2sr320%6 David and Jovan - Wikpeta, the free encyclopedia David and Jonathan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia David (Hebrew: 117; Dawid or David) and Jonathan (Hebrew: 103157; Yohdndtan or Yehonatan) were heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant of friendship recorded in the books of Samuel, Jonathan was the son of Saul, king of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, and David was the son of Jesse of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Judah, and Jonathan's presumed rival for the crown. David became king. The covenant the two men had formed eventually led to David, after Jonathan's death, graciously seating Jonathan's son Mephibosheth, a cripple, at his own royal table instead of eradicating the former king Saul's line") “Jonathan Lovingly Taketh ‘The biblical text does not explicitly depict the nature of the David” by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld relationship between David and Jonathan, The traditional and mainstream religious interpretation of the relationship has been one of platonic love and an example of homosociality. Some later Medieval and Renaissance literature drew upon the story to underline strong personal friendships between men, some of which involved romantic love and could pethaps be described as romantic friendships. In modern times, some scholars, writers, and activists have emphasized what they interpret as elements of homoeroticism (chaste or otherwise) in the story. A number of groups made up of gay Roman Catholics trying to reconcile their faith with their sexuality have also adopted the name to their cause - Davide Gionata (Italy), and David et Jonathan (France).21 Contents = 1 Story of David and Jonathan = 1.1 Death of Jonathan = 2 Views 2.1 Jewish interpretation 2.2 Traditional Christian interpretation 2.3 Medieval and Renaissance allusions 2.4 Modem interpretations = 2.4.1 Homoeroticism = 2.4.2 Counter-arguments = 2.4.3 Self interest 3 Literature and legacy 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan wo2sr320%6 (David and Jonata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Story of David and Jonathan The relationship between David and Jonathan is mainly covered in the Hebrew Bible Book of Samuel. The episodes belong to the story of David's ascent to power, which is commonly regarded as one of the sources of the Deuteronomistic history, and to its later additions.!31 David, the youngest son of Jesse, slays Goliath at the Valley of Elah where the Philistine army is in a standoff with the army of King Saul (Jonathan's father).{4] David's victory begins a rout of the Philistines who are driven back to Gath and the gates of Ekron. Abner brings David to Saul while David is still holding Goliath's severed head. Jonathan, the eldest son of Saul, has also been fighting the Philistines. Jonathan takes an immediate liking to David and the two form a covenant: Now it came about when he had finished speaking to Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit to the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as himself. Saul took him that day and did not let him return to his father’s house. Then Jonathan made a covenant with David because he loved him as himself. Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was on him and gave it to David, with his armor, including his sword and his bow and his belt. So David went out wherever Saul (6) sent him, and prospered; and Saul set him over the men of war. (NASB) Death of Jonathan As Saul continues to pursue David, the pair renew their covenant, after which they do not meet again. Eventually Saul and David are reconciled, Jonathan, however, is slain on Mt. Gilboa along with his two brothers Abinadab and Malchi-shua, and there Saul commits suicide.!7I David learns of Saul and Jonathan's death and chants a lament,!*! which in part says: Saul and Jonathan, beloved and pleasant in their life, And in their death they were not parted; They were swifter than eagles, They were stronger than lions... How have the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! Jonathan is slain on your high places. I am distressed for you, my brother Jonathan; You have been very pleasant to me. Your love to me was more wonderful Than the love of women. How have the mighty fallen, And the weapons of war perished!!