(Irrigation Principle)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

2546

1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

(Effective Rainfall)

1
1
2
3
4
7
7

9
9
9
10
15
22

23
23
29
34
37
42

 ()

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6

4.7

59
59
59
80
81
82
87

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

3
5.6

90
90
92
94
96
104

 ()

6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

6.7
6.8
6.9

109
109
112
116
119
147
155
165
167

7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

170
170
171
171
172
173
184
187

1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4
2.5

2.6
2.7
2.8
(SANDY LOAM) (CLAY LOAM)

2.9
3.1
3.2 1:50,000
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9 Disk
3.10

6
8
11
12
16
16
17
18
19
20

21
24
25
27
30
31
33
40
45
46
47

 ()

3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14 (SFS)
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6 Tensiometer
5.7
5.8 Neutron Moisture Meter
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6 (GRADED BORDER)
6.7
6.8 (Sprinkler)
6.9

48
51
55
56
60
77
81
86
91
92
93
96
100
101
102
103
117
118
120
121
124
126
133
135
137

 ()

6.10
6.11 Pressure Chamber
6.12 Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16


6.17

6.18

6.19
4%
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
7.1

143
148
149
150
153
156
157

158
159
160
161
163
164
169
180

2.1
(USDA) (ISSS)
2.2
2.3

2.4
3.1
3.2
3.3 (Effective Rainfall)

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

3.8
3.9
3.10

3.11 pH
3.12
1
4.1
Etp

10
13
13
19
26
28
35
36
38
39
41
43
48
50
52
53
61

 ()

4.2 (Effective Cover)

4.3 (ea)

4.4

4.5 ./
4.6 Effect of Temperature f (t) on Longwave Radiation (Rnl)
4.7 Effect of Vapour Pressure f (ed) on Longwave Radiation (Rnl)
4.8
4.9 ETp Modified Penman
4.10 (Etp)
Modified Penman
4.11
(Potential Evapotranspiration, Etp)
4.12 ClassA pan
4.13

(/)
4.14 (Critical Period)
4.15 (..)
4.16

4.17
4.18
4.19 16-31 2544

62
65
65
66
66
66
68
69
71
73
77
78
80
81
83
84
85
87

 ()

4.20 16-31 2544

4.21 16-31 2544
5.1

5.2
5.3
./
5.4 (ky)
6.1
6.2 , ,
6.3
6.4
2,400
6.5 ()

6.6
(Border Irrigation)
6.7
(Border Irrigation)
6.8 ()
(Basin Irrigation)
6.9
6.10
7.1 1
7.2 2

88
89
94
98
105
107
110
110
110
113
125
127
128
129
146
162
174
175

 ()

7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

177
178
179
185
186

bot-1

(Irrigation Principle)
1
1.1

1.2

4
80-90




2
1.2.1
4


17 2529 ..

bot-1

1.2.2

1.3

1.5


1.3.1
-

-
-
-

1.3.2
-

-
1.3.3

bot-1

1.4

1.4.1 700

1.4.2

1.4.3






150

3

bot-1

..2445

4.5
47

1.5

bot-1

1.5.1 (Source of water supply)

1.5.2 (Land & Crops)




1.5.3 (Head Work)


1.5.4 (Delivery System)

(Gravity) 1.5.3

1.5.5
(Irrigation System)
4

1.5.6 (Drainage System)






1.5.1 1.5.2
1.5.3 1.5.6

1.5.1 1.5.2
(Benefit) 1.5.3 1.5.6 (Cost)

1.1

bot-1

bot-1

1.6

1.6.1 4

1.6.2 5







4

1.7

5
1

1
2
2, 3, 4, 5
3
6
4

5 4

5
1.2
7

bot-1

2, 3, 4, 5

7


/

1.2

Bot-2

(Irrigation Principle)
2
2.1

2.2

5 6

2.3

Bot-2

2.4

2.4.1
2
United State Department of Agriculture, USDA (International
Society of Soil Science ISSS) USDA ISSS 2.1
USDA ISSS

2.1
(USDA) (ISSS)

-.
USDA
ISSS
1.0 - 2.0
0.5 - 1.0
0.2 - 2.0
0.25 - 0.5
0.10 - 0.25
0.02 - 0.2
0.05 - 0.10
0.002 - 0.05
0.002 - 0.02
0.002
0.002

(Very Coarse Sand)

(Coarse Sand)
(Medium Sand)
(Fine Sand)
(Very Fine Sand)
(Silt)
(Clay)

10

Bot-2

USDA 0.10 - 0.25 .

ISSS 0.02 0.2 .

2.1

2.1

2.1 70 15
2.1 (Sandy Loam)
2.4.2 (Soil Structure)
2-2

11

Bot-2

2.2
2.4.3

Rs = Ws ............................(2.1)
Vsw
As = Ws ........................... (2.2)
Vw

Rs
=
Real Specific Gravity
=
As
=
Apparent Specific Gravity =
Ws =

Vs
=

V
=

w =

2.1 2.2




2.2
12

Bot-2

2.2

(A s )

1.55 - 1.80
1.40 - 1.60
1.35 - 1.50
1.30 - 1.40
1.25 - 1.35
1.20 - 1.30

(Sand)
(Sandy Loam)
(Loam)
(Clay Loam)
(Silty Clay)
(Clay)

1.65
1.50
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25

2.4.4


2.3


2.3

Pa
-0.01
-0.05
-0.1
-0.33
-1
-15

142.4
28.5
14.2
4.3
1.4
0.09

: . 2529

13

m.

300
60
30
10
3
0.2

Bot-2

2.3

0.30
0.26
0.09

/m.
< 0.2
0.20 60
> 60
: . 2529.

2.3

Vv

= eVs ............................(2.3)

Vv
e
Vs

=
=
=

( )

2.2 0.60 0.33 Pa.

6
1. 2.3
10 m.
2. 10 m. 0.26
3.
=
x
=
(6)2 x 60
4 100
=
16.96 3
4. e
=
Vv
Vs
Vv
=
e Vs
14

Bot-2

Vv
Vv + Vs
0.26 Vs + Vs
1.26 Vs
Vs

=
=
=
=
=
=
Vv
=
=

2.5

0.26 Vs
..1
V
..2
16.96 3
16.96 3
16.96/1.26 3
13.46 3
0.26 x 13.46 3
3.5 3 3,500

2

2.5.1

3
(Saturation and Transition Zone)

(Transmission Zone)

(Wetting Zone)

(Transmission Zone)
(Wetting Front)
15

Bot-2

(Wetting Front) 2.3

2.3
2.3
2.4

2.4
16

Bot-2

2.5 2.5.2

2.5

2.6
/ /

17

Bot-2

2.6

2.5.2 (Infitration Rate)

75 /

2.7
(Infiltration Capacity)
2.4

18

Bot-2

2.7
2.4

(/ )
25
15
10
5

19

Bot-2

2
100

100 25 / 4
2


2.8 180
90
24 48 150

2.8 (SANDY LOAM)

(CLAY LOAM)

20

Bot-2

2.9 2.9 (1)

3-16
36 2.9 (2)

2.9 (3)

21

Bot-2

2.9 (1)

2.9 (2)

2.9 (3)
*
2.9 (1) (2)
(3)
22

Bot-2

2.6

3
(Saline Soil) (Sodic Soil) (Saline-Sodic Soil)

2.6.1 (Saline Soils) 0.4 / 1/

13 2/
2.6.2 (Sodic Soils) 0.4 / 1/
13 2/
2.6.3 (Saline-Sodic Soils) 0.4 /
1/ 13 2/

25o
(Exchangeable Sodium Percentage, ESP) Exchangeable
Sodium Total Exchangeable 100


1/ 25 oC (1 Siemen/meter = 10 ds/m)
/
2/ SAR =
Na+

(Ca++ + Mg++)

23

Bot-3

(Irrigation Principle)
3
3.1

3.2

()



2


()

23

Bot-3

3.1
3
1. 2. 3.

3.2.1

1:50,000 10 20

3.2

24

Bot-3

3.2 1:50,000

25

Bot-3

3.2.2
3.1

3.1

()
1,400
1,300
2,100
1,350
2,400
1,710

()
238,000
220,500
76,500
83,700
182,000
800,700

3.3

26

Bot-3

3.3

27

Bot-3

3.2.3
3.2
3
A
= 8%
B
= 3-8%

C
= 0-3%
3.2

1.0
1.0 5.00
5.00 10.00
10

B
0.30 0.35
0.25 0.30
0.20 0.25
0.20

A
0.40
0.35 0.40
0.30 0.35
0.30

C
0.20 0.25
0.20 0.25
0.15 0.25
0.10 0.20

R
=
CIA ..3.1

R
=
(3)
C
=
3.2
A
=

I
=
()
3.1 2.3
2% 1,300


1. 3.2
1.0-5.00
3 C 0.20 0.25 0.22
28

Bot-3

2.
R
=
CIA
=
0.22 x 1,300 x 2.3 x 10002
1,000
=
657,800

3.3

3.3.1

1) 2-6

2)
3)

4) 3.1

5)


6)

7) 1
1
3.4 3.5

29

Bot-3

3.4

30

Bot-3

3.5

31

Bot-3

3.6

/ ( )
15-150 3-60 3/

10-50 25 3/
100 3/


Specific Capacity


3.3.2

32

Bot-3

3.6

33

bot-3

3.4

(Effective Rainfall)

3.4.1

1)
()
2) ()
3) 75
3.3
75
3.3
3.2 1.50
1.00 / 130
125 /

1. 1.50
= 150 x 1.0 /
= 150
2. 3.3 130 125 /
=
89
3. 150 75
1.06
= 89 x 1.06
= 94.34

34

bot-3

3.3

-.
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200

(Effective Rainfall)
75 .

(ET) -.
100
125
150
175
(Re) .
12
11
11
12
17
15
14
16
24
22
22
23
32
30
29
31
40
35
35
38
47
43
42
45
55
51
49
53
63
58
55
60
70
64
61
67
78
71
67
74
84
78
73
80
91
84
78
85
98
89
83
92
105
95
89
99
110
101
94
105
117
106
99
110
123
111
116
100
129
116
121
134
121
126
140
132
125

25

50

75

9
12
18
23
25

10
13
19
25
32
38
43
48
50

10
14
21
27
34
40
46
52
57
63
68
73
75

20

30

40

50

60

75

0.74

0.82

0.88

0.93

0.96

1.00

200

225

250

13
18
25
35
43
51
59
67
75
82
89
97
104
112
120
125
131
136
142
148

14
19
28
38
46
55
63
71
79
87
95
102
110
118
125
132
138
144
150
157

15
20
30
40
49
59
68
77
85
94
102
110
118
126
134
142
149
155
161
168

100

125

150

175

1.02

1.04

1.06

1.07

35

bot-3

3.4.2

3.4 200 500
100 65 50
75 10
3.4

(.)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

3.3

.
200
237.5
270
292.5
310
320
325

%
100
95
90
83.6
77.5
77.1
65

50 .
()
75
65
45
35
20
10

350

1.
2.

