 4360] 9 400 | 13850 | 330 | j08 300 | 1200 | s870} 9 450 | 13740 | 1170 | 407 900 | 1190 | 7800 | 9 00 | 13650 | 16040 | 406 1000 | i190 | 10760] 9 +3520 | 27450 | 105 1200 | 1180 | t8510] 9 ESTaz} 80 | 4220] 210 | 20 400 | 1190 | 20260] 9 soo | 27800 | 270 | 216 p00 | _1170_| 43550, 150 | 25770 | 30 | 201 EST is] 250 | 1660 | 240 | 13 200 | 26270 | 2010 | 204 300 | 1660 | 410 | 13 250 | 26570 | 3060 | 207 30 | isso | 650 | 13 300 | 26770 | 6500 | 208 400 | 160 | s7o | is 3s0 | 26020 | s1020 | 210 aso | isso | 1360] 13 400 0 500 | 1760 | 2010 | ia ESTao] — 50 358 soo | i740 | 3430 | 34 a0 415 roo | 1730 | Seto] 13 100 a8 rso | 1720 | 6640 | 13 480 48 00 | i720 | s030 | 13 200 434 goo | 1710 | 11300] 13 250 | se6s0 | seao | dai so00_ | i710 13 300 | ss600 | 4670 | 434 ESTs | 200 | —sz10 [240 | 25, 350 | se400 | 23590 | 430 250 | 3450 | 500 | 27 sses0_| 34770 | 434 300 | 3340 | 830 | 26 ESTso] 25 | 317590] 90} ~aozs 350 | 3270 | 1200 | 25 40 | 136410 | 90 | to62 400 | 3410 | 2010 | 27 so | tit870 | 140 | ari 450 | 3340 | 2800 | 26 so | tosz0 | 520 | 827 500 | 3290 | 37a0| 26 too | istero | 1420 | ars soo | 3340 | 6640 | 26 150 | inte70 | 3780 | a7 roo | 3380 | 10660 | 26 200 | 108080 | se40 | 841 750 | 3340 | 12960] 26 250 | 10830 | 17000 | ear 300_| 3310 26 300 | 100330 | 29520 | ast Esta] 150] —ee7o | 210 | 52 360 | 109680 | 47020 | asa 200 | 7310 | S40 | 87 400 | 09060_| 70400 | 56 250 | 7180 | 1040 | 56 300 | 7090 | i7eo | ss 380 | 7030 | 2800 | $5 400 | 6980 | 4150 | 54 aso | 6050 | se8o | 54 500 | 6820 | 8030 | 54 J soo_|_7090_} 14230Table II-s-2. Stiffness for series ESN at 20°C. an a a a a {rmen)_| (Nie) | Gin?iovin) | (psi FEN TO] 450 | 1190] 980 | 9 s00 | 1130 | 1270] 9 00 | i110 | 2170] 9 oo | 1170 | 3620] 9 750 | i130 | 4300] 9 00 | i150 | s320] 9 00 | 140 | 7400] 9 sooo | 130 | 1010] 9 x20 | 1110 | 17350] 9 s400 | 1100 | 27200] 9 i600 |_s120_| 41400 |_ 9 Ean Te] 350 | 1150] 450 | 4oo | 1180 | 600 | 98 aso | 1150 | 950 | 9 soo | i150 | 1300 | 9 soo } i150 | 220 | 9 roo | 1150 | a5c0 | 9 750 | i150 | 4300 | 9 s00_| 1200_| 5670 |_o ESw20 | 200 | —s820 | 280 | 30 250 | 2220 | 320 | i7 soo | 2220 | 550 | i7 aso | 2220 | ao | 17 4oo | 2220 | 1300 | 17 450 | 2220 | 1850 | 37 soo | 2360 | 2600 | 13 00 | 2340 _| 4600 | 16 ESN | 200] —ast0 | 20 | aa 250 | 4830 | 660 | 36 soo | 44a0 | s1i0 | 35 aso | 4300 | 1730 | 36 400 | 4570 | 2600 | 36 450 | 4480 | 3760 | 35 s00 | 4420 | so7o | 34 s00_| «480 _| 000 | 35 EaNaz] 80 | S620) 260 -| eat roo | 20500 | 260 | 230 1so | e950 | 280 | 70 200 | 800 | 730 | 76 20 | 9630 | 1400 | 75 300 | 9510 _| 2300 | 74 Wavistrong Engineering Guide 35For the caloulation of the buckling pressure (P,)’ for Wavistrong pipes, the formula for thin wall pipes (mean radius / wall thickness > 10) has to be Used. 1114. Buckling pressure ‘The ultimate buckling pressures for pipes are listed in table It and II-u (page 38). The tabled values {are valid for an operating temperature (T) of 20°C and have been calculated in accordance with equation Eq. 11.28.” (pipe without stiff ends) using a safety factor S,=1 For temperatures exceeding 20°C the correction factors (R,) from table Il-k (page 21) should be applied. ‘The allowable buckling pressure depends on the stability of the product as well as the type of pipe installation land service conditions. The transition from a stable into an unstable condition will take place abruptly. Therefor, an adequate safety factor (S,) has to be taken into account. The values listed in table It and ll-u (page 38) have been calculated using a safety factor S,=1. Normally, a safety factor S,>1 has to be chosen, depending on pipe installation and service conditions. Buckling pressure resistance of underground pipes can be increased by the support of the surrounding soil when properly backfilled. Our engineers can be contacted for advice. ‘Some extra buckling pressure allowance can be created by the application of stiff pipe ends. In case of integral joints, the pipe ends are typically much stiffer than the pipe body itself and could therefor contribute to the ultimate buckling pressure. Also, for the standard pipe lengths of 6 and 10 meters two or one, respectively three, two or one stiffening rings can be used. The values listed in table It and I-u (page 38) for pipes with stiff ends are calculated using equation Eq. 1.28”. Buckling pressures for pipes with stiff ends are calculated in accordance with equations Eq. 1.28 through Eq. 11.30 as indicated and can be made available upon request. » Buckling pressure (P,) = external pressure (P,)- internal pressure (P) Full vacuum means: Py -P,= 1 bar. * Roark’Young, Formulas for etess and strain, MeGraw-Hil fith editionBuckling Pressure (P,), pipe without stiff ends: Se So 12547 ee mea (Ea. 1.28) =Roer* Nie Ton Buckling Pressure (P,), pipe with stiff ends: It Fp 0s) 6 T= MM atx? (Eq. 11.28) Then: (Eq. 11.30.) inimum reinforced wall thickness (table I-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10) (mm) 1D = inner diameter (mm) = length between stiff pipe ends (mm) Nyy = Poisson ratio axialihoop (table II3., page 26) oO Nyx = Poisson ratio hoop/axial (table Il, page 26) oO Ty = mean pipe radius (r, = 0.5 * (ID + 2T, + Te) (mm) E, = hoop bending modulus (table I-., page 21) (ime?) S, = service factor (S, = 0.75) oO S, = load dependent safety factor 0 ultimate buckling pressure is based on S, = 1 Appropriate S, has to be chosen based on pipe installation and service conditions to determine the allowable buckling pressure. P, = buckling pressure (bar) ‘At temperatures above 20°C the value (R,) of table IK. (page 21) should be applied as follows: Pgr = Pa * Rey (Res OF Reg) (Eq. 11.31.) Where: Py, = buckling pressure at elevated temperature (bar) Py. = buckling pressure (table It. and I-u., page 38) (bar) Ree, Regs Res = temperature correction factors for E-modulus for winding angles of respectively 55°, 63° or 73° (table II-k., page 21) 0 > For pines without stif ends, use equation 1.29. ony Wavistrong Engineering Guide 37Table II-t. Ultimate buckling pressure P, (bar) at 20°C and S,=1, series EST 7 Pressure cass (bart ] (vm) me ie oT 2 4930 25 Ti08 40 30.4 ‘60 Te2 | 25:3 80 97 123 | 245 490 sa 65 429 | 26.0 150 7 33 80 134] 26.2 200 08 17 33 62 134 255 0 04. os wit i 63 434 '300 Ot 08 17 32 63 132 [25.2 350 02 04 08 17 32 64 134 | 2¢ 490 92 4 OB 42 23 4 432_| 26. “450 02 [04 0.8 1 33 500, 02 04 08 48 32 00 92 04 os 4 32 700. 