°] Views Jewish interpretation "The sages characterized the relationship between Jonathan and David in the following Mishnah: “Whenever love depends on some selfish end, when the end passes away, the love passes away; but if it does not depend on some selfish end, it will never pass away. Which love depended on a selfish end? This was the love of Amnon and Tamar. And which did not depend on a selfish hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan 202sr320%6 (David and Jonata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia end? This was the love of David and Jonathan, (Avot 5:15)"1101 Rabbi Shimon ben Tzemach Duran (Spain, North Africa 14th-15th century) delineated the significance of this mishnah: “Anyone who establishes a friendship for access to power, money, or sexual relations; when these ends are not attainable, the friendship ceases... love that is not dependent on selfish ends is true love of the other person since there is no intended end.” (Magen Avot — abridged and adapted translation)! Traditional Christian interpretation A platonic interpretation for the relationship between David and Jonathan has been the mainstream view found in biblical exegesis, as led by Christian writers. This argues that the relationship between the two, although strong and close, is ultimately a platonic friendship. The covenant that is made is political, and not erotic; while any intimacy is a case of male bonding and homosociality. David and Jonathan's love is understood as the intimate camaraderie between two young soldiers with no sexual involyement.!"!] The books of Samuel do not actually document physical intimacy between the two characters aside from “kissing,"!'2J while missing are euphemisms the Bible uses for sexual relations, and nothing indicates that David and Jonathan slept together. Neither of the men are described as having problems in their heterosexual married life. David had an abundance of wives and concubines as well as an adulterous affair with Bathsheba, and apparently suffered impotence only as an old man, while Jonathan 03) * Saul Tries to Kill David" by had a five-year-old son at his death. Julius Schs von Karolsfeld Hus Schnorr von Karolstel In response to the argument that homoeroticism was edited out, some traditionalists who subscribe to the Documentary Hypothesis note the significance of the lack of censoring of the descriptions at issue, in spite of the Levitical injunctions against homoerotic contact. Gagnon notes, "The narrator’s willingness to speak of David’s vigorous heterosexual life (compare the relationship with Bathsheba) puts in stark relief his (their) complete silence about any sexual activity between David and Jonathan."{4] Presuming such editing would have taken place, Martti Nissinen comments, "Their mutual love was certainly regarded by the editors as faithful and passionate, but without unseemly allusions to forbidden practices ... Emotional and even physical closeness of two males did not seem to concern the editors of the story, nor was such a relationship prohibited by Leviticus." Homosociality is not seen as being part of the sexual taboo in the biblical world {15 Medieval and Renaissance allusions hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan ano2sr320%6 Medieval literature occasionally drew upon the biblical relationship between David and Jonathan to underline strong personal and intimate friendships between men. The story has also frequently been used as a coded reference to homoerotic rela mention was socially discouraged or even punished.!'6] The anonymous Vita Edwardi Secundi, ca. 1326 AD, wrote: "Indeed I do remember to have heard that one man so loved another. Jonathan cherished David, Achilles loved Patroclus.” And thus, King Edward II wept for his dead lover Piers Gaveston as: had mourned for Jonathan.".!"7] Similarly, Roger of Hoveden, a twelfth-century chronicler, deliberately drew comparisons in his description of "The King of France (Philip II Augustus) [who] loved him (Richard the Lionheart) as his own soul." Both the Renaissance artists Donatello and Michelangelo brought out strong homoerotic elements in their respective sculptures depicting the youthful David.!!9) Modern interpretations Homoeroticism ree COvaroin David and Jonathan The biblical account of David and Jonathan has been read by some as the story of two lovers. "La Somme le Roy’, 1290 AD; French illuminated ms (detail); British Museum hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan (David and Jonata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ns when the David 18) Jonathan embraces David from Caspar Luiken’s "Historiae Celebriores Veteris Testament Iconibus Representatae” (1712) Some modem scholars and writers have interpreted the love between David and Jonathan as more intimate than platonic friendship. This was first pioneered by Tom Horner,") then adopted by John Boswell.2!) This interpretation views the bonds the men shared as romantic love, regardless of whether the relationship was physically consummated. Jonathan and David cared deeply about each other in a way that was arguably