= 83.6
=
83.6 x 350
100
=
292.6

3.4.3

,
FAO
36

bot-3

Re
Re
f
D

=
=
=
=

R
ET

=
=

2.54f (0.329R0.824 - 0.116) x 100.009ET

........... 3.2
()
(0.532 + 0.116D + 0.009D2 + 0.002D3)

()
()
()

3.4 25
100 150 /

1. f
=
(0.532 + 0.016D + 0.009D2 + 0.002D3)
=
[0.532 + 0.016(2.5) + 0.009(2.5)2 + 0.002(2.5)3]
=
0.9095
2. Re =
2.54f (0.329R0.824 - 0.116) x 100.009ET
=
2.54 (0.9095) [0.329(10)0.824 - 0.116] x 100.009(15)
=
6.54
65.4

3.5



mho/cm S/cm
50
3.5
3.3 /
7 / 50%

24
/
3.5.1

37

bot-3

3.5

%
0
10
25
50

(ECe.milli S/cm.)
6.7
10
12
16
4
6
9
12
3.7
5.5
7
9
3.3
5
6
8
3.3
5
6
7
1
1.5
2
3.5
2.7
4
6.5
8
1.7
2.5
4
7
1.7
2.5
4
6
1.7
2.5
4
6
1.3
2
3.5
4
2
2.7
4
8
1.7
2.5
5
1.7
2.5
5
1.7
2.5
5

38

(ECe.milli S/cm.)
42
36
26
24
18
12
22
26
20
20
12
24
16
16
16

bot-3

Sodium Absorbtion Ratio, SAR 26

3.6 4

3.6

SAR

0-10

10-18

18-26

26

3.7




3.5.2

39

bot-3

(suspended solids)

-
-
-
-

(dissolved solids)

-
-
-

-
- (humus)
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-

3.7

40

-
-
-
-
-
-

bot-3

3.7
3
30,000 pH 7.8
120 1200 1.8

3.7

(ppm.)

pH

0
1
2
3

10
20
30
40

<6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1

<100
200
300
400

<0.1
0.2
6.3
0.4

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

<100
1,000
2,000
3,000

4
5
6
7

50
60
80
100

7.2
7.4
7.5
7.6

500
600
800
1,000

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8

0.8
1.0
1.4
1.6

4,000
5,000
10,000
20,000

8
9
10

120
140
>160

7.8
8.0
>8.1

1,200
1,400
1,600

0.9
1.0
>1.1

1.8
2.0
>2.0

30,000
40,000
>50,000

(ppm.)
(ppm.)
(ppm.)

41

bot-3

3.6

3.8
4
1. (Physical Unit Operations)

(Screening) (Comminution)
(Skimming) (Mixing) (Flotation) (Sedimentation)
(Centrifugation) (Filtration) (Grit Removal)

2. (Chemical Unit Processes)

(Precipitation) (Neutralization)
(Disinfection)
3. (Biological Unit Processes)

Activated Sludge, Trickling Filter, Aerated Lagoon, Anaerobic Filter,
Anaerobic Pond, Stabilization Pond
4. - (Physicochemical Unit Processes)

Ion Exchange, Carbon Adsorption, Reverse Osmosis, Electrodialysis

42

bot-3

3.8

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
(Refractory Organics)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.

(Activated Sludge)
(Trickling Filter)
(RBC)

Nitrification Denitrification

(Ammonia Stripping)
(Ion exchange)

Anoxic Aerobic
-
Coagulation

Coagulation

43

bot-3

7.
(Volatile Organics)
8.

9.

1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(Gas Stripping)

(Reverse Osmosis)

-

(UV)
Bromine Chloride

3.6.1

( )
120
3.8 3.9
3.10

1)
2)


3.9 3.11

44

bot-3

3.8

45

bot-3

3.9 Disk

46

bot-3

3.10

47

bot-3

3.9

()

45-90

60

(./)

0.25-0.40

0.30

(./)

0.60-1.30

1.00

(3/2/)

900-2000

1,200

10-20

15

(.)
: . 2539

3.11
48

bot-3

3.2 5,000 /
1.00 ./ 0.30 ./

1. = 1.5
(A)
=
x
=
1.5W x W
A
=
1.5 W2
(1)

Q = AV
A

Q
V
5,000 3
0.3 ./ x 24 x 3,600
0.19 2

=
=
(1) W

=
=

(0.19)
1.5
1.5 W
1.5 x 0.36

0.36

0.54

2. 60
(L)
=
x
=
60 x 0.30 ./
=
18

2 1
8 mill
S/cm. SAR = 16
50

3.6.2

49

bot-3

2




(Chemical Precipitation)

3.10 3.12

3.10

(Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . 18H 2 O)

Ferric Chloride (FeCl 3 )
Ferric Sulfate (Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . 3H 2 O)
Ferrous Sulfate (Copperas, FeSO 4 . 7H 2 O)
Lime (Ca (OH) 2 )

666.7
162.1
454
278
56 CaO

: . 2539

50

, ./..

961-1201
1249-1281
1346-1490
1121-1153
993-1057
561-801
-

bot-3

3.12

51

bot-3

pH pH 3.11

3.11

pH

Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromic
Cupric
Ferric
Fluoride
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphorus
Plumbic
Selenium
Silver
Stannic
Zine

Lime
Ferric chloride
Sodium sulfate
Lime
Lime
Lime
Lime
Lime
Lime
Sodium sulfide
Lime
Ferric chloride
Lime
Sodium sulfide
Sodium chloride
Lime
Lime

pH

5
8
10
9.5-12
8.0-9.5
9-10
7
12
10
8.5
10
7
6-10
6.5
8
4-4.5
5-6

Al(OH) 3
AsCl 2
BaSO 4
Cd(OH) 2
Cr(OH) 3
Cu(OH) 2
Fe(OH) 3
CaF 2
Mn(OH) 2
HgS
Ni(OH )2
FePO 4
Pb(OH) 2
SeS 2
AgCl
Sn(OH) 2
Zn(OH) 2

: . 2529

2
pH

3.12
1

52

bot-3

3.12

Calcium Oxide (CaO)

Lime (Ca (OH) 2 )
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Sodium Carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 )
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg (OH) 2 )

(.)
(1 . )
Cu+2
Fe+2
Fe+3
Ni+2
0.88
1.00
1.50
0.96
1.16
1.34
2.01
1.26
1.26
1.44
2.16
1.36
1.68
1.90
2.85
1.81
0.63
0.73
1.10
0.69
0.92
1.05
1.58
1.00

Cr+3
1.62
2.13
2.31
3.07
1.17
1.69

Zn+2
0.86
1.14
1.22
1.62
0.62
0.90

: . 2539

3.3 10,000 3/ 8 /
1.5 1 Al 2
(SO 4 ) 3 . 18 H 2 O 48% 1,280 ./3

1. Al
48%

=
48 x 1,280
=
614.4 ./3
100

=
666.7
Al
=
26.98
=
614.4 ./3 x 2 x 26.98
Al/3
666.7
=
49.73 ./3
P
=
30.97
Al/. P =
1.00 x 26.98
30.97
=
0.87 . Al/. P

53

bot-3

2.
1.5 P 1
=
1.5 x 0.87
49.73
=
0.026 ..
. P
=
10,000 3/x8 ./ Px0.026 3
x 10-6 . P x 103
.P
1 . P ..
=
2.08 ../





(Constructed Wetland System)
0.60 .


2 (Free Water Surface System, FWS)
(Sub Surface flow system, SFS)
1)
10-60 .
3.13
1 ./
BOD 6 BOD 5 // 4-15
10-50 //
3.6.3

54

bot-3

3.13

3.2
Qt

LWnd ..3.2

Q
t
L
W
n

=
=
=
=
=

((Q + Q )/2) , ../

,
, .
, .
,
( 0.75)
, .

BOD (t)
(3.3)
55

bot-3

BOD =
BOD

0.52 e(-0.7K T tA m 1.75)

3.3

K T

t
Am

=
=

,
( (10-11)
,
, 2/3(15.7 2/3)

KT

K 20 (1.1)T-20

T
K 20

=
=

, o
0.0057

3.4

2) 30-80 .
PE
3.14 1%
BOD 11-13 BOD 5 /
/ 10-50 //

3.14 (SFS)
56

bot-3

3.5
Qt
=
LWpd .3.5
Q
t
L
W
p
d

=
=
=
=
=
=

((Q + Q )/2) , ../

,
, .
, .

, .

BOD 3.6
BOD
BOD

e-K Tt

3.6

(Hydraulic Conductivity) 3.7

t
t
=
L
...3.7
kSS
t
L
kS
S
kSS
3.4

=
=
=
=
=

,
, .
, ../(..)
, ./.
6.8 ./

1) 2000 ../ 22o
2) BOD 5 100 ./
3) BOD 5 20 ./
4) K 20 0.0057

57

bot-3

1. K T 22o
(10-11)
=
KT
=
2. (t)
(10-10)
BOD =
BOD
20
100
t

K 20 (1.1)T-20
0.0057 x 1.122-20 =

0.0069

0.52 e(-0.7K T tA m 1.75)

0.52 e(-0.7 x 0.0069t x 15.71.75)

1.6

3.
(10-9)
Qt
2000 x 1.6
LWd

LW

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

58

LWnd
LW(0.75)d
4267 ..
50 . = 0.50 .
8534 ..
70
.
122 .
70 x 122 = 8540

..