02 04 08 750 02 04 08 00 03 o4 | 98 900 03 On 4900 03 04 ) 1200 3 iz 400 03 4600 03 |. Ultimate buckling pressure P, (bar) at 20°C and S,=1, series ESN Tom 7 Pragsure cass (pal 7 20. 3 1 iz 7 i 9 4 | beak B pas BSS ‘900 #000 200 1400 ; Wavistrong Engineering Guide 381142. Classification ‘The Wavistrong pipes can be classified in accordance with ASTM D 2310, indicating type, grade and Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB). The dlassification forall pipes in the series EST 12.5 through EST 50 in accordance with this specification is 14FX1. The classification for all pipes in the series EST 8 is 11FU1. For the non-tensile resistant pipes in the series ESN 16 through ESN 32 the classification code in accordance with ASTM D 2310 is 11FY2. For pipes in the series ESN 10 the classification will be 11FX2. ‘The complete pipe designation code in accordance with ASTM D 2996, also identifying the cell classification designations of short term rupture strength, longitudinal tensile strength, longitudinal tensile modulus (E,) and apparent Stifiness Factor (SF) is presented in table Il-v. Table Il-v. Designation code [= Bere EST ESN | esr | est [en | eaT | esn [EST] EON] esr | eon] cot] eo PR] —6 | 10 | 125 76 2 25 7030 (ean) [Code | 4FUT-[ 4D | TTPRI-] HHPXA-] THFYE-| FHPRT-] HFYE[TTFRT | FIPYD-| TPR TIPYE:| TIPRI-| TPR o me ait 40 aut 30 ait | ant 20 aire | sara | an2 | aie 400 an aie | sae | 212 | 213 750 Hie 2Hz ais [stie | aie | 2116 200 aire | ane aire | siz | 2113 | str2 | atte | site | atte | arse. 260 ania | 212 ania | siz | arts | stv2 | atte | site | aris | arse. 300 Bia | 22 aire [ariz | ate | sia | ate | ste | 2116 | atte 350 | 2112 2aiz | 2113 | sanz | arse | strz | 2ite | sisa | aris | sis | arte | arse 400 | 2112 zane | aris | siz | ante | sts | arte | stro | atte | site | ante | atte. “450 | 2112 | sore | aris | atte | siz | atte | Sita | 2176 | ot16 500 | 2113 | 4013 | 216 | aise | 511s | arse | srie | 2116 | S116 {100 | 2115 | sors | 2ise | arse | sts | arte | s11e | ante | sit6 700 [2116 | 4016 | 2116 | 2116 | sti6 750 | 2116 | aore | 211 | 2116 | 5116 800 | aris | aors | 2116 | arie | site 900 [2116 | 4016 | 2116 1000] 2116 | aote | 2116 +200] 2116 | ao16. Ta00 | 2176 | a0Te +600] 2116 | 4016 Wavistrong Engineering Guide 39Ill, Wavistrong above ground pipe systems ILA. Design {In nearly all above ground applications thrust resistant types of joints are used (adhesive bonded joint, rubber seal lock joint, laminated joint or flanged joint). In case of well supported and anchored pipe lines non-thrust resistant systems can be used (rubber seal joint or mechanically joined systems). In 114. (page 4) a brief review of the various types of joints is given. 1.2, Supports Above ground pipeline systems are installed on supports. At least one support per standard pipe length should be used if the joining is a flanged joint or rubber seal lock) joint system (fig. II.1.).In case mechanical couplers are used, Future Pipe Industries engineers ) are pleased to inform you about the supporting. If one of the other tensile resistant joints is used, the support distance may never exceed the values listed in table Ill-c. through Ill-e. (page 46 through 50), taking into account Eqqll.11., page 49. ‘Whether the support system is new or old, take care that the couplers do not interfere with the supports; the support should not be located at the pipe joint (fig. 1II.1.). ‘Support Distance Max. 02Lo et Lo Fig. 111. U3. Clamps For the supporting of Wavistrong pipe systems several types of clamps can be used. Point- and line ) loading must be avoided and therefore flat strips should be used (fig. II2. a and b, page 41). The width of the clamps should be in accordance with applicable standards. The inside of the clamp must be provided with a protective rubber or thermoplastic layer. Guides enabling the pipe system to move freely in longitudinal direction should have a low friction inner surface to allow for this movement. In this case a protective layer of PTFE, PE or equivalent is required, Wavistrong Engineering Guide 40For the design of clamps, detailed drawings are available on request. wot wioTH ieee Fig, lIL2.a Single clamp Fig. .2.b Double clamp U4, Support distance Table II-c. through Ill. (page 46 through 50) show the maximum support distance (L’) for the different Pipe series (pipe series number = nominal pressure P,), at various operating pressures (P) and temperatures (7). The calculations have been made for water filed pipes where the specific gravity S, = 1000 kay. ‘These tables enable the selection of a pipe system for a given support distance or the determination of the maximum allowable distance between the supports for a given pipe system (mind the remarks in lIL2., page 40), ‘The support distance depends on one of the following two criteria: A, The axial stress, B. The allowable sag, which has been set on 5 %e of the span length. If A. is the determining factor, the support distance will change with an increasing pressure. If B. is the determining factor, the support distance will change with an increasing temperature. The span length can be divided in: - Single span length (Ls) as described in Ill.4.1., ~ Continuous span length (.) as described in II4. 