stronger and more intimate than a platonic friendship. David's praise in 2 Samuel 1:26 for Jonathan's ‘love' (for him) over the "love' of women is considered evidence for same-sex attraction, along with Saul's exclamation to his son at the dinner table, "I know you have chosen the son of Jesse - which is a disgrace to yourself and the nakedness of your mother!" The "choosing" (bahar) may indicate a permanent choice and firm relationship, and the mention of, "nakedness" (erwa) could be interpreted to convey a negative sexual nuance, giving the impression that Saul saw something indecent in Jonathan's and David's relationship.] Some also point out that the relationship between the two men is addressed with the same words and emphasis as other love relationships in the Hebrew Testament, whether heterosexual or between God and people: e.g. 'ahava’ or nanN.PIPAIPSIZEI M8290) 402srz0t6 Davidand Jnatan-Wikpea.thefee encyclopedia When they are alone together, David confides that he has "found grace in Jonathan's eyes", a phrase proponents say normally refers to romantic or physical attraction. Throughout the passages, David and Jonathan consistently affirm and reaffirm their love and devotion to one another, and Jonathan is willing to betray his father, family, wealth, and traditions for David. That there is more than mere homosociality in the dealings of David and Jonathan is asserted by two recent studies: the biblical scholar Susan Ackerman,?'] and the Orientalist Jean-Fabrice Nardelli.2] Ackerman and Nardelli argue that the narrators of the books of Samuel encrypted same-sex allusions in the texts where David and Jonathan interact so as to insinuate that the two heroes were lovers. Ackerman explains this as a case of liminal, viz. transitory, homosexuality, deployed by the redactors as a textual means to assert David's rights against Jonathan's: the latter willingly alienated his princely status by bowing down, sexually speaking, to the former. Nardelli disagrees and argues that the various covenants Jonathan engaged David into as the superior partner gradually elevated David's status and may be seen as marriage-like. Susan Ackerman also believes that there is highly eroticized language present in six different sections in the Hebrew Bible in regards to the relationship of David and Jonathan.) The six sections she mentions are 1) David and Jonathan's first meeting in 1 Sam. 18:1-18:4 2) the most important description of David and Jonathan's first few meetings in 1 Sam 19:1-19:7. 3) the incident of Saul berating Jonathan for his friendship with David in 1 Sam 20:30-20:34 4) David fleeing from the court of King Saul in 1 Sam. 20:1- 20:42 5) the description of David and Jonathan's final meeting in 1 Sam. 23:15-23:18 and 6) David's lament (the Song of the Bow) for Saul and Jonathan, Of these six examples, Ackerman identifies the most important example being the last one (the Song of the Bow) due to David's assertion that Jonathan's love to David "was more wonderful than the love of women".3] Although David was married, David himself articulates a distinction between his relationship with Jonathan and the bonds he shares with women. David is married to many women, one of whom is Jonathan's sister Michal, but the Bible docs not mention David loving Michal (though it is stated that Michal loves David). Nissinen has concluded:(*4) Perhaps these homosocial relationships, based on love and equality, are more comparable with modern homosexual people's experience of themselves than those texts that explicitly speak of homosexual acts that are aggressive, violent expressions of domination and subjection. Counter-arguments Other interpreters point out that neither the books of Samuel nor Jewish tradition documents sanctioned romantic or erotic physical intimacy between the two characters, which the Bible elsewhere makes evident when between heterosexuals, most supremely in the Song of Solomon. It is also known that covenants were common, and that marriage was a public event and included customs not seen in this story. 551151 The platonic interpretation of David and Jonathan's relationship is advocated by Robert A. J. Gagnon'371 and the Assyriologist Markus Zehnder! and is consistent with commonly held theological views condemning same sex relations.{391 hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan 50aaa0'6 Davi nt Jovan - Wikipedia the fee encyclopedia The removal of the robe is seen as a ceremonial act following the precedent of Aaron, of whom God commanded, "And strip Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son",{* in transference of the office of the former upon the latter. In like manner, Jonathan would be symbolically and prophetically transferring the kingship of himself (as the normal heir) to David, which would come to pass.!