Bot-4

(Irrigation Principle)
4
4.1

4.2

4.1
10 10-40
3 ./ 50-60 3-6 ./
80-120 6-10 ./

4.3

(Consumptive Use Evapotranspiration)

(Transpiration) (Evaporation)

59

Bot-4

60

Bot-4

ET

Kc x ETp

ET
Kc

=
=

ETp

/

4.1 4.2 4.1 Kc 2


4.2
(Potential Evapotranspiration)
Modified Penman

........................... 4.1

4.1

Et p

()
()

()
()

10
0.19
0.24
0.24
0.12
0.24
1.05

20
0.22
0.28
0.29
0.16
0.28
1.05

10
1.25
1.22
1.28
1.08
1.18
1.05

20
1.13
1.15
1.22
1.02
1.18
1.05

-
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.30 0.44 0.61 0.80 0.98 1.13
0.36 0.47 0.61 0.76 0.91 1.05
0.37 0.48 0.61 0.76 0.90 1.04
0.24 0.36 0.49 0.64 0.78 0.91
0.35 0.46 0.59 0.73 0.86 0.98
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.89 0.59 0.23 0.12 0.12 0.12
1.02 0.88 0.71 0.54 0.37 0.23
1.19 0.91 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.12
0.90 0.72 0.46 0.12 0.12 0.12
1.12 0.98 0.82 0.65 0.48 0.34
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05

61

90
1.23
1.18
1.16
1.02
1.09
1.05

100
1.25
1.28
1.26
1.09
1.15
1.05

90
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.24
1.05

100
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.20
1.05

Bot-4

4.2

(Effective Cover)

1
1602

55
55

105
100-110

45

65-70

38

37
37
41

100-110
100-110
110-120

35
40
37
35

91
95
90
92

45
45
45
45

105-155
110-160
110-150
105-155

55
65
70
70

85-100
100-120
120
120-150

.. 1
.. 2
.. 4
.. 5

1
2

8719 173
7-5

35
40

65-70
70-90

12
2
1

62

Bot-4

4.3.1

Kc
Kc 4.2
1 55 105
4.1

Kc 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90

50 100

1. % 50
10
%
=
10 x 100
=
20%
50
20
%
=
20 x 100
=
40%
50
30
%
=
30 x 100
=
60%
50
40
%
=
40 x 100
=
80%
50
2. Kc 4.1
% 20% Kc
=
0.28
% 40% Kc
=
0.46
% 60% Kc
=
0.73
% 80% Kc
=
0.98
% 100% Kc
=
1.15
3. (50 )
60
= 10
80
= 30
90
= 40
4. Kc 4.1

10

Kc
= 1.18

30

Kc
= 1.12

40

Kc
= 0.98

63

Bot-4

ETp

Guidelines for predicting Crop water requirments FAO 24

Modified Penman
4.3.2

ETp = C [W.Rn + (1 - W) . f (U).(ea - ed)]

radiation term aerodynamic term
Etp
W
Rn

=
=
=

f(u) =
(ea-ed) =
C

........... 4.2

./



./
./

1) 10-20
4-8 1951-1975
(1.1) Latitude Longitude Ra

(1.2)
(1.3)

2)
(2.1) 4.3 ea
oC
(2.2) 4.4 W
Altitudes W
64

Bot-4

(2.3) 4.5 Ra Latitude

Ra
(2.4) 4.6 f(t)
Rnl = f(t).f(ed).f(n/N)
(2.5) 4.7 f(ed)
2.4
(2.6) 4.8
4.9 4.10

4.3

(ea)
(Saturation Vapour Pressure (ea) in mbar as Function of Mean Air
Temperature (T) in oC)

Temperature (oC)
ea (mbar)

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
23.4 24.9 26.4 28.1 29.8 31.7 33.6 35.7 37.8 40.1

Temperature (oC)
ea (mbar)

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
42.4 44.9 47.6 50.3 53.2 56.2 59.4 62.8 66.3 69.9

4.4

(Values of Weighting Factor (W) for the effect of Radiation or Etp at
Different Temperatures and Altitudes)

Temperature (oC)
W

20
.69

22
.71

24
.73

65

26
.75

28
.77

30
.78

32
.80

34
.82

36
.83

38
.84

Bot-4

4.5

./
(Extra Terrestrial Radiation (Ra) expressed in equivalent evaporation in
mm./day)

Lat.
20o
18
16
14
12
4.6

Jan
11.2
11.6
12.0
12.4
12.8

Feb
12.7
13.0
13.3
13.6
13.9

Mar
14.4
14.6
14.7
14.9
15.1

Apr
15.6
15.6
15.6
15.7
15.7

Northern Semisphere
May Jun Jul Aug
16.3 16.4 16.3 15.9
16.1 16.1 16.1 15.8
16.0 15.9 15.9 15.7
15.8 15.7 15.7 15.7
15.7 15.5 15.5 15.6

Sep
14.8
14.9
15.0
15.1
15.2

Oct
13.3
13.6
13.9
14.1
14.4

Nov
11.6
12.0
12.4
12.8
13.3

Dec
10.7
11.1
11.6
12.0
12.5

Effect of Temperature f (t) on Longwave Radiation (Rnl)

T (oC)
f (t)

0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
11.0 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.4 12.7 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.2 14.6 15.0

T (oC)
f (t)

24 26 28 30 32 34 36
15.4 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.2 17.7 18.1

4.7

Effect of Vapour Pressure f (ed) on Longwave Radiation (Rnl)

ed mbar 6 8
f (ed) 0.23 .22
ed mbar
f (ed)

32 34
.09 .08

10
.20
36
.08

12
.19

14
.18

16
.16

18
.15

20
.14

22
.13

24
.12

26
.12

28 30
.11 .10

38
.07

(2.7)
(U)
f (U) = 0.27 . ( 1 + U 2 /100)
U 2 2
./
2
2
66

Bot-4

ed

Rn

U 2 = U z . (2.0/z)0.2
U z Z ./
(Mean Actual Vapour Pressure
of the Air)
= ea . Rhmean/100 (Rhmean )
(Net Radiation, Rn)

Rn = Rns - Rnl

Rns (Net Shortwave Radiation)

= (1 - ) . Rs

= Reflection depends on the nature of the surface cover

= 0.25 for most crop
Rs
= Solar Radiation depends on Ra and the transmission
through the atmosphere, which is largely dependent
on cloud cover
= Ra . (0.25 + 0.5 . (n/N)
Ra
= (Extra Terrestrial
Radiation) 4.5
n/N = 0.745 + 0.095 Cc + 0.02 Cc2
Cc =
Rnl = (Net Longwave Radiation)
= f (T) . f (ed) . f (n/N)
f (T) , f (ed) 4.6 4.7
3) 4.9 ETp Modified Penman 26

4.9 4.10
4.11

67

Bot-4

4.8

CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR THE PERIOD 1951-1975

Station NAKHON SAWAN

Index Station 48 400
Latitude 15o 48 N.
Longitude 100o 10 E.
Pressure (+1000 or 900 mbs.)
Mean
Ext. Max.
Ext. Min
Mean daily rangc
Temperature (oC)
Mean
Mean Max.
Mean Min.
Ext. Max.
Ext. Min
Relative Humidity (%)
Mean
Mean Max.
Mean Min.
Ext. Min
Dew Pont (oC)
Mean
Evaporation (mm)
Mean Piche
Pan
Cloudiness (0-8)
Mean
Visibility (Km)
0700 L.S.T.
Mean
Wind (Knots)
Prevailing wind
Mean Wind Speed
Max. Wind Speed
Rainfall (mm.)
Mean
Mean rainy days
Greatest in 24 hr.
Day/Year
Number of days with
Haze
Fog
Hail
Thunderstorm
Squall

Elevation of station above MSL.

Height of barometer above MSL.
Height of thermometer above ground
Height of wind vane above ground
Height of raingauge

28.00
29.50
1.50
15.00
0.80

meters
meters
meters
meters
meters

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

13.84
29.74
13.10
5.30

11.34
23.30
02.36
5.62

09.84
21.00
00.70
5.86

08.28
19.38
99.84
5.85

06.69
14.69
99.10
5.16

05.82
13.49
97.00
4.33

06.02
14.59
96.10
3.85

06.06
13.39
98.10
4.12

07.45
15.79
98.30
4.51

10.45
20.61
01.80
4.74

12.70
22.69
04.29
4.67

13.93
24.29
03.76
4.93

09.37
29.74
96.10
4.91

25.5
31.9
17.5
37.0
6.1

28.4
34.6
20.9
39.8
12.0

30.7
36.6
23.5
41.2
14.2

31.9
37.7
25.1
42.5
17.0

30.7
36.0
25.0
42.7
20.3

29.6
34.4
24.6
41.0
21.4

29.1
33.7
24.2
38.9
20.9

28.4
33.0
24.0
37.8
20.9

28.1
32.2
23.8
36.3
20.4

27.9
31.8
23.5
35.9
18.4

26.8
31.4
21.1
35.7
11.9

25.2
30.9
18.1
35.8
8.2

28.5
33.7
22.6
42.7
6.1

63.0
88.3
42.3
16.0

62.0
87.6
41.1
10.0

61.0
87.7
40.3
15.0

63.0
87.2
41.9
20.0

70.0
89.4
51.5
23.0

74.0
90.8
57.4
34.0

76.0
91.8
59.1
36.0

78.0
93.0
62.3
38.0

82.0
95.4
66.5
47.0

80.0
94.8
64.2
38.0

73.0
93.0
55.2
25.0

67.0
90.7
47.0
25.0

71.0
90.8
52.4
10.0

17.2

19.4

21.3

22.9

23.9

24.1

23.9

24.1

24.4

23.7

21.1

18.2

22.0

98.8
137.2

112.4
156.6

143.2
206.0

152.5
237.3

103.1
199.8

84.3
172.5

79.2
165.3

66.7
149.5

49.9
125.0

59.7
131.0

72.8
122.5

91.7
128.5

1114.3
1931.2

3.2

3.3

3.4

4.1

5.8

6.6

6.8

7.0

6.7

5.6

4.4

3.6

5.0

5.0
7.1

4.1
5.7

5.3
5.9

8.2
8.2

11.0
11.2

11.6
11.7

10.4
11.2

10.0
10.6

8.8
9.9

8.4
10.2

7.8
10.3

6.9
9.6

8.1
9.3

E
4.0
33 NE

S
4.6
58 S

S
6.2
62 N

S
6.4
60 N

S
5.4
70 S

S
5.8
50 S

S
5.2
52 S

S
4.6
42 N

S
3.4
65 N

S
3.2
54 NE

E
3.6
27 NW

N
3.8
27 E

13.7
1.4
60.9
11/75

26.9
1.8
69.6
3/53

43.4
3.1
87.1
23/70

65.1
5.0
84.9
11/72

137.3
11.8
89.0
14/70

125.1
13.6
61.8
1/56

140.7
15.5
96.1
29/73

181.0
17.4
90.3
26/65

250.8
18.0
121.2
23/64

152.8
12.4
147.0
8/51

30.5
3.1
121.6
14/66

6.4
1.0
45.6
16/66

1173.7
104.1
147.0
8/51

24.7
10.4
0.0
0.4
0.0

25.8
7.0
0.0
1.1
0.1

27.7
3.1
0.0
3.8
0.0

19.6
1.3
0.0
7.2
0.0

3.8
0.4
0.0
13.0
0.1

0.6
0.1
0.0
8.7
0.0

0.8
0.1
0.0
8.4
0.0

1.6
0.6
0.0
8.1
0.0

1.8
0.6
0.0
10.3
0.0

5.6
1.3
0.0
8.0
0.0

9.6
5.1
0.0
1.4
0.0

16.1
6.8
0.0
0.1
0.0

137.7
36.8
0.0
70.5
0.2

68

Year

Bot-4

69

Bot-4

70

Bot-4

71

Bot-4

72

Bot-4

4.11

(Potential Evapotranspiration, Etp)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