4.1, Single span length The single span length (L,) is the length between two & tg a supports of one single pipe ora string of exible jointed f_§_*s__.] pipes (fig. II.3.). The single span length (L.) should be Fig. I1.3. Used in each of the following situations (fig. lIL5., page 45): page 43, Wavistrong Engineering Guide a= Forpipe systems where the joints not designed to transmitbending forces; thisis the case for mechanical couplers, flanged joints and the rubber seal (lock) joint, = Twice on each side of any change of direction, = Twice on both sides of an anchored valve or pump, ~ Twice on both sides of an expansion joint or expansion loop. The single span length (L,) is calculated from the following formulas: ‘A. Based on the axial stress: single span length based on axial stress moment of resistance to bending (table Il-b. and Il-c., page 9 and 10) ‘Sq. = remaining axial stress = linear weight of the filed pipe (Eq. II.5., page 43) ‘The value of 8, depends on the actual stress due to internal pressure: Sy" Spr Sx Where: remaining axial stress llowable axial stress (table II-m., page 23) ctual axial stress due to internal pressure .ctual axial stress due to internal pressure = operating pressure. inner diameter inimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and Il-c., page 9 and 10) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 42 (Eq. tt.) (mm) (mm?) (Nim?) (Nim) (Eq. 12) (Nimm) (Nimm?) (N/mm?) (Eq. 3.) (Eq. 4.) (Nim?) (Mpa) (am) (mm)inear weight of the filled pipe inear mass of the pipe content (table II-d., page 11) icceleration due to gravity ingle span length based on the allowable sag Q, = linear weight of the filled pipe (Eq. 115.) At temperatures In excess of 20°C the correction factors for the E-modull (Re) of table IK. (page 21) should be applied as follows: Exp = Ex+ Pes (Pea Fes) Where Eyq = axial bending modulus at elevated temperature Ey. = axial bending modulus (table I.. page 21) Tospeciively 55°, 63° or 73°. (table II-k., page 21) The single span length (Lg) will be the lowest value of Lg, and Les. 1.4.2, Continuous span length inear mass of the pipe (table II-b. and Il-c., page 9 and 10) ial bonding modulus at elevated temperature (Eq. I!1.7.) inear moment of inertia (table Il-b. and Il-c., page 9 and 10) Rey, Rep OF Rey = temperature correction factors for winding angles of (Eq. 5.) (N/mm) (kg/m) (kg/m) (omis’) (Eq. 6.) (mm) (N/mm?) (mm*) (N/mm) (Eq. 1IL7,) (Nim?) (Nim) 0 The continuous span length (L,) is the length A A A between two supports of a string of rigid pipes (fig. II.4.). Fig. 11.4. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 43 ted CcThe continuous span length (L.) may be used for pipe systems where the joint is rigid and capable to ‘ransmitbending forces. This continuous span length ([..) can be used for adhesive bonded and laminated pipe systems. The continuous span length (L.) Is calculated from the following formulas: ‘A. Based on the axial stress: (Eq. 1.8.) Continuous span length based on axial stress (mm) ‘moment of resistance to bending (table Il-b. and Il-c., page 9 and 10) (mm?) remaining axial stress (Eq. Ill.2., page 42) (Nim?) Q,, = linear weight of the filled pipe (Eq. IIl.5., page 43) (Nimm) From above it can be found that: Lo, = 1.225 * Ls, B. Based on the allowable sag: (Eq. 1.9.) Continuous span length based on the allowable sag (mm) xial bending modulus at elevated temperature (Eq. Ill.10.) (Nim?) inear moment of inertia (table Il-b. and l-c., page 9 and 10) (mm*) inear weight of the filed pipe (Eq. III.5., page 43) (Nimm) From above it can be found that: Le, = 4.71 * Lea ‘At temperatures in excess of 20°C the correction factors for the E-moduli (Re) of table II-k. (page 21) should be applied as follows: Exqr= Ex Fey (Peo Fes) (Eq. 1.10) Where: Ex, = axial bending modulus at elevated temperature (Nim?) xxial bending modulus (table I, page 21) (Nim?) Rey» Re OF Re, = temperature correction factors for winding angles of respectively 55°, 63° or 73” (table IFk., page 21) ) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 44‘The continuous span length (L..) will be the lowest value of Ley and Le». @l 4 3 a a Fig. IS. Example of single span length (L,) and continuous span length (L.) (L4.1. and II14.2., page 41 through 45), ILS. Corrected support distance Depending on the application, the values of table Ill-c. through Ill-e. (page 46 through 50) have to be multiplied with one or more of the following correction factors: A. Specific gravity correction factor (R,) ‘Above ground pipelines used for the transportation of fluids with a specific gravity (S,) other than 1000 kg/m? should be supported at a span length adapted with the correction factor (Rs) as listed in table Ill-a. (page 46) B. Temperature change correction factor (R,) When temperature changes occur in a straight pipeline between fixed points, a correction factor (R,) as shown in table Ill-b. (page 48) must be applied. The final support distance (L,) can be derived from the following equation: 6 Ags Ay Eq. 1.11) inal support distance (m) ipport distance at operating temperature (T) and -pressure (P) (table Ill-c. through ill-e. (page 46 through 50) (m) Ry = specific gravity correction factor (table Ill-a., page 46) oO Ry = temperature change correction factor (table Ill-b., page 46) oO Wavistrong Engineering Guide 45Table Ill. Specific gravity correction factor Ry (-) Specite graviy of te fald 5, Ka) 7 300 300 300 7000 a} 720 R185 125 Tor 03 To 095) 90) Table Il-b. Temperature change correction factor R, (-) ry “Temperature change AT (0) (amy co 2 30 7 50 0 70 20 30 [700 2 | 07s | 058 | 049 | 044 | 090 | 036 | os4 | 032 | 030 |ozs 4o_| ost oso | oso | oss | o49 | 045 | o42 | 040 | 028 |0.36 30 | 005 | ova | 065 | 058 | 054 | 060 | o47 | 048 | a2 |oa0 so | 090 | os | o74 | 068 | o6¢ | o60 | os7 | os¢ | ost Joss soo | o92 | os | o79 | o74 | 069 | 06s | o62 | 059 | 057 Jose 750 | 092 | 085 | 080 | 075 | O72 | 088 | 068 | 063 | 001 [oso ) 200 | 094 | 069 | oe | o81 | o77 | o75 | o72 | o7o | 068 Joss 2so0_| 09s | 091 | 087 | os | ot ors | o7e | 074 | 072 {0.70 300 [0.06 | 002 | 009 | osr | oe* | 082 | 000 | 078 | 076 Jove 350 | oss | o93 | 091 | os | oss | oss | 082 | 080 | 079 |o77 4o0_| oo7 | 094 | 092 | 089 | 007 | 005 | 083 | 082 | 090 foro ae0 [oor | 096 | 092 [090 | 088 | oer | 085 | 083 | 082 [ooo soo | oo7 | oss | o93 | os: | 090 | oss | o86 | o8s | o83 Jose soo_| ove | 096 | om | o93 | 091 ogo | oss | o87 | 086 Joss Too [02a [098 [oer | 096 | oas | oss | oss | oz | om Jost zo | o99 | 098 | 097 | 096 | 095 | os | 094 | 093 | 092 Jost eoo_| oss | oss | o97 | 095 | 095 | 095 | 094 | 093 | 099 |os2 ooo [00a | 00s | ove | oo | 006 | 096 | 095 | 004 | 094 Joos tooo | 099 | 0.98 | o98 | o97 | 097 | 096 | 096 | 095 | 09s Joss sz00_| 099 | ooo | o98 | oo | o97 | 097 | 096 | 096 | 095 [oss woo [099 |~o99 | 09s | oss [ose | oar | oor | 096 | 006 |005 1soo_}| os9 | 099 | 099 | 099 | 098 | 098 | o97 | 097 | 096 Joss Table IIl-c. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 1 *P, (bar) ) Sales] 10 [_T=a0e [| T=ae_] Tse] T=e0e ] Tsiwe ] T2109 om [ee ea ESTs] 350-| ae 47 | a8 ar | a8 ar] as —a7-| 38 ar [30 ar oo | a1 50] 41 80] a1 so | a 50 | a3 so] 4) oo a0 | 43) 53] 43 63] 43 63 | 43 53] 43 83 | 43 83 0 | 4s se] 4s se | ss se | 4s 58 | 48 se | 48 se go | 50 61 | 50 61 | 50 61 | 50 61 | 50 61 | so 61 mo | sa 66 | 54 66 | 54 65] 4 66 | sa 66 | 54 68 yo | 58 69 | 5s 69 | 5s 69] 85 co | ss 6s | ss 69 goo | co 74] 60 74] 60 74] 60 74 | 60 74 | 60 Ta so | es 78 | 63 7a | 63 7a] es 7s |63 78 | 63 78 tooo | 67 82 | 67 82 | 67 o2| 67 a2] a7 82 | 67 a2 too | 73 so] 73 38 | 73 so | 73 69 | 73 89 | 73 86 oo | 73 36] 73 o6 | 73 o6 | 73 se] ra 96 | 7s 96 iso | ss 102 | as to2| as tor] a4 io2| ss 2] 6s 02 (continued) LeSingle span length LeGontinuaus span length Wavistrong Engineering Guide 46bljessuszessesdesszaresssdessezeas ingle span EsGontnabus span length esesees ssauesaageancgeaa223 seosgarseecersesssy layqeoendyavevavanrnoncnaaanne| RSI SSST AAAs leskegvadaseskey lenayanancadensaraned eusaaseasadeusoneaaduauaessaadesascsudecsuzessdesvestested "| slosnctesantedene cane edenqeneen. Jreyaw-enetenasa: jesaascesssadeasaazeasadeasezeas TEC t sore rsosaueedeeeneocesedendentay lesyaagsausedesessaagsedesgeszauseossasueswusssescdaseseessouesssgesso te 49 5a 58 62 86 3 9 5 8 0 8 4 legeqaqansa eaggcetezeuguesse: Ingugersostenezegndeseneens THa0e. slezsczereysedenereonese SIPS SESS SSN RRs soeessenn jetasdence PasaSSC GAA AgIR RISA ANA IeER say T=2e 34 3a 45 53 53 85 a esegess Resseesgeey Sore EST Tas EST TE EaTzo EST I ESTaE ESTaD ESTES Table Ill-c. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 1 * P, (bar) (continuation) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 47sé lseassasesssssesssastadd so eee) Beene & $5 = a lsvegaseesaseasssesdnagesacy 8 as bs iu BRSSSSeeqsussSlasserssesy a8 SSSR RSNss Ae TOSS Lass TaSSeks Aas esISksaIII Iss eke ksoas lsesesseaq sagstadaresstagg Tame jomesoe sleexege93 Jaan etQen dor ne3I5ee seassseaasseeseaasysgeascag legaseessgsesecasssasaeseesg o 350 400 480 500 600 700 750 200 900 000 1200 1400 4600 150 SRBR39R9S S2e8eS8gesseeee9 EST a ESTE EST az Table IlI-d. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 0.75 * P, (bar) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 48pljseaseszedasssseazeed F wasss2eu3ee i# 4 a ypapgsessasg Ae g B B 3 (g eS 5 ef Ha § | lasseseeszacasesene 2 & |pbjesagaesagssesssssasg « fF Sl lecesenerdensaacgucs lnaneasgeasg 2 nagesaesdenaaaagtas leguasseassa .jesesseaagessseszsseg osgsezassesg a jolspesagzsassssseszasag easec2assa3g Ee lt i |alsssgseesgeeeazsseesq easesesaseed ‘ 4 332 5 lp agearsisisd | lammejenaaett enn enazeryd deerggeesdoennenecssd ‘Support distance L' (m) for T= a0e asezeeeeagaansssessq 2 EsesSggesseenssegegse le EeeegeseesSeegeesseesseesseesseegeses Ha i ig |e S le a le a 6 ie iB a Table Ill-e. Support distance L’ (m) for series EST, P = 0.5 * P, (bar) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 49Table Ill-e. Support distance L’ (m) for series EST, P = 0.5 * P, (bar) (continuation) | sJstasseesaasnsscess lajqunnqedanannevean eesassedsus cases Jenny aec| engagessesd lenreweeusnal Dre T= a0 lot nev oendnanayennn deancaned lawarangeseal rw ae = oe Brerrenps i TEaTe. w EST aE ESTO inueas eon Single span long, Wavistrong Engineering Guide 50In table IIL. (page 53) the anchor loads (P,) for series EST at a temperature change AT = 10°C are listed. The E-modulus of 20°C has been used in the following formula for the determination of this load: Pan Z*(OD?- 1D?) + Eyey +67 (Eq. 11.12.) Where: P, = anchor load OD — = outer diameter 0 inner diameter E, axial tensile modulus (table IIj., page 21) % coefficient of linear thermal expansion (table II-., page 21) aT Where temperature differences (AT) are greater than 10°C, the anchor load (P,) shown in table IIIf. (page. 53) should be multiplied by a factor indicating the difference between the highest actual temperature and 20°C, resulting in the following equation. Also, the temperature correction factor (Re) from table II-k. (page 21), corresponding to the highest actual temperature, must be applied: Pare Pa aT ey (Eq. 1.13.) Inchor load at elevated temperature “) inchor load (Eq. Ill.12.) ) temperature change "C) jemperature correction factor (table II-k., page 21) 0 ‘Asa rule no expansion loops or compensators are required. The distance between the supports should be reduced when there is a risk of axial buckling due to increasing axial stresses (IIl5., page 45). However, when the expansion forces on the anchor points are considered to be excessively high, ‘compensation of the load can be found by using compensators or expansion loops; the Future Pipe Industries, engineers can advise you. Wavistrong Engines 82IIL6, Anchor points ‘Anchor points are used to fix a certain point ofthe pipeline system. The expansion of the pipeline system is directed from a fixed point towards the supports next to the anchor point. The pipe should be able to move within these pipe supports. ‘Anchor points can be created as follows: ‘A. Adhesive bonded saddle ‘Adhesive bonded saddles can be fixed on the bottom of the pipe on each side of a pipe clamp. Fig. 1.6. B. Laminate build-ups (On each side of a pipe clamp a laminate can be wrapped. aan Fig 1IL7. 1NL7. Anchor loads ‘Aithough Wavistrong pipes have a higher coefficient of linear thermal expansion (y) than steel pipes, their far lower axial E-modulus results in comparatively low expansion forces at the anchor points when the pipeline is subjected to temperature changes (AT). Wavistrong Engineering Guide 5Table Ill. Anchor load P, (N) for series EST at 20°C and AT = 10°C o Saree EST ma ae ee 75 oar 40 835 30 wast] 1167 80 2oor | 2138 | 2600 100 2400 | 2651 | sate | 2050 150 sa} ep nee pan 200 sose | 6309 | 7570 | s1so | s1srz | s4s47 250 a02_| 7060_|_o«17_| 11900 | 12063 | s7777_| zz0sr 300 Broa) 0584 | iats8 | Teves] tor71 | 2s008 | stave 250 | o1s8 | t14e7 | t2020 | rza7z | aioe | esse | sosee | a2aze 400_| 11677 | 14850 | s00ss | a2ere | a7rse | seaos | aav01 | ss0e8 50 | aaar_[ tates | azar | arorr | aaaes 500 | 17508 | z2s0s | zriuo | aerao | azae 600_| 24s0s | ats7« | s0s00_| e000 | 60005 700 | sa887 | azi68 | st008 150 | avsas | 40029 | so0«s 00_| a2sea | se2er | cosca 300 | estas | ora 1000 | sass: | 83080 1200_|_oto40 400 | 123407 se00_| 159749, _| ‘Table t-g. End play and angular deflection of the RSLJ and RSJ Edney ToT agar oti Ton RECT RT wo a 20 7 33 730 ¥ 100 3 3 30 s 750 $ a $ 200 3 2 (58? 