SEC. 2.

2 Separable Equations

In each of problems 1 through 8 solve the given differential equation :

2
1. y ' = x y

SOL
y
x

x2
y

, y0

y y - x2 x = 0

y y - x2 x = 0

y2
2

x3

= c, y 0

3
2. y ' = x ^ 2 y 1 + x

SOL
y
x

x2

y1 + x3
x2

1 + x3
1
3

, y0

x- y y = 0

ln 1 + x3 -

y2
2

= c, y 0, x -1

2
3. y ' + y sinx = 0

SOL
y

= - y2 sinx

x
sinx x = - y-2 y
-cosx = y-1 + c, " y 0; also y = 0 everywhere.

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2
4. y ' = 3 x - 1 3 + 2 y

SOL
y
x

3 x2 - 1
3 + 2 y

, y

-3

3 + 2 y y = 3 x2 - 1 x
2

3 y + y2 = x3 - x + c, y

-3
2

-x
y
7. y ' = x - y +

SOL
y
x

x - -x
y +
y

, y + y 0

y + y y = x - -x x

y2
2

+ y =

x2
2

+ -x + c, y + y 0

2
2
8. y ' = x 1 + y

SOL
y
x

x2

1 + y2

x2 x = 1 + y2 y

x3
3

y
2

y3
3

+c

In each of problems 9 through 20 :

(a) Find the solution of the given initial value problem in explicit form.
(b) Plot the graph of the solution.
(c) Determine (at least approximately) the interval in which the solution is defined.

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2
9. y ' = 1 - 2 x y , y0 = -1 6

SOL
(a)
= 1 - 2 x y2
x
y-2 y = 1 - 2 x x

- y-1 = x - x2 + c
Since y0 = -1 6
6=c
1
y=
, x2 - x - 6 0
2
x -x-6
(b)
0.6
0.4
0.2

-4

-2

-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

(c)

x2 - x - 6 0 x - 3 x + 2 0 x 3 or x -2
the solution is defined on -, -2 -2, 3 3, .

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10. y ' = 1 - 2 x y, y1 = -2

SOL
(a)

y
x

=
y2

1 - 2 x
y
= x - x2 + c

2
Since y1 = -2,
c=2

y = -2 x - 2 x + 1

y1 = -2 -1 2 = 2, take y = - -2 x - 2 x + 1
(b)
-2

-1

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

(c)

Since - 2 x - 2 x + 1 0
x - 2 x + 1 0
-1 x 2
the solution is defined on -1, 2.

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-x
11. x x + y y = 0, y0 = 1

SOL
(a)
x x + y -x y = 0
x x x + y y = 0
x x - x +

y2
2

=c

Since y0 = 1,
1
c=2
x - +
x

y2

-1

2
2
x
y = -1 - 2 x + 2 x
2

y=

-1 - 2 x x + 2 x

y0 = -1 + 2 = 1, take y =

-1 - 2 x x + 2 x

(b)
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.5

1.0

(c)
Since -1 - 2 x x + 2 x 0, and x = -1.67835, x = 0.768039 are the solutions of -1 - 2 x x + 2 x = 0
by Newton's method
the solution is defined on -1.67835, 0.768039.

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2
12. r q = r q, r1 = 2

SOL
(a)
r
q

r2
q

,q0

q-1 q = r-2 r
ln q = -r-1 + c
Since r1 = 2
1
c=
2
1
r-1 = - ln q
2
2
, 1 - 2 ln q 0
r=
1 - 2 ln q
(b)

-4

-2

-5

-10

(c)

Since 1 - 2 ln q 0ln q 1 2q exp1 2 1.64872

the solution is defined on -, -exp 1 2 -exp1 2, 0 0, exp1 2 exp1 2, .

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2
13. y ' = 2 x y + x y, y0 = -2

SOL
(a)
y
x

2x
y + x2 y

2x
1 + x2

2x

y1 + x2

x = y y

ln1 + x2 =

y2
2

+c

Since y0 = -2
c = -2
ln1 + x =
2

y=

y2
2

-2

2 ln1 + x2 + 4 , since y0 = -2, take y = -

2 ln1 + x2 + 4

(b)
-2.0
-2.2
-2.4
-2.6
-2.8
-3.0

-6

-4

-2

(c)

Since 2 ln1 + x2 + 4 0, " x

the solution is defined on .

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3
2
14. y ' = x y 1 + x

-12

, y0 = 1

SOL
(a)
y
x

= x y3 1 + x2

-12

y-3 y = x1 + x2

-1

y-2 = 1 + x2

-12

12

2
Since y0 = 1
-3
c=
2

y-2 = -2 1 + x2

y=

12

+c

+3

-2 1 + x2

12

;
+3
1

-2 1 + x2

since y0 = 1, take y =

12

+3

, -2 1 + x2

12

+3 > 0

(b)
4

-1.5

(c)

-1.0

-0.5

-2 1 + x2

0.0

12

0.5

1.0

+ 3 > 03 > 2 1 + x2 1 + x2

- 5 4 < x < 5 4 1.11803

the solution is defined on -1.11803, 1.11803.