.
93
102
104
108
109
102
108
114
115
113
117
118
116
119
112
113
114
119
117
119
125
119
120
113
125
122
131
129
132
125
130
120

.
125
134
134
139
139
133
137
240
147
138
146
143
153
146
137
133
138
140
143
140
145
139
143
131
150
149
152
147
147
151
148
136

. . . . .
151 169 158 143 135
166 185 161 139 131
164 179 160 144 135
173 191 166 135 127
167 184 167 151 144
162 177 158 144 135
170 188 168 145 142
165 180 260 140 133
182 198 167 150 144
165 175 159 143 136
177 190 163 135 128
176 180 160 140 132
186 197 166 148 143
172 183 167 155 153
165 174 158 144 140
157 166 155 134 132
163 173 154 143 141
167 172 156 141 136
168 177 162 148 147
165 171 159 147 143
166 168 155 140 140
162 162 150 137 135
163 168 158 151 146
147 153 145 142 137
172 179 172 150 144
179 187 167 152 144
177 179 161 148 141
174 182 168 155 149
161 162 152 136 132
177 182 163 148 144
169 170 158 150 145
153 156 144 136 132
73

.
124
123
122
120
132
124
130
124
134
126
118
122
141
143
128
122
129
128
133
130
129
125
134
125
133
134
132
142
158
135
133
126

.
128
125
124
125
130
126
128
128
128
128
127
123
130
139
131
127
132
135
132
129
129
124
132
125
130
127
131
134
127
133
132
123

.
122
123
123
127
125
126
125
132
121
129
130
131
125
139
134
132
135
135
131
132
129
126
127
119
135
126
133
132
131
127
131
120

.
105
112
110
117
113
112
115
123
112
121
123
124
116
124
121
121
122
127
126
126
132
119
122
112
130
121
131
128
134
121
126
119

.
91
97
96
103
100
97
103
109
103
108
110
112
106
109
107
107
108
114
113
114
120
110
112
105
110
113
128
121
128
116
119
113

Bot-4

4.11

(Potential Evapotranspiration, Etp) ()

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.

()

.
126
131
140
128
124
133
127
125
117
120
116
103
121
130
143
134
140

.
148
149
156
134
130
150
145
141
133
143
137
144
136
145
159
150
158

. . . . .
166 166 158 144 137
168 171 153 149 143
171 170 152 158 151
139 146 132 123 121
137 137 129 120 119
166 171 156 152 146
165 167 152 146 139
159 164 154 145 142
152 154 139 130 127
158 155 142 136 135
157 153 143 140 142
153 147 135 133 135
151 154 138 135 133
158 153 130 118 117
167 155 132 132 133
157 148 137 127 128
166 155 131 121 128

74

.
129
136
146
115
112
139
132
137
150
131
135
133
131
113
132
125
123

.
131
131
139
117
116
134
132
140
128
114
101
79
67
109
82
88
72

.
130
131
133
123
121
137
127
129
121
123
124
124
127
115
126
120
122

.
126
131
137
128
122
135
125
129
113
110
110
113
115
108
134
120
117

.
117
130
139
127
123
132
123
127
111
107
107
116
110
120
132
123
123

Bot-4

4.3.3
4.2

YB 20 40
90 155
/ 168 / 160 /
5
70

1. 4 2
2
2. 40 2 20 Kc
10 30
3. 50 2
13 38 53
78
4. Kc 10 30 %
10 %
=
10 x 100 = 25% ; Kc = 0.32
40
30 %
=
30 x 100 = 75% ; Kc = 0.98
40
5. Kc 13, 38 53 78
13
;
Kc
=
1.22 - (1.22 - 1.15) x 3 = 1.20
10
38
;
Kc
=
1.02 - (1.02 - 0.88) x 8 = 0.91
10
6.
ET =
Kc x ETp
6.1 1 20 ; ET =
0.32 x 155 x 20 =
32
.
31
6.2 2 20 ; ET =
0.98 x 155 x 11 + 0.98 x 168 x 9
31
28
=
53.9 + 52.92 .
=
106.82
.
75

Bot-4

6.3 3 25 ; ET =

1.20 x 168 x 19 + 1.20 x 160 x 6

28
31
=
136.8 + 37.16 .
=
173.96
.
6.4 4 25 ; ET =
0.91 x 160 x 25
31
=
117.42
.

=
32 + 106.82 + 173.96 + 117.42
=
429.24
.
7. 5 70%
=
5 x 1600 2/ x 429.24 .
0.70
1000 ./.
=
4,905.6
3


3 5
Class-A Pan

ET

Kp x Epan

ET
Kp

=
=

(/)
... 4.12
4.2
(/)

................................. 4.3

Epan =

76

Bot-4

4.2

4.12

Class - A pan

0
0.20
0.50
0.20
0.10
0.20

10
0.30
0.45
0.30
0.20
0.30

0.20
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.20
0.80

0.35
0.20
0.25
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.95

0.20
0.10

0.20
0.20

20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.40 0.65 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.60
0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
0.50 0.65 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.75
0.40 0.55 0.75 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.75
0.50 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.60 0.50
1.0
0.55 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.85 0.70 0.60
0.25 0.30 0.40 0.55 0.75 0.85 0.90
0.35 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
0.20 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.45 0.35
0.35 0.45 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.65 0.60
0.45 0.65 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.95 0.95
1.05 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.10
0.55 1.00
0.25 0.35 0.50 0.65 0.70 0.60 0.45
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.45

90
0.35
0.55
0.60
0.55
0.40

100
0.20
0.50
0.50
0.35
0.20

0.35
0.90
0.90
0.25
0.45
0.90
0.90

0.15
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.30
0.90
0.50

0.35
0.35

0.20
0.30

4.13

77

Bot-4

4.13

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
4.3.

(/)
..
95.4
90.1
96.0
106.9
89.2
108.1
110.6
80.9
95.1
111.3
123.9
108.1
108.6
121.8
123.2
108.1
109.0
116.0
130.4
166.4
116.0
144.1
130.1
128.3
151.4
146.2
165.1
141.0
129.2
175.5
126.0
146.7
131.0
156.2
139.7
117.9
138.7
138.4
147.1
147.1
141.7
140.7
143.9

..
117.2
123.1
119.2
129.4
112.5
145.9
128.3
91.1
112.4
121.1
175.7
124.8
119.0
133.5
130.5
123.2
116.8
128.7
140.3
168.5
114.8
150.9
132.3
137.8
158.6
143.9
163.8
147.8
138.5
170.2
130.3
177.5
139.2
153.3
150.8
136.6
145.4
130.5
150.1
146.9
139.1
145.3
144.1

..
170.0
164.2
169.7
172.2
157.4
207.7
188.4
119.3
149.5
163.9
244.1
159.0
161.2
176.0
163.6
154.0
152.1
162.7
182.2
214.8
146.1
202.0
176.0
182.9
210.3
185.1
204.9
188.6
181.4
210.1
163.5
235.5
185.8
200.3
208.3
174.7
188.3
170.2
192.5
187.0
177.1
181.7
174.3

..
206.5
184.3
191.1
194.6
183.5
227.4
213.5
142.7
170.7
191.0
262.4
160.2
187.6
192.3
171.6
178.3
178.4
173.0
198.7
208.8
159.9
210.5
181.0
193.2
222.6
183.3
205.0
190.0
186.4
198.5
163.9
251.8
201.8
204.2
224.4
177.9
191.3
161.5
190.9
182.2
180.0
181.0
178.9

..
186.7
145.8
163.1
180.3
166.2
203.0
195.4
137.2
165.9
176.5
214.3
128.8
177.5
160.2
167.5
162.8
151.0
153.6
178.6
164.0
142.8
190.0
158.6
169.1
185.5
157.3
186.2
174.3
179.4
184.2
153.2
210.5
191.5
188.1
194.0
138.9
173.3
146.8
167.6
156.6
159.3
164.9
157.6

..
129.7
110.2
138.2
142.3
135.7
160.4
155.1
109.9
132.7
134.0
147.4
91.5
147.2
130.7
141.4
120.3
118.9
137.3
149.0
136.5
103.4
160.8
125.7
146.5
160.3
130.7
154.0
166.6
165.5
160.5
134.6
181.8
171.0
163.5
155.6
92.6
154.5
123.8
148.3
130.0
151.3
166.4
145.0

78

..
116.6
97.1
125.5
129.9
127.7
151.1
147.3
100.5
118.7
123.2
153.8
85.7
140.2
118.7
133.8
118.1
115.8
133.5
140.2
141.3
105.8
159.7
125.3
144.3
156.7
132.3
153.1
167.3
167.5
164.1
134.9
171.9
164.3
161.7
164.3
88.5
152.2
134.5
146.7
132.7
155.1
167.2
154.7

..
112.3
86.0
118.8
126.3
118.7
138.4
138.7
95.7
117.9
121.0
144.8
74.1
128.3
106.0
124.5
109.4
102.8
119.9
130.8
129.5
96.9
136.8
110.9
129.5
139.1
117.4
139.5
152.7
154.4
152.0
124.4
151.4
154.7
148.4
156.3
81.0
152.3
127.9
142.6
127.7
150.7
161.4
149.0

..
117.6
91.3
109.5
130.3
108.6
120.8
131.2
100.0
122.2
121.4
132.6
88.4
120.1
106.6
121.9
109.7
114.2
109.4
125.5
155.4
108.6
128.2
118.1
122.4
130.4
105.6
125.6
129.0
138.5
133.3
111.8
130.1
136.0
135.0
140.1
101.0
132.9
123.7
129.0
124.6
134.0
135.4
118.6

..
114.5
96.5
101.3
130.0
99.8
107.1
125.1
101.5
116.8
123.7
108.8
98.1
124.5
119.5
127.2
99.4
121.4
115.0
131.6
160.3
116.4
141.6
125.9
128.4
146.7
130.6
150.2
129.2
130.5
154.3
113.0
128.9
132.5
129.0
124.6
108.5
127.7
124.5
127.7
128.5
128.5
118.9
121.2

..
90.7
84.7
86.4
105.0
86.8
93.1
109.7
85.8
96.1
115.4
102.7
97.5
114.9
125.3
123.5
93.7
118.0
107.9
128.7
156.0
115.2
143.5
128.0
124.6
155.3
138.8
161.9
130.7
121.5
164.5
114.6
129.1
130.3
148.8
131.7
99.6
127.6
135.0
130.1
135.6
136.0
132.3
141.5

..
82.0
79.4
84.2
96.4
81.2
94.5
104.0
77.5
87.1
112.9
104.0
100.1
111.0
126.8
122.3
98.4
109.3
110.3
125.0
1930.3
107.3
143.1
122.1
125.6
153.4
143.5
164.5
136.3
124.2
168.1
120.4
134.9
130.6
162.8
144.3
108.4
135.4
137.2
135.6
148.9
147.5
144.6
153.5

1539.2
1352.7
1503.0
1643.6
1467.3
1757.5
1747.3
1242.1
1485.1
1615.4
1914.5
1316.3
1640.1
1617.4
1651.0
1475.4
1507.7
1567.3
1761.0
1433.2
1911.2
1634.0
1732.6
1970.3
1714.7
1973.8
1853.5
1817.0
2035.3
1590.6
2050.1
1868.7
1951.2
1934.1
1425.6
1819.6
1654.0
1808.2
1747.8
1800.3
1839.8
1783.2

Bot-4

4.13

44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.