130 > 20 ° 2060) fav * 300 10 40 (60 T 30 ¥ 250 1 1 130 > 400 13 3 30 > 350 7 oe 730 $ 00 i te tao > seo 3 oo 30 z Pesseeesaetouseeesserl-eeseeeessetOseeeeeerDeeeeerO T F 70 7 7 r z 00 is & t z 00 zi Ti + =F 1000 23 2 r z 4200 2 1 r © 700 zt r r Note: The end play is required to accommodate el setiement, Poisson contraction and temperature changes and can therefore net be used for installation adjustments. ‘Values between brackets are valid for pipes with standard length L, = 10 m. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 53IV. Wavistrong underground pipe systems IV.A, Design and joining systems When using the Wavistrong pipe systems for underground applications, several types of joints can be used (IL4., page 4). In contrast to above ground pipelines, these joints can be unrestrained (ratio axial stress/hoop stress (R) = 0.25). Only at directional changes and depending on the pressure, diameter and soil conditions, some lengths of pipe should be installed with tensile resistant couplers. Alternatively an extemal axial restraint, e.g. a concrete anchor block can be used. 1V.2. Anchor points Buried Wavistrong non-tensile resistant pipe systems can be anchored at turns and branches by means of thrust blocks. This not only alleviates the need for expansion details, it also eliminates underground movementofthe pipe system. However, in most circumstances the use of restrained couplers (e.g. rubber seal lock joint or adhesive bonded joint) over a certain distance, starting from the fitting, may offer a better solution. For this purpose, the fictive anchor length (L,) must be determined. The fictive anchor length (L,) can be calculated from the following formula: 1D? +P ba Oo Ry (Eq. 1V.1,) Where: & ictive anchor length (m) P pperating pressure (Mpa) ID inner diameter (mm) Fy = frictional force between soil and pipe (Nimmn?) OD — = outer diameter (11.1.8, page 6) (mm) ‘The value of Fy, can be obtained from the soil mechanics report. If not, the following values may provide ‘a rough indication: - soft clay and peaty soils - sandy clay and sand 0.001 < Fy, $ 0.003 (N/mm?) 0.003 = Fy, < 0.010 (Nimm’) 1V.3. Calculation of underground pipe systems Calculations, as desctibed in this paragraph are in line with ANSVAWWA C950-88. Based on specific material data (and many years of experience) a number of deviations are stated in the text. Asin ANSVAWWA ‘€950-88, Anglo-Saxon units are used. ‘The stresses in the wall of a flexible buried pipe not only depend on the internal pressure, but are also a result of the deflection due to external loads. The stress resulting from the deflection depends on the interaction between the soil and the pipe, which is among others determined by the installation method Wavistrong Engineering Guide 54A, Pipe deflection ‘The vertical deflection of an underground pipe is a function of the installation parameters, the vertical load on the pipe, the pipe stiffness and the soil characteristics. When installed underground, a flexible pipe deflects, which means a decrease of the vertical diameter. Many theories are used to predict this deflection; however, in actual field conditions, pipe deflections may vary from the calculated values because theories cannot anticipate all the parameters associated with a given installation. These variations include the inherent variability of native ground conditions and variations in methods, materials, and equipment used to install a buried pipe. ‘A prediction is made using the following formula: (Oe Wer Wi) Kort 4 (Eq 1V.2) er0.061 +E ere nee Where: ay (in) D, feflection lag factor 0 W, = vertical soil oad (torn) W, = live load (briny K feflection coefficient (table 1V-b., page 56) QO ie mean pipe radius (in) El = stiffness factor (in torn) E’ = modulus of soll reaction (table IV-., page 59) (si) ‘Two procedures are available to obtain an estimated average deflection, in order to obtain a 95% probability that the actual deflection will be less than the calculated value. Procedure A: This procedure is used If the burial depth (H) is less than or equal to 16 ft (+ 4.9 m). Procedure A uses a modulus of soil reaction (E') equal to 0.75 times the value obtained from table IV-d. (page 59). Procedure B: This procedure is used if the burial depth (H) is greater than 16 ft (+ 4.9 m). Procedure B uses a modulus of soll reaction (E") equal to the value obtained from table IV-d. (page 59), and adds the percentage deflection, given in table IV-a. (page 56) to the value obtained from Eq. IV.2. Note: Pipe Installation where the burial depth (H) is less than the pipe diameter (ID) require special consideration. ‘Our engineers can be contacted for advice. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 85Table IV-a. Additional deflection dependent on the degré of compaction Degree of compaction fee ray tee Dumped +2 Slight +2 Moderate +4 High +05 Note: ‘The actual deflection measured ata particular point along a single pipeline may vary + 2% from the average deflection for the entre pipeline due to variations from specific conditions in the soll and In the compaction procedures used. 1V,3.2. Deflection lag factor After the soil has been initially loaded, it continues to deform (consolidate) with time. The deflection lag factor (D)) converts the immediate deflection of the pipe to the deflection of the pipe after many years. For plastic pipes a value of D, = 1.5 to 2 is recommended by ANSI/AWWA C950-88. 