*!I21#1 Even if the mention of "nakedness" in 1 Samuel 20:30 could be interpreted to convey a negative sexual nuance, it is related to Jonathan's mother Ahinoam rather than Jonathan ("to the shame of the nakedness of your mother"). Jon Levenson and Baruch Halpern suggest that the phrase suggests "David's theft of Saul's wife", and that the verse supports the construction that Ahinoam, the wife of Saul is the same Ahinoam who became David's wife.[4] These interpreters also argue that the description in 2 Samuel 1:26 of the “love” (Hebrew: “ahava”) between David and Jonathan that is greater than the “love of women” should be understood in light of the two earlier mentions of “love” (ahava) between David and Jonathan where it is described not as love for a romantic partner but love for self (“he loved him as his own soul,” 1 Sam 18:3; 20:17), Furthermore, the phrase “David has found grace in Jonathan's eyes,” mentioned above, is not normally a reference to romantic or physical attraction, since in 45 of the 46 other occurrences it refers to finding grace 45] (47) cither in the eyes of God,*) of a ruler or wealthy landowner,!*4l of a close relative,"7! of the father of a potential bride,!4*! or of a nation.*! The only occurrence where the phrase is used of lovers is a wife no longer finding grace in the eyes of her husband, not because he no longer finds her physically attractive but because he has “found some indecency in her” (Deuteronomy 24:1).!5°! In platonic respects, such as in sacrificial loyalty and zeal for the kingdom, Jonathan's love is seen as surpassing that of romantic or erotic affection,!"! especially that of the women David had known up until that time. The grammatical and social difficulties are pointed out in respect to 1 Samuel 18:21,{2) as well as the marked difference in the Bible between sensual kissing (as in Song of Songs) and the cultural kiss of Near Eastern culture whether in greeting or as expression of deep affection between friends and family (as found throughout the Old and New Testaments).'®3] The strong emotive language expressed by David towards Jonathan is also argued to be akin to that of platonic expressions in more expressive or pre-urban cultures.4] Self interest In yet another interpretation, Orly Keren posits that the relationship between Jonathan and David was not without enlightened self-interest on both sides: Jonathan in obtaining guarantees for his own future and that of his family, and David in creating and maintaining a public image. Keren suggests that David's lament for Jonathan may have been a calculated pose for a people mourning a popular prince./°5) Literature and legacy Abraham Cowley's Davideis (1656) as an epic poem deals abundantly with the friendship motif. George Frederic Handel's oratorio Sau! (1739) contains a setting of David's lament upon the death of Jonathan, hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan aro2srz0t6 ‘David and Jerathan- Wikipedia. the oe ereycopedia At his 1895 trial, Oscar Wilde cited the example of David and Jonathan in support of "the love that dare not speak its name": "Such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare."55) Contemporary American literature also show attempts at fictionalisation of the David narrative. Gladys Schmitt's 1946 novel David the King took a risk, especially for its time, in portraying David's relationship with Jonathan as overtly homoerotic, but was ultimately panned by critics as a bland rendition of the title character. Expounding his views on philia in his 1960 book The Four Loves, C. S. Lewis lists the relationship between David and Jonathan as a most exemplary and emulable friendship. In Thomas Burnett Swann's biblical fantasy novel How are the Mighty Fallen (1974) David and Jonathan are explicitly stated to be lovers. Moreover, Jonathan is a member of a winged semi-human race (possibly nephilim), one of several such races co-existing with humanity but often persecuted by it. Si Donatello, David (1440s?) Museo Nazionale del Bargello ‘b.158 cm The erotics of the battle between David and Goliath feature in Richard Howard's poem "The Giant on Giant Killing" in his book Fellow Feelings (1976). Wallace Hamilton declared to be faithful to the Bible texts in his exploration of the love triangle between Saul, David and Jonathan (David at Olivet, 1979). Allan Massie wrote King David (1995), a novel about David's career which portrays the king's relationship to Jonathan and others as openly homosexual. In modem times, in his Lambeth essay of December 2007, James Jones the Bishop of Liverpool, drew particular attention to the relationship between David and Jonathan, *"] describing