(/) ()
..
148.9
143.4
122.0
136.5
114.0
126.4

..
130.1
133.6
131.1
133.2
115.8
136.3

..
154.0
156.3
173.8
166.3
146.7
170.9

..
14.5.6
151.5
171.8
177.7
149.7
163.1

..
124.4
138.6
162.0
163.6
128.2
145.5

..
103.9
100.6
132.6
136.3
109.5
136.9

(.. 2509-2538)

79

..
109.2
108.1
138.3
147.5
110.7
141.0

..
102.8
99.7
129.9
132.4
106.3
133.0

..
96.2
101.1
125.1
132.3
106.6
124.3

..
119.8
113.0
106.0
122.5
101.8
115.1

..
143.3
133.1
107.3
138.5
94.0
98.0

..
156.1
147.3
117.4
151.0
101.5
102.8

1534.3
1526.3
1617.3
1737.8
1384.8
1593.3

Bot-4

4.4

(Critical Periood)
4.14

4.14

(Critical Period)

(Booting to Heading)

50

80

Bot-4

4.5

4.3
50 70
4.15

4.3

4.15

(.)

74 - 160
74 - 180
60 -124
40 - 124
74 - 170
100 - 170
60 - 80
81

40 - 100
40 - 100
78 - 124
30 - 74
100 - 200

Bot-4

50
70

4.6

4.16
4.18 4.4
6
7
0

82

Bot-4

4.16

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.
7.
13.
2.
8.
14.
3.
9.
15.
4.
10.
16.
5.
11.
17.
6.
12.

1.
8.
15.
2.
9.
16.
3.
10.
17.
4.
11.
18.
5.
12.
19.
6.
13.
20.
7.
14.

1. - 148 .1 .8
10
2.
5.
3.
6.
4.

1.
3.
5.
2.
4.
6.

1.
3.
5.
2.
4.

1.
2.
4.
83

Bot-4

4.17

3.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

5.

:
:
:
:

* *
*
*
* * *
*
: * * * *
* * *
* *


: *
*


:
: * * * * * *
* * * * * *



:
:

84

Bot-4

4.18

..

85

Bot-4

86

Bot-4

4.7

4.19-4.21

4.19

16-31 2544

()
()
()
()

(.)

(.)
()

()

/.
13
25
14
25
25
4.5
15
12
5-6
16
30
34
14
14
26
6
12
10
7
4-9
10
10

()

()

()

87

/.
10
20
8
8
110
35
20
10
6
80
7
40
25
7
60
110
25
35
50
30-45
20
30
35
40

(.)

()

(.)

(.)

(.)

(.)

/.
3-4
3
0.5-2
140
6
8
18
6
12
11
8
1-2
7
7
10
20
6
50-60
20
22
3
9
16-20

Bot-4

4.20

16-31 2544

()

()

(.)
(.)
(.)
(.)
(.)

()

()

(.)

(.)

/.
5-12
3-6
100-210
80-180
50-100
17-19
11
10
15
-

(.)

()
()

()
()
()

88

/.
14
3-6
12-18
8
25-40
18-30
20-22
75-80
45-58
5
3-7
23

()
()

(.)
()
( )

(15 .)
(10 .)
(.)
(.)
(10.)
( )

(10 )

()
()

/.
350-420
11-23
11-29
3-10
800
800
1,600
50-60
900
950
900
450-550
-

Bot-4

4.21

16-31 2544

()

5 N

17 ()

:
:
()
()
()
() ()
()
(.)
()
()
(100 )

70
100
130
100
100-150
10
4-15
110
30
60
100
10
40
20

80
110
140
110
100-150
15
5-20
120
40
70
120
20
45
25

: .. 2544

89

()
()
()
()
()
()

()
()
()
()

()
(100 )
()
()

()
()
()

300
90
4
80
70
80
70
150
70
45
50
30
30
25
5
12
20

15
100
5
90
80
90
80
200
80
50
55
35
35
30
8
15
25

 4.9 ETp Modified Penman

ETp =
C (w.Rn) + (1-w).f(u).(ea-ed)

1. (oc)
2. (%)
3. Uz (Knot)
4. U2 (Km./day)
5. ea (millibar)
6. Rh/100
7. ed (millibar)
8. ea - ed (millibar)
9. f(u) = 0.27 (1+u2/100)
10. W
11. 1 W
12. (1 W).f(u).(ea ed)
13. Ra

4.8
4.8
4.8
U2 = Uz (2.00/z)0.2 , 1 Knot = 44.478 Km/day
1 4.3
4.8
5 x 6
5 7
U2 4
1 4.4
1 10
8 x 9 x 11
Latitude 4.5


14. n/N
15. 0.25 + 0.5 (n/N)
16. Rs = Ra(0.25 + 0.5 n/N)
17. Rns = (1 - ) Rs
18. f(t)
19. f(ed)
20. f(n/N)
21. Rnl = f(t).f(ed).f(n/N)
22. Rn = Rns Rnl
23. W.Rn
24. (W.Rn) + (1-W).f(u).(ea-ed)
25. C
26. ETp (mm./month)

0.745 + 0.095 Cc + 0.02 Cc2
Cc 4.8
14
15 x 13
= 0.25 ; 0.75 x 16
1 4.6
1 4.7
= 0.1 + 0.9 (n/N)
= 0.1 + 0.9 x 14
18 x 19 x 20
17 21
10 x 22
23 + 12
1
24 x 25 x 1

 4.10

(Etp) Modified Penman

1. (oc)
2. (%)
3. Uz (Knot)
4. U2 (Km./day)
5. ea (millibar)
6. Rh/100
7. ed (millibar)
8. ea - ed (millibar)
9. f(u) = 0.27 (1+u2/100)
10. W
11. 1 W
12. (1 W).f(u).(ea ed)
13. Ra

..
24.1
63
1.9
58.473
29.99
0.63
18.883
11.096
0.4278
0.731
0.269
1.2771
11.8

..
26.7
60
2
61.550
35.07
0.6
21.042
14.028
0.4361
0.757
0.243
1.4868
13.15

..
29.0
59
2.5
76.938
40.10
0.59
23.659
16.441
0.4777
0.775
0.225
1.7672
14.65

..
30.3
63
2.9
89.248
40.75
0.63
25.672
15.077
0.5109
0.783
0.217
1.6718
15.6

..
29.2
74
2.4
73.861
40.58
0.74
30.014
10.545
0.4694
0.776
0.224
1.1088
16.05

..
28.3
79
2.5
76.938
38.49
0.79
30.407
8.0829
0.4777
0.7715
0.2285
0.8823
16

..
27.7
81
2.4
73.861
37.17
0.81
30.107
7.0623
0.4694
0.767
0.233
0.7724
16

..
27.4
83
2.2
87.705
36.54
0.83
30.328
6.2118
0.4528
0.764
0.236
0.6638
15.75

..
27.2
84
1.6
49.240
36.12
0.84
30.340
5.7792
0.4029
0.762
0.238
0.5542
14.95

..
27.0
79
2
61.550
35.70
0.79
28.203
7.497
0.4381
0.76
0.24
0.7848
13.75

..
25.6
71
2.3
70.783
32.84
0.71
23.316
9.5236
0.4611
0.746
0.254
1.1154
12.2

..
23.7
66
2
61.550
29.29
0.66
19.331
9.9566
0.4361
0.727
0.273
1.1858
11.35


14. n/N
15. 0.25 + 0.5 (n/N)
16. Rs = Ra(0.25 + 0.5 n/N)
17. Rns = (1 - ) Rs
18. f(t)
19. f(ed)
20. f(n/N) = 0.1 + 0.9 (n/N)
21. Rnl = f(t).f(ed).f(n/N)
22. Rn = Rns Rnl
23. (WRn) + (1-W)f(u)(ea-ed)
24. (WRn) + (1+W)f(u)(eaed)
25. C
26. Etp (mm./month)

..
0.8866
0.6933
8.1813
6.1360
15.425
0.149
0.8980
2.0639
4.0721
2.9767
4.2538
1
131.87

..
0.7710
0.6355
8.3569
6.2677
16.04
0.136
0.7939
1.7318
4.5358
3.4336
4.9206
1
152.53

..
0.8566
0.6782
9.9369
7.4527
16.5
0.126
0.8709
1.3106
5.8420
4.3726
6.1398
1
190.33

..
0.7931
0.6465
10.086
7.5648
16.775
0.113
0.8138
1.5426
6.0222
4.7153
6.3871
1
198.00

..
0.8171
0.6585
10.570
7.9277
16.54
0.1
0.8354
1.3818
6.5459
5.0796
6.1885
1
191.84

..
0.4551
0.4775
7.6408
5.7306
16.36
0.099
0.5095
0.8253
4.9052
3.7844
4.6667
1
144.66

..
0.4089
0.4544
7.2718
5.4539
16.24
0.097
0.4660
0.7373
4.7165
3.6175
4.3900
1
136.09

..
0.3641
0.4320
6.8049
5.1036
16.18
0.101
0.4277
0.6989
4.4047
3.3652
4.0290
1
136.09

..
0.4642
0.4821
7.2081
5.4060
16.14
0.099
0.5178
0.8274
4.5786
3.4889
4.0431
1
125.33

..
0.6856
0.5928
8.1512
6.1134
16.1
0.106
0.7170
1.2237
4.8896
3.7161
4.5009
1
139.52

..
0.8370
0.6685
8.1557
6.1166
15.8
0.125
0.8533
1.6852
4.4315
3.3059
4.4213
1
137.06

..
0.9472
0.7236
8.2133
6.1600
15.34
0.145
0.9525
2.1187
4.0412
2.9379
4.1238
1
127.83

Bot-5

(Irrigation Principle)
5
5.1

5.2

(Soil Plant-Atmosphere Continuum:SPAC)
5.1


1)

2)


3)

4)

90

Bot-5

5.1

91

Bot-5

5.3

2








1




(Saturation Point)
(Field capacity Point) (Permanent Wilting Point)
(Oven Dry) 5.2

5.3.1

5.2
92

Bot-5

(Available Soil Moisture)
5.3.2

(Soil Moisture
Characteristics curve)
/
5.3
2
(Differential water capacity)
(Available water capacity)