1V.3.3. Deflection coefficient The deflection coefficient (K,) reflects the degree of support provided by the soil at the bottom of the pipe. Table IV-b. gives the recommended values for different types of installation, Table IV-b. Deflection coefficient (K,) as function of type of installation Eqn’ | Detector bedaing | coothiont 30 of ina angie? « ere (aegrees) 6 [Shaped bottom wil Tamparod back matorl laced at The Sides of We piper 2 05 % Proctor density, 180 0.083 [Compacted coarse-grained, shaped bedding with backfil material placed atthe sides of the pipe; 70 - 100 % relative density [shaped bottom, moderately compacted, with backfil material placed atthe sides ofthe pipe; 8! | 95 % Proctor density [Coarse grained, shaped bedding, with slighty compacted backfill material placed at the sides the pipe; 40 - 70 % relative density o0e Fiat bottom with 1oose backfl material placed st the sides ofthe pipe (not recommended); < 35% Proctor density: < 40% relative density 0.110 ne it of backfll material should be placed and compacted atthe sides ofthe pipe Wavistrong Engineering Guide 561V.3.4, Vertical soil load The vertical soil load (W,) on the pipe may be considered as the mass of the rectangular prism of soil directly above the pipe, according to the following equation: watet H+(0D) (Ea. V3) Where: W. = vertical soll load (ony % specific mass of the soil? (bet?) H = burial depth to top of the pipe (ft) oD wuter diameter (1I.5.1.B, page 6) (in) Considerations should be given to pipe installed under unusual conditions, such as in unstable soils or ssolls with high groundwater tables. 1V.3.5. Live load ‘The live load (W,) will be calculated according to the following equation: Ww, Cut Py (tel) 12 or w,=LuntPattt +) (€0.1v4) live load (Ibyin) ive load coefficient (single wheel load) QO ive load coefficient (two passing trucks) 0 neel load (table IV-c.) (b) impact factor © (Ea. V5) Where: H burial depth to top of pipe (0 < I, < 0.50) (ft) ? tn absconce of specific sol information, the unit weight for soll may be assumed to be 420 Io (= # 2000 kg/m’) Wavistrong Engineering Guide 87(FP) Table IV-c. Wheel load (Py) ‘Wheat oad Indication ) 0) VOSE 30 3 77,000 voss 45, 15 16,500 Voss 60 10 22,000 F20-516 7 76,000 TRW 12 7 a0 KW 30 5 11,000 SKW 60 10 22,000, 1V.3.5.1. Live load coefficient single wheel load The live load coefficient (C,) for a single wheel load will be determined with the following equation’: (€4.1V8) EHVPAD) gare Where: G: live load coefficient (single wheel load) © H wurial depth to top of pipe (ft) 6 ler pipe radius ®) ARCSIN must be in radians. 1V.3.5.2. Live load coefficient two passing trucks The live load coefficient (Cy) for two passing trucks will be determined with the following equation: { 09{r4018)P.[cos{ran-s78)F (€q.1v.7) Where: Cm = live load coefficient (two passing trucks) 0 D ean pipe diameter (ft) H urial depth to top of pipe (f) COS and TAN must be in radians squation (Eq. IV.6.) is based on the Boussinesq formula for a point load at the surface of @ semi-infinite elastic Wavistrong Engineering Guide 581V.3.6. Stiffness factor ‘The stiffness factor (El) is the product of the hoop bending modulus (E,) of the pipewall and the moment of inertia of the pipewall per unit length of pipe. rn EE (Eq. 1V.8.) Where: Ey hoop bending modulus (table Il, page 26) (psi) T; = nett total wall thickness (in) Ty=Te+Ty=Tw-To (15.1.4, page 6) 1V.3.7. Modulus of soil reaction ‘The modulus of the soil reaction (E') depends on the type of backfilling. Recommended values of E" for various soil and compaction conditions are shown in the table IV-d. The listed values are derived from ASTM D 2487. Table IV-d. Modulus of soll reaction (E") "Efor degre of compaction of bedding ty CL, ML, ML-CL, CL-CH, MLMH, wth loss than 25% coarse-grained partcies. fFino-grained soils LL < 60. Sots wth modium to no plasticty CL, ML, ML-CL, CL-CH, ML-MH, | 499 saa wth more than 25% coarse-grained particles. a ion [Coarse-grained sols with fines GM, GC, SM, SC””, containing mor than 12% fines. [Coarse-grained sols with Ite or no nes. GW, GP, SW, SP" coal 200 7000 Zo00 | 3000 taining less than 12% fines Ga) (69) 3a)_| gor 1000 3000 [Crushed rock 100 ee Cassiication of solls for engineoring purposes according to ASTM D 2487 (table IV-0., page 60). Sight = <85 % Proctor / < 40 % relative density Moderate 85-05 % Proctor / 40-70 % relative density High > 95 % Proctor | > 70 % relative density LCs Liquid Lint ‘Or any bordering sell begining with one of these symbols (8. GM-GC, GC-SC). Wavistrong Engineering Guide 59Table IV-2, Soll classification’ [Wet graded gravels, gravel-sand mntures, Ile or no fies Poorty graded gravee, gravl-sand mixtures ite or no fines sity gravels, oory graded gravel-sand-sit mixtures clayey gravels, poor graded gravelsand-clay mbdures Wet graded sands, gravelly sands, Ite or no fines Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, litle or no fin sity sands, poorly graded sand-sit mixtures ICiayey sands, poorly graded sand-clay mixtures Inorganic sits and very fine sand, sity or clayey fine sands Inorganic clays of iow to medium plasticity Inorganic sis, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty sols, elastic sts inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays 1V.4, Resulting hoop stress The maximum hoop stress resulting from the combined effects of internal pressure and deflection shall meet the following equation: ae gt (Eq. 1V.9.) resuiting hoop stress (os) Hydrostatic Design Basis (table II-h., page 20) (psi) = design factor (1.8) 0 * according to ASTM D 2487 Wavistrong Engineering Guide 609, is calculated as follows: PeD AY qT, Drege Roo Ye] (Eq. 1V.10) eeeTa resulting hoop stress (psi) operating pressure (psi) D = mean pipe diameter (in) Te = minimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and tI-c., page 9 and 10) (in) D, shape factor (table IV-F.) O , }0op bending modulus (table Ilj., page 21) (psi) Re rounding coefficient oO ay redicted vertical pipe deflection (in Tr nett total wall thickness (in) (11.5.1.A., page 6) tt P>435(ps)(+30bar) Then: Fig=0 Else: (Eq. 1V.11,) Where: P = operating pressure (psi) Table IV-f. Shape factor Pipe Zone back materal and compaction Gaver cand FETT RTT | ToT | RTA] RC ER 3 35 To 30 8 45 55 65 36 38 45 55 2 33 38 45 Wavistrong Engineering Guide 61The combination of the axial stress due to internal pressure (S,) and the circumferential stresses due to internal pressure (S,) and vertical deflection of the pipe (a), should not exceed the acceptable stress levels as shown in the fig. I-7. (page 13 through 16). The occurring axial stress has a great influence ‘on the allowable hoop stress. Non-tensile resistant pipes (series ESN) allow for high hoop stress. It is beneficial to use this type of pipe for underground applications. ‘The occurring axial stress for tensile resistant and the non-tensile resistant pipes is calculated as follows: 