their friendship as: emotional, spiritual and even physical, There was between them a deep emotional bond that left David grief-stricken when Jonathan died, But not only were they emotionally bound to cach other they expressed their love physically. Jonathan stripped off his clothes and dressed David in his own robe and armour. With the candour of the Eastern World that exposes the reserve of Western culture they kissed each other and wept openly with each other. This intimate relationship was sealed before God - it was not just a spiritual bond it became covenantal. He concludes by affirming: "Here is the Bible bearing witness to love between two people of the same gender.” hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan 70aaa0'6 Davi nt Jovan - Wikipedia the fee encyclopedia In 1993 a member of the Knesset in Israel, Yael Dayan, provoked controversy when she referred to David and Jonathan in a parliamentary debate in support of whether gay men and women could serve in the Israeli military./8] Rachel Caine's Weather Warden series includes two Djinn named David and Jonathan, In flashback, the two are shown fighting in a battle as humans. When mortally wounded, Jonathan is transformed by the Earth into a Djinn, and he encompasses David in this transformation. At the beginning of the series, Jonathan is the more powerful of the two and the leader of the Djinn, with David as the second in command. This represents a reversal of their biblical roles, In the short-lived TV series Kings, a semi-modem update on David's story, Michelle (the equivalent of Michal) and David are in love, though Jack (the equivalent of Jonathan) is explicitly homosexual and his, feelings towards David are complicated. In 2015, Geraldine Brooks released a novel, The Secret Chord, depicting the story of David's life in which David and Yonatan (Jonathan) are deeply in love, Their love is accepted by David's soldiers, who are aware of his physical relationship with Yonatan. Even after Yonatan’s death, numerous characters refer to the men's relationship, which is understood to be a very important part of David's life. See also «= History of Christianity and homosexuality Notes 1. Peter J. Leithart, A Son to Me, p 208-09, Canon Press, (2003). 2. John Cornwall, Breaking faith: The pope, the people and the future of catholicism, Viking, 2001 3. Collins, John, Introduction to the Hebrew Bible Canada: Augsburg Fortress,2004.(p.225). |. (http://www. ewordtoday.com/comments/Isamuel/m h/Isamuell8.htm)Matthew Henry, 1Samuel 18:1-5;, 2Samual 1:17-27 1 Sam. 20:41 (http://tools. wmflabs. org/bibleversefinder/? book=1%20Sam. &verse=20:41 &ste=HE) 4.1 Sam. 17 13. James B. deYoung, Homosexuality, p. 290 5.1 Sam, 14 14, Prof. Dr. Robert A. J. Gagnon 6. 1 Sam, 18:1-4 (http:!/www.robgagnon.net/articles/homosexNewsw (http:/tools. wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder!? book=1%20Sam,dverse=18:1-4&esre=) 7.1 Samuel 31:1-6 (http://www. biblegateway.com/passagel? sarch=1%20Samuel%2031:1-6&version=NASB) 8.2 Sam. 1:1-17 (htip:/Aools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder? eckMillerResp.pdf,) Martti Nissinen, Kirsi Stjerna, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, p. 56 Rocke, Michael. 1996, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press book=2%20Sam,dverse=1:1-17&ste=) 17. W.R. Childs, ed. (2005), Vita Edwardi Secundi, 9, Samuel-+1 &eversion=NASB 2 Sam, 1:23-27 Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19- (NASB) (bitp:/Avww-biblegateway.com/passage!? 927594-7 search=2) 18, Roger of Hoveden, The Annals, trans, Henry T. 10. Parshat Toldot, Mahar Hodesh,(1 Samuel 20:18-42) November 13, 2004 (htip://www.use).org/israelcenter/haftarah/Toldot576 S.html) hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan Riley, 2. Vols. (London: H.G. Bohn, 1853; repr. New York: AMS Press, 1968) aro2sr320%6 19, Rocke, Michael. 1996, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 20, Horner, Tom M. Jonathan Loved David: Homosexuality in Biblical Times. The Westminster John Knox Press, Pennsylvania, 1978, ISBN 0664241859 21. Boswell, John, Same-sex Unions in Premodern Europe. New York: Vintage, 1994. (pp. 135-137) 22. Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, Minneapolis, 198 23. Cultural views of lovettJewish 24. Hebrew word #160 (http://blucletterbible.orgiegi= binwords.pl’word=0160) 28. Gen, 29:20 (http:/tools. wmflabs.orgy/bibleversefinder!? book=Gen. &everse=29:208sre“HE) 26. 2 Sam. 13:15 (huip:/Aools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder!? book=2%20Sam, &everse=13:158sre-HE) 27. Pro. 5:19 (hip:/Aools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder? book=Pro.