5.3
93

Bot-5

5.3 1/3
15
12, 7, 4

1 1
3
5.4

5.4

(SPAC)
5.1

5.3.2
5.1

()

()
()

0.75 - 2.00
0.60 - 0.70
0.30 - 0.50
0.20 - 0.30
0.30 - 1.00
0.40 - 0.60
0.30 - 0.80
0.25 - 0.30
0.50 - 1.00
0.45 - 0.55
0.55 - 0.65
94

Bot-5

5.1

()

()
()

( )

()
()

()
()
()
()

( 60 .)
( 7 .)
( 15 )
()

()
0.30 - 0.50
0.55 - 0.65
0.45 - 0.55
0.60 - 0.70
0.60 - 0.70
0.40
0.20 - 1.00
0.50 - 0.80
0.50
0.40 - 0.50
1.00
0.20 - 0.30
0.35 - 0.40
0.80 - 1.50
0.30 - 1.50
1.50
8.00 - 12.00 *
0.40 - 0.50
8.00 - 12.00
4.00 - 6.00
4.00 - 6.00
1.50
3.00

*

95

Bot-5

5.5

3 5.4 3
3

5.4

5.4
W V Wa Va Ww Vw
Ws Vs

5.5.1

Pw =
Ww/Ws x 100 ................... 5.1

Pw =

Ww =
()
Ws =
()

5.5.2

Pv
=
Pw x As
...................... 5.2

Pv
=

Pw =

As
=

96

Bot-5

5.1 5.2 3

3

5.3.2
5.2
5.2

50 75
60 60


5.3
dw =
Pw.As.dp
.............. 5.3

dw =

dp
=

As
=

Pw =


5.1
40
1.30 7
( ) 20 (50% )
5
75

1. 5.2
50

97

Bot-5

98

Bot-5

2. %

50

3. dw

=
=
=

7%
=
7 x 50
100
=
3.5%
=
3.5%
Pw.As x dp
100
(3.5)(1.30)(200)
100
9.1

4. 5

=
9.1 . x 5 x 1600 2/
1,000 ./
=
72.8
5. 75%

=
72.8 =
97.0
0.75



Tensiometer ,
(Neutron Moisture
Meter) 5.5 ,5.6, 5.7, 5.8 , Tensiometer
Neutron Moisture Meter

Tensiometer

Neutron Moisture Meter

6 6.6

99

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5.5

100

Bot-5

5.6 Tensiometer

101

Bot-5

5.7

102

Bot-5

5.8 Neutron Moisture Meter

103

Bot-5

5.6

(1-ya/ym) =

Ky (1-ETa/ETm)

ya
ym
Ky
ETa
ETm

.................. (5.4)

=
=
=
=
=

5.3 (ym)
5.4 (ky)

104

Bot-5

5.3

./

1/
<20o 4/ >20o

2/
<20o >20o

3/
<20o >20o

2,400
4,000
1,600
6,400-9,600
4,800-6,400
960-1,260
960-1,280
960-1,280
240-400
240-400
240-400
6,400-9,600
6,400-9,600
6,400-9,600

5,600-8,000
6,400-9,600
4,000-4,800
4,800-7,200
3,200-5,600
4,000-6,400
480-640
480-720
800-1,600
2,400-4,800
480-640
560-720
1,120-1,440 960-1,280 1,440-1,600 1,120-1,440
1,120-1,600
5,600-7,200
5,600-7,200
320-480
320-480
96-128
96-128
2,400-3,200
2,400-4,000
12,000-14,400
10,400-12,000
2,400-3,200
4,000-5,600
960-1,280
800-1,100
320-640
480-640
560-800 480-640
560-800
400-560
400-560
6,400-9,600

105

2,400-4,000
240-320
640-960
5,600-7,200
323-480
96-123
2,400-3,200
4,800-6,400
640-960
320-480
5,600-8,800

Bot-5

5.3

./ ()

1/
2/
3/
4/

1/
<20o 4/ >20o

2/
<20o >20o

3/
<20o >20o

17,600-24,000
16,000-22,400
400-560
400-560
320-400
320-400
320-400
240-320
7,200-10,400
18,800-12,000
7,200-10,400
4,000-5,600
4,000-5,600
640-960
640-960
640-960

106

Bot-5

5.4

(ky)
(1)

1 .
1 .
0.7-1.1

0.2

1.1

0.2

0.5

0.2
0.4
0.45

0.8
1.6*

0.2

0.2
0.45

0.8
0.3
0.2
0.2

0.45

0.25

0.9

0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2

0.55
0.55
0.8

0.7
0.6
0.45
1.0

0.4

1.1
0.8

0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.8

0.2
0.2

0.6
0.65

0.5
0.55

0.5
1.0

1.0

0.7

107

0.2
0.6

0.6
0.5
0.8
0.7

0.75
0.25
0.2

0.75
0.45

0.2

0.1

0.4
0.3

0.7-1.1
1.2-1.35
1.15
0.95
0.8-1.1
0.85
0.85
0.7
1.25*
1.1
1.15
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.9
0.85
0.6-1.0
0.7-1.1
1.2
0.95
0.9
1.05
1.1
1.0
1.15

Bot-5

5.2 84 .
84 .

, .

..

25
90

..

30
192

..

30
285

..

38
273

123
840

1
1.
=
840 84
756 .
2. ym 5.3 1,300 ./
3. Ky 5.4
Ky = 1.25
4. 5.4 (1 - ya /ym )
=
Ky (1 - ETa)
ETm
(1 - ya)
=
1.25 (1 - 756/840)
1300
ya
=
1 - 0.125
1300
ya
=
0.875 x 1300 = 1,137.5 ./
=
12.5%
2
1. .. = 285 - 84 201
2. ym = 1300 /
3. Ky 5.4
1.6
4. ya 5.4
(1 - ya)
=
1.6 (1 - 201/285 )
ym
ya
=
1 - 0.4
1300
ya
=
0.53 (1300)
=
689
=
47%
* 34
108

 5.2

50

50 75
75

(100 )

: SCS National Engineering Handbook, Section 15 Irrigation-Chapter 1 : Soil-Plant-Water Relationships ,

Soil Conservation Services, United States Department of Agri-culture.

Bot-6

(Irrigation Principle)
6

6.1

6.2


1)
2)

3)
4)
5)

6.1
6.2
6.3
109

Bot-6

6.1

150 //

- ,
-
- ,

6.2

50 //
70 //
0.20 //

, ,

2,000 3/
5 //
6 //

6.3

35%

-
- -

-
-
-

55%
70%
55%
80%
85-90%

110

Bot-6

3 4

1.

2.

3.
4.
6.1 6
5
4 6x4 4 10 30
55%

1.
1.1 =
5 x 150 // x 180
1,000 /3
=
135 3
1.2
=
10 x 20 // x 180
1,000 /3
=
36 3
=
30 x 0.2 // x 180
1,000 /3
=
1.0 3
1.3
=
4 x 1600 2/ x 4.5 //2 x 180

1,000 /3
=
5,184
3
1.4
111

Bot-6

266
4 x 1600 2/ =
6 x 4 2/

=
(4)2 =
12.57
2/
4
=
266 x 12.57 2/ x 6 //2 x 180
1,000 /3
=
3,610
3
=
135 + 37 + 5,184 + 3,610 3
=
8,966
3

2.

=

=
8,966 3
0.55
=
16,031
3

6.4

6.3




1 3




5.00

112

Bot-6

=
/

113

Bot-6

114

Bot-6

115

Bot-6

116

Bot-6

6.1
16,301
3
5 .
=
32,602

2
2.03

=
32,602 =
1,600 2/


1.
30
2.
10
3.
30
4.
30




6.1
6.2

6.4

(Open channel) (Under
pressured)
/
/

117

Bot-6

6.1

118

Bot-6

6.2

119

Bot-6

6.5







1. (Sub-surface Irrigation)
2. (Surface Irrigation)
3. (Sprinkler Irrigation)
4. (Micro-Irrigation / Drip-Trikle Irrigation)


6.5.1 (Sub-Surface Irrigation)
30-60 .

(Permeability)
( 6.3 )


6.4

120

Bot-6

6.3

121

Bot-6

6.4

122

Bot-6

6.5.2 (Surface Irrigation)

3

1.
(1.1)
(1.2)
7 10
(1.3)

(1.4)
(1.5)

2.
(2.1)

(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)

(2.5)
(2.6)


1)
(Furrow Irrigation)
0.25-0.40 . 0.150.30 . 6.5

.
(/) 6.5

123

Bot-6

6.2 100 .
0.2%

6.5 0.2%
370 3 /


6.3 +6.500
. +6.000 . 250


1.
=
x 100

=
(6.500 6.000) x 100
250
=
0.2%
2. 6.5 250 220 370
50 100 .

=
50 + (100 50) x (250 220)
(370 220)
=
60 .

=
100 - (100 50) x (370 250)
(370 220)
=
60 .

=
3
/

124

Bot-6

6.5

125

Bot-6

6.5

126

Bot-6

2) (Border) 2
6.6
6.6 6.7

1 ( 4
6.6 6.7)
6.4 1.20
0.20% 120 .


6.7 5-18
300 = 4 (5 18)
= 20 - 72 /

6.6 (GRADED BORDER)

127

Bot-6

6.6 (Border
Irrigation)

%
.2-.4
.4-.6
.6-1.0

1 .
/
10-15
8-10
5-8

18-25

.2-.4
.4-.6
.6-1.0

12-18

(Loamy
sand)

(Sandy
loam)

(Clay
loam)

(Clay)

.
100
100
100

12-30
9-12
6-9

60-90
60-90
75

7-10
5-8
3-6

125
125
125

12-30
9-12
6-9

75-150
75+150
75

.2-.4
.4-.6
.6-1.0

5-7
4-6
2-4

150
160
160

12-30
6-12
6

90-250
90-180
90

.2-.4

3-4

175

12-30

6-8

.4-.6
.6-1.0

2-3
1-2

175
175

6-12
6

180300
90-180
90

2.5-6

.2-.3

2-4

200

12-30

350

./.

(Sand)

25

128

Bot-6

6.7 (Border
Irrigation)

1 .
/
6-8
4-6
2-4

.
50-100
50-100
50-100

5-18
5-6
5-6

90-180
90-180
90

(Clay
loam)

0.6

%
0.15-0.6
0.6-1.5
1.5-4.0

0.6

0.15-0.6

3-4

100-150

5-18

(Clay)

0.6-1.5

2-3

100-150

5-6

1.5-4.0

1-2

100-150

5-6

180300
180300
180

1.0-4.0

1-4

25-75

5-6

90-130

0.15-0.45
(Loam)

129

Bot-6

3) (Basin)



6.8
6.5
180 / 3

1.
= 180 / 3
180 =
60 /
3
2. 6.8 0.75 1200
2

6.8

()

(Basin Irrigation)

/
../.
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300

108
216
324
432
540
648
756
864
972
1080

.125
.250
.375
.500
.625
.750
.875
1.000
1.125
1.250

.375
.750
1.125
1.500
1.875
2.250
2.625
3.000
3.375
3.750

130

.75
1.50
2.25
3.00
3.75
4.50
5.25
6.00
6.75
7.50

1.25
2.50
3.75
5.00
6.25
7.50
8.75
10.00
11.25
12.50

Bot-6

6.5.3 (Sprinkler Irrigation)

( 3 )





1.