1V.5. Allowable combined stress A. Tensile resistant system (series EST): S55, (Eq. 1V.12.) Where: S, = actual axial stress due to intemal pressure (Nimm’) S, = actual hoop stress due to internal pressure (N/mm?) ID 8,-24(!2+1) aso formula) (Eq. 1v.13) ee Where: P= operating pressure (Mpa) 1D = inner diameter (mm) Te = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm) (table Ib. and tlc., page 9 and 10) B. Non-tensile resistant system (series ESN): (Eq. 1v.14,) Where: S, actual axial stress due to internal pressure (imma) Nj = Poisson ratio hoop/axial (table Ilj., page 21) 0 S; = actual hoop stress due to internal pressure (Eq. 1V.13.) (Nim?) From the calculated values (table IV-j. through IV-m., page 64 through 67) one may conclude that the deflection of the pipe decreases with increasing care of installation and modulus of soil reaction (E'). ‘Stresses and deflections of the pipe system at burial depths varying from 1 to 5 metres are acceptable. If the pipe system is installed with a depth of cover over 2.5 metres, the deflection is mainly caused by the soilloads; at shallow depths (< 1 m) whee! loads (P,,) havea predominant influence on the deformation of the pipe. The table IV}, through IV-m. (page 64 through 67) show that in some cases, the required pressure class ‘can be reduced when using series ESN instead of EST. This is the result of the design of series ESN, where a steeper winding angle is used compared with series EST. This steeper winding angle results in a higher pipe stifiness (PS) as well as a higher allowable circumferential stress (S,,. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 62In the following table IV} through IV-m. (page 64 through 67) the results of calculations for the standard Wavistrong product range are shown. These calculations at nominal pressure (P,) for the series EST and ESN give the deflection (Ay) for various burial depths (H) and different wheel loads (Py) ‘The values in table IV through IV-m. are determined for two different soll conditions: Table IV-g. Input conditions for table IV-J. and IV-k. (page 64 and 65). coarse grained sole wih fines [| 2000 (128) | worn’ (pot degree of compaction ‘madera o Tmodulus of sol reaction E69 (F000)_[ Winm* ad bedding angle © 20) y Tatiacion coaticiant | 0.096. o doffecion Tag factor B, © Table IV-h, Input conditions for table IV-1. and IV-m. (page 66 and 67) Tne grained sol win medium orm TT aeo0 coo | xg? on plasty degree of compaction [moderate o [-rosttas of son reaction E48 700) _| Wim? a ‘edding sngle = 720 a atiection coatciont | 0.0807 o deflection lag factor 2, 13 © Criteria for rejection ("~") in the table IV-j. through IV-m. are: = resulting hoop stress (0) > maximum hoop stress (HDB/F.) (Eq.IV.9.) = predicted vertical pipe deftection (Ay) > 5%. = burial depth (H) < pipe diameter (ID) In case the conditions in the field differ from those used for the following listed calculations, separate calculations can be made on request. Pipe installations where the burial depth (H) is less than the pipe diameter (ID) require special consideration. Our engineers can be contacted for advice. Wavistrong Engineering Guide 63— nagannnnnqedaonnnonnaadeccee sae aeneaneas paaaassad ssaaaassssedosgegegegedtsasyuaadresseaeacals Acid Ada AAA dddccicdcdunasanadgye cee tee te WIS eee eee AAAAANAT ANAS AIISANAT amas es eee asda ersese4 PRY EEE IG ES ESSE ISSS3 FE) BSSGSe3 Neseog seas Nees essasa aa SES eee eee eee eg ooo 99S IASG GST saa asaasecsadiaaasaad RANA AAAAN AANA AAAATA IAAT AAMT ANN daa aaa eee eat IANS II Ge ao) Bl elcome sissy sy decooen ss. yy droosene lecagssstsissdgseaes dooggans ar roowen Jonmavacea Jengonenn: IRSAAAAIRAAAA Nadas afelcicitsasaaeg salcicisicicicdage eee Sessa ysoo eae ra 2 1 Jeeeeqonqoendeceqeqonanangangandanaanannadvenascsa4 Bey JSSSNANAS [Andddedad Joscetaced 05 ayagaavaadeoeessesdeesssenassecessesas| Calculations in line with ANSVAWWA C960-88. 3 rm Ree UNNI NAAN cae adaNdddaeansadaaaeees seeen INI e se ‘oroung) a 25 Specie mass sol Sess ss88SSsssssssqscsssssss lnnnaseane Iseegesse: 500 Burial condition EST ' Table IV+j. Vertical deflection Ay (%) at P, for buried series EST at 20°C? 64 Wavistrong Engineering Guide For etferent sol conditions, separate calculations can be made on request.25 2a 2, 1 50 24 2a aa ar gs 25 aa SSSSIIIASIS ISS S Boda ‘Bon NISSAN NaN iaiscaia cial pea aaaeas: 125 pet 1000 pst Jacisicididcidciiddeiciiaiciaeaciadaeiiaeyuctaneies 25 88 2000 i SSS: + ARRARSS Calculations in tine with ANSVAWWA 960-88, 3, I Wavistrong Engineering Guide Speco mase so PPigrunay So 25 400 [04 450/04 500 | 0.4 00 700 780 450 500 800 700 730 800 900 +1000, 1200 ‘400 1600 350 Tos For diferent sol conditions, separate calculations can be made on request Burial conditions: Buri {saath ESN 10 ESN TS Table IV-k. Vertical deflection Ay (%) at P, for buried series ESN at 20°C? 65Pee SSIES SSS SS SSIS SAVIN bssanasaaqeeaagaas HT Jo Sdaaaasaaassedeeaaesaesaesasas saasaaa Nava asesaaagactenarenne ag ||" aadincncada *! Teidedaaadad: pace fra eg eee eee Fe | ||: 4 phereered@s:ggene deesoezee 2 alecerusaawaas Bs iio reeeeeees SSeS SSS See yeas aaa as aa ee a S88: eeeeeseseyaasaunvdeceqaqaandveaneqas T= inciciniannincaaadacteia cia clays RAN AdindncicineiidaaancaNdaddddada deer cere sede esr sees . essevesveradeanavasvoqdiaeeazaie3 SSS5IIS Si Ssddsssandecdnsses: aN NAALAATATARTTTATTAA LOAN AAAI TNNY SSeS SSIS TIT TT lnceaec22enednenannqenedunnnnnaedvereseeessoseecnns lneansiey= 66 leoqeqeoonevedooeoeonqgader sss 3 28 3s95555559 eee e ee ae ao SS SAS Se SS SSSTSSTI Ws ssesddaadecadsdade, Calculations inline with ANSVAWWA C 950-88. ngsagageassedaeeseassaredasssesysegdesseess ISRNIAAINATAdadaaNad aaa eee JPSESROD SEAS SS rII22 noqgoaqaaa: lonnninnannnse cane Wavistrong Engineering Guide Table IV-. Vertical deflection Ay (%) at P,, for buried series EST at 20°C? ” For diferent sol conditions, separate calculations can be made on request L__| goles 02 2 Ugh ut is alse is sss 3a]Table IV-m. Vertical deflection Ay (%) at P,, for buried series ESN at 20°C’ 50) Caloulations in line with ANSVAWWA 0950-88, ‘Burial condlions: ia 25 Sdisiinacidandwaciananl ASSSng +s #Bsssaes) loooecoe leaqessed deqoonees n-seod kaeed oleesegessseqesessesy 1223) N[adciddidddanadacdacdac leooasse sane