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4.4
LIPIDS
Like carbohydrates, lipids are organic
compounds that contain the elements carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen (H:O) in one
molecule of lipid is much higher than the 2:1
ratio in carbohydrates. Therefore, the
percentage of oxygen in lipids is lower than
that in carbohydrates.
Some lipids also contain the elements
phosphorus and nitrogen.

Type of
lipids

Fats and
oils

Fats and oils are triglycerides.

A triglyceride is formed by the condensation of
one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of
fatty acids.
A triglyceride is can be broken into fatty acids
and glycerol through hydrolysis.
Two types of fats: saturated fats and unsaturated
fats.
Condensation and hydrolysis of
triglycerides condensatio
n

glycero
l

3
molecules
of fatty

hydrolys
is

triglyceri
de

3H2
O

SIMILARITIES
Both are triglycerides and contain fatty acids.

SATURATED FATS

UNSATURATED FATS

Contains saturated fatty acids.

Contains unsaturated fatty acids.

Do not have any double bonds between the carbon

atoms.

Have a least one double bond between the

carbon atoms.

Contains maximum number of hydrogen.

Contains less than maximum number of

hydrogen. It still can take in hydrogen.

Solid at room temperature.

Liquid at room temperature

Has a high melting point.

Has a low melting point

Increases the cholesterol level in the blood.

Decreases the cholesterol level in the

blood.

Example: Animal fats such as butter.

Example: Vegetable oil such as corn oil.

WAVES
Found on the cuticles of the epidermis of
leaves, fruits and seeds of some plants.
Waterproof: preventing entry and
evaporation of water.
Sebum contains wax that soften our skin.

PHOSPHOLIPID
S

STEROID
S
Complex organic compounds include
cholesterol and hormone (testosterone,
oestrogen and progesterone)
Cholestrol is the major component in
plasma membrane.
It has to be present for the synthesis of
steroids and is a raw material for vitamin
synthesis.

Phospholipids are the main components

of plasma membrane.

Unsaturated fats contain less cholesterol

compared to saturated fats .

They control the permeability of plasma

membranes.

The liver controls the level of cholestrolin

the blood. Unsaturated fats inhibit the
synthesis cholesterol in the liver .

u
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