2. 75

3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

1)

131

Bot-6

2)

3)





4)


5)

6)

1)
2)


3)

4)

5)


6)

7)

(Wind Brake) 20

8)

132

Bot-6

9)

10)



(Mainline Pipe) (Lateral Pipe) (Sprinkler)
6.7
- (Pumping Unit)
(Sprinkler)
- (Mainline Pipe Unit)
(Laterals) (Flexible)

- (Lateral Pipe Unit)
(Sprinkler)
(Riser)
- (Sprinkler Unit)




/

133

Bot-6

134

Bot-6

6.7

135

Bot-6

6.8 3/.

6.6 NAAN 322/90 3.5
0.54 3/ 24
6x6 15 ./ 6x12, 9x12, 12x12
7.5, 5.0, 3.7 /


(Precipitation Rate, Pr) = 1,000 x
Sprinkler (.3/.)
()
6.7 6 .
10 ./ 322/92 BOCHEN 3.5
1.05 3/ 25
12x12 2
/ 80

1. (Pr)
=
1,000 x (.3/.)
()
=
1,000 x 1.05
12 x 12
=
3.7 ./ < 10 ./

2. 2 /
=
2x6=
12 .

=
(.)
x (.3/.)
=
12 =
4.05
136

Bot-6

0.8 x 3.7

137

Bot-6

6.8 (Sprinkler)

138

Bot-6

6.5.4 (Drip or Trickle Irrigation)

(Emitter)


1) ( 250 /.)
2) ( 30 )
3) ( 3 )
4)
(
60%)
5) ( 20 )
6.9

139

Bot-6

140

Bot-6

1)

(Sprinkler Irrigation)
60%

2)

3)



4)

5)

6)

141

Bot-6

1)







2)

15 .


1200 ./

3)


4)

25 35
9,00014,000

142

Bot-6

(1)

4

(2)
1
1-2 1-2 1
(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)
(Polvethylene, PE)

(carbon black) (Utra
violet)

12-25 . 16 20
20 .
200
. 100
1
(3)

32-75 . 30-50 .
2-2
(4)
(polyethylene) (HDPE)
(rigid PVC) (asbestos cement)

(5)

(screen filter) (disc filter) (gravel-sand
143

Bot-6

filter) 3

(6)

.


.


.


.

. 2








1.

2.

144

Bot-6

3.
20%
4.
60%
70% 90%

5.
6.10

145

Bot-6

6.10

146

Bot-6

(Microtube)
0.8-1.3 . 0.30-1.00

- (on-line)
1

4-6

60%
-
(in-line) (line-source tubing)

2-3 3-5

5 10-15


(line-source)

50-60 . 20-30 .
30-40 .
90% - 95%
20 .
2
3 50%

2 1
147

Bot-6

1-2
50-60 .

(Mini Spray)
(mist)
(Mini Spray)
2-3
70-80%
(Mini Jet) 1-2

1
2

1



5-10
10 2, 4, 8
/.
10-15 15
20-70 /. 15-25
20 40-120 /.
6.9

148

Bot-6

6.9

0.5-1.5 .

0.8-2.4 .

1.0-2.8 .

1-12 /.

10-200 /.

20-250 /.

-
(Head, .)

5-10 .
( 8-10 .)

10-20 .
( 10-15 .)

15-25 .
( 15-20 .)

0.2-1.5 .

1-6 .

3-10 .

120-155
Mesh (
)

80-120
Mesh

40-120
Mesh

-
-

90-95%

85-90%

80-85%

2-4 .

6,000-8,000 /

7,000-9,000 /

8,000-12,000 /

149

Bot-6

6.6
6.6.1
2, 3, 4, 5

1)
2)
(Field
capacity)
5.1
3)


4)



5 5.6
6.6.2


/
1)
(1.1)


Pressure Chamber
(Water Potential)
6.11 Pressure Chamber
Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor

Relative
Humidity, Air Temperature, Plant Temperature Sunlight
Intensity Plant Stress Index 0

150

Bot-6

, 0-2 , > 2
6.12 Scheduler Plan Stress Monitor

151

Bot-6

6.11 Pressure Chamber

152

Bot-6

6.12 Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor

153

Bot-6

(1.2)

- 5.2

- Tensiometer,
Electro Magnetic


2)
(2.1)

50 5.1
6.13

6.13

154

Bot-6

(2.2)
1/10 1/3
(2.3)
()
()
(2.4) (2.1) (2.3)

3) /
(3.1)
3.1.1 (/) 6.5, 6.6,
6.7, 6.8
3.1.2 (./.)
3.1.3 (.)
3.1.4
3.1.5
(3.2)
3.2.1 (./.)
3.2.2 (./.)
3.2.3 (.)
3.2.4
(3.3)
3.3.1 (//)
3.3.2 (/.) 6.9

155

Bot-6

4 x 6 4 .
6.8
1.20 Tensiometer 0.60 0.90
0.60 300 5

1) 30

2) 5

3) 24 / 2

4) 15 /
6.14
5) /

1.
Pm =

Pgage - Pw

Pm =

Matric Potential (

Pgage
Pw =

=
()
Water Potantial () 1

Pm =
=
=

0.1
30 - 60 x 0.1
24
240

156

Bot-6

( )

: AS = 1.20
:

( )

157

Bot-6

6.14

158

Bot-6

6.14 240
24
30

2. .5 50
34
As =
1.20
dw =
Pw.As.dp
100
=
(34-24)(1.20) x 600
100
=
72
2

(V) =
D x h
4
2
=
(4 ) x 72
4
=
904.7

2.1) 72
2.2) 905

3.

(/)
905
24 x 2 /.
18.85

=
=
=

4.

(/)
72
15 /
4.8

=
=
=
159

Bot-6

5.

()
(/)
72
5
/
14.4
/

=
=
=

6.7
50%
25% 25%



6.7.1

1)

2)

3) (Hydraulic
Conductivity)

4)
6.7.2

3
1) (collection)
2) (disposal)
3) (on/let)

160

Bot-6

6.15

6.7.3

1)
2) (./.)
3)
4)
5)
6.16 6.20

161

Bot-6

15 20

1 : 4 1 : 8

20 .
0.5

6.16

162

Bot-6

200 .

200 .

200 .

200 .

30 .

0.5 .

0.5%

1 : 8
20 .

6.17

163

Bot-6

300

100

.5%

.
30

1
0.1

15 30 .

0.5 . 1 : 8
12 20 .

12 30 .

6.18

164

Bot-6

30 50 .

7.5 .

15 .

1 : 8

6.19
4%

165

Bot-6

166

Bot-6

6.7.4


1)
2) (Hydraulic Conductivity)
3)
4)
5)


6.21
( ) (
) 6.10

6.10

./.
<2
2-5
5 20
20 - 60
60 - 120

10 - 15
12 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 35
30 - 60

120 - 240
-

30 - 90
45 - 180

167

0.90 - 1.10
0.90 - 1.10
0.90 - 1.20
1.20 - 1.40
1.20 1.50
1.20 - 1.50
1.50 - 2.50

Bot-6

6.21
3
(Gridiron/parallel system)
1
(field drain) (Collector)

(Herringbone System)
2
(field drain) (Collector
drain)
Field drain
(Ramdom System)
3



6.22

168

Bot-6

169

Bot-6

6.22

170

Bot-6

6.8
1)



3.00


2)



(1) (ECe)

(2)
(3) 2 1
2

24 ECe 40 /. 18 /.
1 ECe 9
/. 3 3.7 /.

6.8.1

LR

Eciw
Ecdw

LR

(Leaching Requirement)
ECe

ECiw =

171

Bot-6

ECdw =

EC
50
6.8.1
64 ECe = 1.08
m.mho/cm 50 EC = 7m.mho/cm

LR

ECiw =
1.08
ECdw =
7.00
=
0.154

m.mho/cm
m.mho/cm

=
64 . x 0.154
=
9.856
15
/

3)

1.00-2.00 .

25% 25% 50%

172

Bot-6

6.9

1)

(1)
(Distribution
Efficiency)
Ed

Ed
=
dmin =
da
=

dmin x 100
..6.9.1
da
Distribution efficiency 80%
(.)
(.)

(2) (Uniformity Coefficient)

Cu =
100 (1.00 - x)
6.9.2
m.n
Cu =
75%
x =
absolute
m
=

n
=

(3) ( )
(Uniformity of Emission)
Eu
=
Qn x 100
.6.9.3
Qa
Eu
=
85%

Qn =

(average of low quarter)
Qa =
(average of mean)

173

Bot-6

2)
(1)
=
(Wn) x 100

=
( ) x 100

=
(Es) x (Ea)
=
(Ec) x (Eb) x
(Ea)
(Safety
Factor)


(2)

6.23

174

Bot-6

6.23

175

 6.4

1.

2,400

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
..
.. .. .. ..
165. 180. 211. 221. 194. 166. 160. 153. 142. 156. 160. 162.
63
84
63
65
29
23
17
79
31
37
48
80

(ETp) (mm/month)
2.
(KC)
2.1

0.40 0.50 0.75 0.90 1.00 1.15 1.10 1.05 0.75

()

0.70 0.60 0.50

2.2
3. (.)
3.1 ..

( )

0.75 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.70
88.6 97.1 124. 144.1 153. 163. 172.0 168. 122.
5
0
6
5
67
79
65
50
10
()

(./)
115.9 108.5 105.8
4
04
15
( )

3.2

123. 135. 148. 155. 136. 108. 104. 99.9 92.5 109. 112. 113.
97
63
14
15
00
05
11
6
0
45
34
96

 6.4

4.

5.

()

Effective
Rainfall
4.1

..

4.2

7.0

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

11.0 29.0 50 94.0 89.0 96.0 120. 135.

0
0
0
0
0
00
00
13.1 32.7 67.5 134. 124. 132. 130. 188.
0
0
0
90
30
60
10
80

5.1

38.6 3.15 35.6 48.1 33.7 28.6

6
7
5
9
5

..

..

95.0 12.00
0
135. 36.30
20

..

5
6.40

77.0 156.5 117.1

0
0

()

(./)
110. 97.5 76.8
94
4
2
( )

5.2

6.