dosssseeduesoqe asasesesdesass emer lnonuea| 3seaes3s eee eee tt Rae eee eee ae eae eee eeeay Tisossodeorss (a) aso | 0.4 ‘2007 05 250 | 04 ESN DS * For eitferent soil conditions, separate calculations can be made on request. Wavistrong Engineoring Guide 67Appendix | : List of symbols = structural wall area = bore area wave velocity live-toad coefficient (single wheel load) = livestoad coefficient (two passing trucks) = mean pipe diameter = shape factor structural inner diameter detlection lag factor = structural outer diameter = modulus of soil reaction hoop bending modulus stifress factor shear modulus volumetric E-modulus axial bending (tensile) modulus ial bending (tensile) modulus at elevated temperature constant design factor frictional force between soll and pipe acceleration due to gravity linear mass of the pipe lenear mass of the pipe content burial depth to top of the pipe = Hydrostatic Design Basis = Hydrostatic Design Stress = wall roughness compression modulus of the fluid deflection coefficient length between stiff pipe ends upport distance at operating temperature and -pressure itive anchor length continuous span length continuous span length based on axial stress = continuous span length based on the allowable sag squivalent pipe length = final support distance = standard length Wavistrong Engineering Guide 68 (mm?) (mm’) (mis) oO oO (rm), (in), (f) © (mm), (in) oO (mm), (in) (psi) (N/mm), (N/m), (Psi) (in*tbvin) (Nimm*) (Nimm?) (N/mm?) (Nimm?) 6 (Nimm) (mis?) (kgm) (kai) ) (Nim, (psi) (Simm), (psi) (mm), (m), (in) oO (mm) (mm*) (mm) (Nim?) oO (mm) (m) (m) (mm), (m) (mm) (mm) (m) (m) (m)uEWs v Ingle span length ingle span length based on axial stress single span length based on allowable sag Poisson ratio axia/hoop Poisson ratio hoop/axial outer diameter operating pressure ;nchor load = linear weight of the filed pipe ratio axial stress/hoop stress, elbow radius ending radius rerounding coefficient temperature correction factor mean pipe radius ter pipe radius pecific gravity correction factor ‘temperature change correction factor = remaining axial stress load-dependent safety factor quivalent stress maximum equivalent stress specific gravity of the laminate pecific Tangential End Stiffness pecific Tangential Initial Stiffness. specific gravity of the fluid actual axial stress due to internal pressure llowable axial stress .ctual hoop stress due to internal pressure perating temperature topcoat thickness minimum reinforced wall thickness = liner thickness nett total wall thickness total wall thickness = Ultimate Elastic Wall Stress = flow velocity Wavistrong Engineering Guide 69 (mm), (m) (mm) (mm) O O (mm), (in) (Mpa), (psi) (N) (N) (bar) (bar) (bar), (Mpa) (psi) (lb) (N/mm) (-), (mm) (m), (in) oO oO (mm), (in) ey oO 0 (Nim?) 0 (Nimm) (Nim) (in?tbrin) 0 0 (Nim?) (kgm?) (Nim?) (Nim?) (kgm?) (Nim?) (Nim?) (Nim?) (ec) (mm) (mm), (m), (in) (mm) (in) (mm), (in) (Nim?) (mis)joment of resistance to bending vertical soil load = live load ‘moment of resistance to torsion rep factor bedding angle = ageing factor = specific mass of soil = head loss in the fitting ead loss in the pipe ressure change mperature change redicted vertical pipe deflection ange in flow velocity = friction coefficient = resulting hoop stress = shear stress = winding angle = coefficient of linear thermal expansion (emm') (vn) (ibfin) (mm?) Q 0 oO (kg/m?), (lb/ft) (N/m?) (m.w.c./m.) (Nim?), (m.w.c.) rc) (in) (mis) oO (psi) (N/mm?) 0 (mmimm*c)Appendix Il: Conversion tables Conversion figures for anglo-saxon units into metric units Length (61 = m) Length (8! = m) 1 Bot = 12 nen m 4 yor ee a Mile = 1789 yaa ° 1 teste . ‘Area (St =) a Saude inch sasterto! mf 1 square foot = 144 square inch = 9.2803°107 =m? Lidia yoru Season” ZGeat Jasres 180 equpre yrds 2404805 mt 1SglaremiosEiB aces” = 2Sag8et0t 4 clout inet =5.0671°10 om? square inch Esq Yotume (S1 =m’) Yeubte inch yea97104 mt 4 euble foot= 1728 cubic Inch = 28.317°10" mt O7esg ‘Sagi102 mm S7a5e-10° im ile Hy & ag teats eee? tg TE ars gre 8 1 ease: sae 8 1 ee a & 1G rene, & ISSe EEF Mound perigen "2!" 47.058 kot {lab ge 1a FS eh ses ere ge femme sont {fei et oe 1H Fe EES Fs oe mesa, sont Berea one Eeeaes ee 1B roy ee TBEge aa et we BEE RE ae 1 fong ton per Sa. inch (imp) b= ARES et, ae eee, ae eee a [Saas ey Ae 3 Si38eart0 Nim? 4 Inch head of mereur uw 22907010 Nim? ‘oot hoad of water Power (Si = W) ‘oot pounds per w 4 foot pounds w 4 Brtish thoemat unt pe w 4 contigrade thermal Unt. w { horsepower (Hp) w Work (S1 = Nm = J) oot pound) 3568 4 4 yara'pound = 4.0875, 3 1 Hoot ton (08) mi 3 ‘foot ton imp.) garvi—3 48h se1s"i0 tau ‘ess10 4 eu goer? ‘Accoleration (St = mi . feet per second squat = 0.3088 ms Flow rate ‘Veuble fet per hour 1 gallon per minute Mass bast Pounds per hour MD Force ($= m) Pounds force Moment of inertia. nat Moment of bending ($1 = Nem) ittnch pound = 0.4130 Nm 4 foot pound 24508 Nm Votocity (61 = mis Varela) = 0.3048 ms 4 fiminate = 00ds0e mis 1 maine oases ms Conversion figures for metric Into anglo-saxon units ongth mere 41.094 yards 2 3.281 feat 3 38:37 inches 1 idlometre 01621 statute mi 10.540 nautical mi 8,51 square inch 4186 square yards 0.78 square foot ‘Area Seuare mitimetre 4 4 015864 square mile 8 1 Square mete 4 square kilometre Folo28rt gores Volume Yume mete = 61.024 eubie inch = 95:31 cabs foot 5508 cubic yords = 220 imperil gation = 264.208 gallon £6260 U8 Barret = 6.288 imperial barrel oa 15490 gai ce 35,21 Sunoos 2°08 pounds 1 metric ton 402 BS'thor tons 0'984 long ton Mass pert length MN alogrom pot mote 9.988 pounds per inch oe 878 Founds Br fot 16 pounds per yard Mass per area (specific pressure) Riagtam per sa metre ooo i feet = 0:2048, bat 2113833 tise yard Density Tlogrem per cuble metre 0.0824 pet 437 grain pr cuble foot '58.4°grain per gallon, Wavistrong Engineering GuideMoment of inertia. be Conversion figures for metric units Into Stunts ‘miimottes = 2.60269 * 10° in ‘ngth (81 = m) Mort ot berg B Me soremne, {th 7 Ton <1 a Nim? 0.0001450 psi Area (Si = m’) au wea FE Sie eae Sie cocci k se Sear ts Bs jase wna z ve Hele ho a ESAS tome ae portent Sivbomw apr nt "a ee ve ee Tea hen SE cet ae gee ons oR ihe p Bie Een You might also like
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