&verse=5:19&ste=HE) 28, Sgs. 2:4-7 (http:/tools. wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder!? book=Sgs. &verse=2:4-7&ste-HE) 29, Sgs. 3:5-10 (http:/tools. wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder!? book=Sgs. &verse=3:5-10&ste=HE) 30, Sgs. 5:8 (http:/tools.wmflabs. org/bibleversefinder!? book-Sgs. &verse=5:88ste-HE)) 31. When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David (New York & Chichester, Columbia University Press, 2005), pp. 165-231 32, Homosexuality and Liminality in the Gilgamesh and Samuel (Amsterdam, Hakkert, 2007), pp. 28-63 33. When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity Of Eros In The Stories Of Gilgamesh And David ~ Susan Ackerman - Google Books. Books. google.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09. 34, Martti Nissinen, Homocroticism in the Biblical World, Minneapolis, 1998 35. Albert Barnes, Judges 14:10 36. Sketches of Jewish Social Life. Cp. 9 (Edersheim) 37. The Bible and Homosexual Practice. Texts and Hermeneutics (Nashville, Abingdon Press, 2001), pp. 146-154 hipsson wikipedia orwikiDavie_and_ Jonathan (David and Jonata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 38. Observations on the Relationship Between David and Jonathan and the Debate on Homosexuality, Westminster Theological Journal 69 (2007), pp. 127-174 39, "Welcoming But Not Affirming," by Stanley J. Grenz 40, Numbers 20:26; cf. Esther 3:6 41. Gagnon, The Bible and Homosexual Practice, pp. 146-54 42. Markus Zehnder, “Observations on the Relationship between David and Jonathan and the Debate on Homosexuality,” Westminster Theological Journal 69.1 [2007]: 127-74) 43. Thomas E Schmidt, “Straight or Narrow 44, Jon D. Levenson and Baruch Halpern, "The Political Import of David's Marriages," JBL 99 [1989] 515. 45. Genesis 6:8; 18:3; 19:19; Exodus 33:12, 13, 16, 17 34:9; Numbers 11:11, 15; Judges 6:17; 2 Samuel 15:25; Proverbs 3:4 46. Genesis 39:4; 39:21; 47:25; 50:4; Numbers 32:5; Ruth 2:2, 10, 13; 1 Samuel 1:18; 16:22; 20:29; 25:8; 27:5; 2 Samuel 14:22; 16:4; | Kings 11:29; Esther 5:2, 8; 7:3; 8:5) 47. Genesis 30:27; 32:6; 33:8, 10, 15; 47:29; 1 Samuel 20:29 48. Genesis 34:11; 1 Kings 11:19 49. Exodus 3:21; 11:3; 12:36; Esther 2:15 50, While some may be inclined to add Esther 5:2, 8; 7:3; and 8:5 as other examples of a person "finding grace in the eyes of” his/her lover, the language here is the same as other appeals to an authority. SI. Matthew Henry 52. Keil and Delitzsch; and is seen as referring to Merab and Michal: John Gill; T. Bab. Sanhedrin, fol. 19. 2, 53. Gagnon, ibid 54, Regan, P. C; Jerry, D; Narvaez, M; Johnson, D. Public displays of affection among Asian and Latino heterosexual couples. Psychological Reports. 1999;84:1201—1202 55. Keren, Orly. "David and Jonathan: A Case of Unconditional Love?", Journal for the Study of the Old Testament September, 2012, vol. 37 no, 1 3-23, doi: 10.1177/0309089212455544 (hitp://iot.sagepub.com/content/37/1/3.abstract) 56, Neil McKenna, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde, London, 2004 57. "The Diocese of Liverpool | The Church of England’. Liverpool.anglican.org. Retrieved 2012-05-09. a02sr320%6 (David and Jonata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 58, Robert Block (1993-02-11). "Gay King David theory starts Goliath of a row - World - News". The Independent. Retrieved 2013-02-10. References = Jonathan Loved David: Homosexuality in Biblical Times Wikimedia Commons has (ISBN 0-664-24185-9) by Tom M. Homer, Ph.D. (pgs 15-39) media sclated te Dern and = What the Bible Really Says About Homosexuality (ISBN 1- Tonathan 886360-09-X) by Daniel A. Helminiak, Ph.D. (pgs 123-127) = Lord Given Lovers: The Holy Union of David & Jonathan (ISBN 0-595-29869-9) by Christopher Hubble. (entire) = "The Significance of the Verb Love in the David-Jonathan Narratives in 1 Samuel" by J. A. ‘Thompson from the Vetus Testamentum 24 (pgs 334-338) = John Boswell's Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe (pgs. 67-11) = Craig Williams’ Yale University Ph.D. Dissertation Homosexuality and the Roman Man: A Study in the Cultural Construction of Sexuality (pg. 319). = Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, Minneapolis, 1998 Retrieved from "hitps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle-David_and_Jonathan8coldid=711904711" Categories: David | Duos | LGBT topics and Christianity | LGBT history in Israel Ancient LGBT history | LGBT topics and Judaism | Books of Samuel | Judaism and sexuality Hebrew Bible people | Bible-related controversies = This page was last modified on 25 March 2016, at 16:47. = Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareA like License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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