(./)

6.1 (3/) (1,060
)

116. 122. 115. 87.6 1.10

98
53
40
5
16.2 28.4 30.1 96.3
5
9
4
0

76.04 107.5
25.7
6
5

65,5 5,34 60,4 81,6 57,3 48,5

67
2
96
62
07
90

130, 265,4 198,6

592
24
01

()

188,
154

165,
360

130,
286
()

6.2 (3/) (1,346 95,5

82
)
7 x 3.5 .

103,
259

97,2
51

73,8
65

927

64,08
1

90,64
4

 6.4

7.

()

(3/)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

(70%)

(85%)

268,
791
112,
449

236,
228
121,
481

186,
122
114,
412

93,6
67
86,9
00

7,63
1
1,09
0

86,4
22
-

116,
660
-

81,8
67
-

69,4 186,5 379,1

14
60
77
75,38
9

283,7
15
106,6
40

(3/ 381,
) 240

357,
709

300,
534

180,
567

8,72
1

86,4
22

116,
660

81,8
67

69,4 186,5 454,5

14
00
66

390,3
55

6 (..-..) = 2,064,971 3
2,000,000 3/

..

..

..

 6.1 (SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION)

 6.5

%
.05
.1
.2
.3
.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

()
(Clays)
75

150

225

300

300
340
370
400
400
280
250
220

400
440
470
500
500
400
340
270

400
470
530
620
560
500
430
340

400
500
620
800
750
600
500
400

(Loams)
- .
50
100
150
200
()
120
270
400
400
180
340
440
470
220
370
470
530
280
400
500
600
280
370
470
530
250
300
370
470
220
280
340
400
180
250
300
340

(Sands)
50

75

100

125

60
90
120
150
120
90
80
60

90
120
190
220
190
150
120
90

150
190
250
280
250
220
190
150

190
220
300
400
300
250
250
190

12
6
3
2
1.2
0.6
0.4
0.3

()

6.6

 6.8

1.

2.

4,000-5,000

7,000-9,000

4,000-12,000

60-80

70-80

85-90

(/ )
3.

4.

2542

 6.9

/
./.3
1.0-1.4
18-25
0.5-0.6
8-10
11-13
4-5
2.7-3.0
3.0-4.0
2.5-3.0
5-5.5
1.2-2.5

0.7-1.0
2.5-3
0.2-0.3
7-8.5
6-7
4.5
1.7-2.2
1.8-2.6
1.5-2.0
2.5-3.0
0.9-1.3

/
./.3
1.0-1.2
20-27
0.6-0.7
7-9.5
11-12
4-5.5
3.7-4.2
5-7
2.7-4
5-6
1.5-2.7

0.8-1.1
4-5
0.3-0.4
9-10
8-9
5-6.5
2.7-3
1.8-2.6
1.6-2.4
2.2-3.4
1.2-1.7

/
./.3
1.0-1.5
25-30
0.7-0.8
8.11
13-15
5-6
4.5-6.5
6.5-10
3.5-5.0
7-10
3.5

1.0-1.5
6-8
0.5-0.6
12-14
10-12
6-8
4-5
4-6
3-5
4-6
2-3

 6.20

Bot-7

(Irrigation Principle)
7

7.1

7.2

1)

2)

3)

(NPV) (IRR)
(B/C Ratio)
4) (Viability)


5)

170

Bot-7

7.3

1)
(Reconnaisance, Pre-liminary Project, Investigation)

2) (Feasibility Study)


3) (Implementation)

7.4

1)


2)
3)

4)
5)

171

Bot-7

7.5

(Net present Value, NPV)
(Internal Rate of Return, IRR) Benefit/cost Ratio,
B/C)
1)
(NPV)
Cash Flow


()
NPV
PV Bi
Pv ci

=
=
=

NPV

NPV

>

NPV

<

i
i
N
N
PV Bi - PV Ci
i=1
i=1
0

2)

(IRR)
(IRR) i
NPV
Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR)

IRR > MARR

IRR < MARR

IRR
(Loan)
172

Bot-7

(Equity Capital) (Debt)

Equity Capital
(IBRD) IRR

IRR
1. i NPV Cash Flow Diagram
2. NPV i i
NPV NPV
3. Interpolate i NPV
MARR

3)

(B/C Ratio)




N
M
B/C =
PV Bi / PV Ci
i=1
i=1


B/C

7.6

4
(Net Present NPV.) (lnternal Rate of Return
IRR.) (Benefit/Cost Ratio)
(Pay Back Period )
( : 2534)
173

Bot-7

7.6.1

(Net Present Value NPV.)

2
1

5 10,000
1,000 3,500 5
5 10

7.1

(1)
0
1
2
3
4
5

(2)
10,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
15,000

(3)
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
17,500

(Cash Flow)
(4)
- 10,000
+ 2,500
+ 2,500
+ 2,500
+ 2,500
+2,500
+ 2,500

10%
(5)
1.000
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.612
-

(NPV)
(6)
- 10,000
+ 2,272.5
+ 2,065.0
+ 1,877.5
+ 1,707.5
+ 1,552.5
-525.0

2,500
525 525

174

Bot-7

2,500

2

7.2

10,000
-

0
1
2
3
4
5

1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000

909
826
751
683
621
3,790

3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500
17,500

3,181.5
2,891.0
2,628.5
2,390.5
2,173.5
13,265

10%
1.000
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.621
-

13,265-3,790 = 9,475
(9,475 - 10,000 = -525) 525

7.6.2

(lnternal Rate of Retuen IRR)

IRR

+ x

175

Bot-7

(IRR) 13.99%
13.99


7.6.3

(Beneflt/Cost Ratlo)

(NPV) (IRR)



1
1

1
1

B/C

PV of Benefits
PV of Costs

2,000 2,500

6

176

Bot-7

7.3

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

2,000
2,500
600
500
500
400
400
6,900

0
0
2,000
2,000
1,500
2,500
3,000
10,000

(CF)
-2,000
-2,500
+400
+1,500
+1,000
+2,100
+2,600
3,100

13%
1.000
0.885
0.783
0.693
0.613
0.543
0.480
-

-2,000
-2,212.5
313.2
1,039.5
613
1,140.3
1,248
454.7

14%
1.000
0.879
0.769
0.675
0.592
0.519
0.456
-

-2,000
-2,192.5
307.5
1,012.5
592
1,089.9
1,185.6
-4.90

13% 14%
454.7 4.9

13% 14%

IRR

13 + (14 13)

13 + 1

=
=

13 + 0.99
13.99%

454.7
454.7 (-4.9)

454.7
459.6

177

Bot-7

7.4

0
1
2
3
4
5

10,000
5,000
800
700
600
500
17,600

12%
1.000
0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567
-

10,000
4,465
637.6
498.4
381.6
283.5
16,266.1

4,000
5,000
8,000
9,000
26,000

12%
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567
-

3,188
3,560
5,088
5,103
16,939

B/C

=
=
=

7.6.4

16.939
16,266.1
1.04

(Payback Perlod)

3 5 15

178

Bot-7

7.5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

10,000
10,000

5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
8,000
40,500

6,000
7,000
8,000
9,500
10,000
12,000
52,500

500
1,000
1,500
2,500
2,500
4,000
12,000

7
2 7 7 12,000

12,000 6

2,000

10,000
2,000
5

7.1 50

179

Bot-7

180

Bot-7

()
1 4
5 9

1 9

( 8%)

20,000
70,000
10,000
20,000
10,000
50,000
60,000
25%
9

NPV B/C IRR Payback Period

:
1

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

90,000
90,000

10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
140,000

10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
90,000

90,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
320,000

60,000
60,000

50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
450,000

50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
110,000
510,000

181

Bot-7

NPV B/C

8%

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
110,000
510,000

90,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
320,000

-90,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
80,000
190,000

1.00
0.926
0.857
0.794
0.735
0.681
0.630
0.583
0.540
0.500
-

46,300
48,850
39,700
36,750
34,050
31,500
29,150
27,000
55,000
342,300
(PVB)

90,000
18,520
17,140
15,880
14,700
20,430
18,900
17,490
16,200
15,000
244,260
(PVC)

-90,000
27,780
25710
23820
22050
13,620
12,600
11,660
10,800
40,000
98,040
(NPV)

NPV

NPV
PVB
PVC

=
=
=

Net present Value

Present Value of Benefit
Present Value of Cost

NPV

=
=
=

PVB - PVC
342,300 244,260
98,040

B/C

B/C

PVB
PVC

342,300 =
244,260

182

1.40

Bot-7

Payback Perlod IRR

25%

30%

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
110,000
510,000

90,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
320,000

-90,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
80,000
190,000

1
.800
.640
.572
.410
.328
.262
.210
.168
.134
-

-90,000
24,000
19,200
15,360
12,300
6,560
5,240
4,200
3,360
10,720
10,940

1
.769
.592
.455
.350
.269
.207
.159
.123
.094
-

-90,000
23,070
17,760
13,650
10,500
5,380
4,140
3,180
2,460
7,520
-2,340

Payback Period

Payback period (Cash Flow) = 0

3
=

90,000 = 810,000

280,000
280,000
9
=
2.89
7
IRR

(IRR)

= + x

25 + (30 - 25) x

25 + (5) x

[ 10.940]
[10.940 (-2.340)]

[ 10.940]
[10.940 + 2.340]
183

Bot-7

IRR

=
=

25 + (5) x [ 10.940 ]
13,280
25 + 4.12
29.12%

3 NPV = 98,040 B/C = 1.40

IRR = 29.12%

7.7

7.1 7.6





P
F
A
G
i
n
7.6
7.6
7.7

184

Bot-7

7.6

(F)

(P)

F = P (1+i)n

F = P (F/P, i%, n)

(P)

(F)

P=F

P = F (P/F, i%, n)

(A) (F)

A=F

i
(1+i)n - 1

A = F (A/F, i%, n)

(A) (P)

A=P

i (1+i)n
(1+i)n - 1

A = P (A/P, i%, n)

(F)

(A) F = A (1+i)n -1
i

F = A (F/A, i%, n)

(P)

(A) P = A

(1+i)n -1
i (1+i)n

P = A (P/A, i%, n)

1
(1+i)n

(A) (G)

A = G nG
i
A = G (A/G, i%, n)
n
i i (1+i) - 1

(P)

P = G (1+i)n in - 1
i
i (1+i)n

(G)

P = G (P/G, i%, n)

7.1 10% 5 1.000, 0.909, 0.826

7.7 Percent worth Factor P/F i = 10% , n = 5
4 6

185

Bot-7

7.7

186

Bot-8

(Irrigation Principle)
8

1 7
1.7 1.2
1


1

2, 3, 4, 5

7


/

1.2 1

187

Bot-8

1






2

3
3


188

Bot-8

5 1-4
/

23, 24
2541

23 .. 2541













189

Bot-8

24 .. 2541

190