Since

1.5

12

12

< 3 2x2 < 5 4

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30. Consider the equation y x = y - 4 x x - y. (i)

(a) Show that it can be rewritten as
y x = y x - 4 1 - y x; (ii)
thus it is homogeneous.

pf
y
x

y-4x
x- y

xy x - 4

x1 - y x

y x - 4

1 - y x

,x0

(b) Introduce a new dependent variable v so that v = y x, or y = x vx. Express y x in terms of x, v, and v x.

sol

Let v = y x y = x vx, then

y
x vx
v
=
= vx + x
x
x
x
(c) Replace y and y x in y x = y x - 4 1 - y x by the expressions from part (b) that involve v and v x.
Show that the resulting differential equation is
v + x v x = v - 4 1 - v or
x v x = v2 - 4 1 - v. (iii)
Observe that Eq.(iii) is separable.

sol
y
x

y x - 4

1 - y x

vx + x

v
x

v-4
1-v

(d) Solve Eq. (iii), obtaining v implicitly in terms of x.

sol
x

v
x

v2 - 4

1-v
1-v
v
x-1 x =
v2 - 4
1
3
ln x = - ln 2 - v - ln 2 + v + c
4
4
1
3
ln x + ln 2 - v + ln 2 + v = c
4
4
14
34
ln x2 - v 2 + v = c1

v
x

v2 - 4
1-v

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(e) Find the solution of Eq. (i) by replacing v by y x in the solution in part (d).

sol

ln x2 - v14 2 + v34 = ln x2 - y x14 2 + y x34 = c1

x2 - y x14 2 + y x34 = c2

x4 2 - y x 2 + y x3 = 2 x - y 2 x + y3 = c
(f) Draw a direction field and some integral curves for Eq. (i). Recall that the right side of Eq. (i) actually depends only on the
ratio y x. This means that integral curves have the same slope at all points on any given straight line through the origin,
although the slope changes from one line to another. Therefore the direction filed and the integral curves are symmetric with
respect to the origin. Is this symmetry property evident from your plot?

(i) y x
()

direction field

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integral curves for Eq. (i)

Yes, the direction filed and the integral curves are symmetric with respect to the origin.
2
2
2
31. y x = x + xy + y x

SOL
(a) Show that the given equation is homogeneous.
y
x

x2 + xy + y2
x2

= 1+

y
x

,x0

(b) Solve the differential equation.

Let v = y x y = x vx, then

v
v+x
= 1 + v + v2
x
v
= 1 + v2
x
x
1
x-1 x =
v
1 + v2

ln x = arctanv + c = arctan

x = exparctan

y
x

+ c1

y
x

+ c1

11

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(c) Draw a direction field and some integral curves. Are they symmetric with respect the
origin?
direction field

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integral curves

Yes, the direction filed and the integral curves are symmetric with respect to the origin.
2
2
32. y x = x + 3 y 2 x y

SOL
(a) Show that the given equation is homogeneous.
y
x

x2 + 3 y2
2xy

x
2y

3y
2x

2 y x
1

3 y
2 x

(b) Solve the differential equation.

Let v = y x y = x vx, then

v
1
3
=
+ v
v+x
x
2v 2
x

v
x

x-1 x =

1 + v2
2v
2v
1 + v2

ln x = ln1 + v2 + c = ln 1 +

lnx 1 + y2 x-2 = c1
-1

x 1 + y2 x-2

-1

=c

y
x

+ c1

,x0

13

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(c) Draw a direction field and some integral curves. Are they symmetric with respect the
origin?
direction field

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integral curves

Yes, the direction filed and the integral curves are symmetric with respect to the origin.
33. y x = 4 y - 3 x 2 x - y

SOL
(a) Show that the given equation is homogeneous.

y
x

4 y x - 3
2 - y x

,x0

15

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(b) Solve the differential equation.

Let v = y x y = x vx, then

v 4 v - 3
=
v+x
x
2 - v
x

v
x

4 v - 3
2 - v

x-1 x =
ln x =

-v =

2-v
v2 + 2 v - 3

v2 + 2 v - 3
2 - v

ln 3 3 + v + c1
4
4
ln x4 = ln 3 v - 1 - ln 3 3 + v5 + c2
1

ln -3 -1 + v -

ln x4 = ln 3 v - 1 - ln 3 3 + v5 + c2

ln x4 - ln 3 x-1 y - 1 + ln 3 3 + x-1 y = c2
5

lnx4 3-1 x-1 y - 1

-1

35 3 + x-1 y = c2

ln34 y - x-1 3 x + y5 = c2
34 y - x-1 3 x + y5 = c

34 3 x + y5 = c y - x

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(c) Draw a direction field and some integral curves. Are they symmetric with respect the
origin?
direction field

17

18

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integral curves

Yes, the direction filed and the integral curves are symmetric with respect to the origin.
34. y x = -4 x + 3 y 2 x + y

SOL
(a) Show that the given equation is homogeneous.
y
x

-4 x + 3 y
2x+ y

-4 + 3 y x
2+ yx

,x0

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(b) Solve the differential equation.

Let v = y x y = x vx, then

v -4 + 3 v
v+x
=
x
2+v
x

v
x

x-1 x =

-4 + 3 v
2+v
2+v

-v =

-4 - 5 v - v2
2+v

v
-4 - 5 v - v2
2
1
ln x = - ln -4 - v - ln 1 + v + c1
3
3

ln x3 = -ln-4 - v2 - ln 1 + v + c1
ln x3 + ln-4 - v2 + ln 1 + v = c1
lnx3 -4 - v2 1 + v = c1

lnx3 -4 - x-1 y 1 + x-1 y = c1

2

ln-4 x - y2 x + y = c1
-4 x - y2 x + y = c

19

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(c) Draw a direction field and some integral curves. Are they symmetric with respect the
origin?
direction field

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integral curves

Yes, the direction filed and the integral curves are symmetric with respect to the origin.

21