Circulation

Cardiovascular System = Heart, Blood and Vessels

Lymphatic System = Lymph nodes, Organs and Vessels

The Lymphatic Vessels

Function: to collect excess tissue fluid collecting at
arteriole end of capillary beds, and return leaked blood
proteins to blood (maintain osmotic pressure needed to
take up water into bloodstream)
Lymph is moved through vessels

Pulse of nearby arteries

Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle
Regular movement of body (wiggling legs)
Muscle in Tunica Media

Lymphatic SystemThe Players:

Lymph- clear fluid from loose CT at capillaries
Contains small molecules of blood plasma, water, various
ions, nutrient molecules, respiratory gases

Lymphatic capillaries (near blood capillaries)

Lymph collecting vessels (small, 3 tunicas, #
valves)
Lymph nodes (sit along collecting vessels)-clean
lymph of pathogens, they are NOT glands
Lymphatic trunks (convergence large collecting
vessels)
Lymphatic ducts empty into veins of neck

Lymphatic
Ducts
Thoracic Duct
Receives lymph from large trunks in
abdomen and thorax
Receives lymph from ducts of thoracic
lymph nodes
Along vertebral bodies
Contain valves to ensure 1-way flow of
lymph to lymph nodes
Drains into left Brachiocephalic Vein (or
subclavian or int. jugular veins)
pg 154

Functions of Heart and

Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Bulk flow of blood
Exchange with tissue

Heart
Right side receives oxygen-poor blood
from body tissues and pumps the blood
to the lungs
Left side receives the oxygenated blood
from the lungs and pumps the blood
throughout the body

Location of Heart in Chest

Oblique Position
Apex = Left of Midline (5th ICS), Anterior to rest of heart
Base (posterior surface) sits on vertebral column
Superior Right = 3rd Costal Cartilage, 1 right
midsternum
Superior Left = 2nd Costal Cartilage, 1 left midsternum
Inferior Right = 6th Costal Cartilage, 1 right
midsternum
Inferior Left = 5th Intercostal Space at Midclavicular line

Pg 178

Cardiac
Conduction
Intrinsic system initiating and
coordinating contraction of heart
muscle
Sinoatrial node (where SVC enters RA)
Atrioventricular node (in
atrioventricular septum)
AV Bundle (in IV septum then splits)
Purkinje fibers (throughout LV)

Cardiac Plexus (external

innervation)
Vagus (parasympathetic)
Sympathetic trunk

pg 201

Blood Flow to Supply the Heart

Muscle
Heart wall too thick for diffusion of nutrients
Rt and Lft Coronary Arteries

Branch from Ascending Aorta

Have multiple branches along heart
Sit in Coronary Sulcus
Coronary Heart Disease

Cardiac Veins
Coronary Sinus (largest)
Many branches feed into sinus
Sits in Coronary Sulcus
pg 193

Pericardium
pg 177

Pericardium (3 layers)
1) Outer-fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium
2) parietal
3) visceral (epicardium)

Pericardial Cavity
between layers of serous pericardium
serous fluid
lubricate heart while beating

External Features of Heart

Pg 181

Interventricular sulcus
Coronal/Coronary sulcus
Auricles of atria
Apex
Base
Coronary vessels
Ligamentum Arteriosum

The Great Vessels and major

branches
Aorta (from Left Ventricle)
Ascending
Coronary arteries

Aortic Arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian

Descending (Thoracic/Abdominal)
Many small branches to organs

Pulmonary Trunk (from Rt Ventricle)

- -2 Pulmonary Arteries into lungs

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava

- Coronary sinus
Pg 203

Layers of
Heart
Epicardium
(most superficial)
Visceral serosa
Myocardium (middle layer)
Cardiac muscle
Contracts

Endocardium
lining)

Pg 190

(inner layer =

Endothelium on CT
Lines the heart
Creates the valves

Fibrous Skeleton of Heart

Insertion for cardiac muscle
Anchors valve cusps
Prevents valves from opening
too much
Block electrical impulses from
atria to ventricles
Contains AV node
Pg 192

Heart Chambers
2 receiving chambers:
Right atria
Left atria

2 pumping chambers:
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Atria are superior to ventricles

Arrangement is not linearits twisted!

Right Heart Chambers: Pulmonary

Pump
Right Atrium (forms most of base of heart)

pg 186, 188

Receives O2-poor blood from body via IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus
Ventral wall (w/Pectinate muscles) and dorsal wall (no pectinate
muscles) separated by crista terminalis
Fossa Ovalis- on interatrial septum, remnant of Foramen Ovale

Right Ventricle
Receives O2-poor blood from right atrium through tricuspid valve
Trabeculae Carnae- muscle ridges along ventral surface
Chordae Tendinae-fibrous cords running between AV valve cusps
and papillary muscles
Papillary Muscles (3)-cone-shaped muscles within ventricles to
which chordae tendinae are anchored
Moderator Band (septomarginal trabecula)-muscular band
connecting anterior papillary muscle to interventricular septum
Pumps blood to lungs via Pulmonary Semilunar Valve in
pulmonary trunk

Left Heart Chambers: Systemic

Pump

Left Atrium

Receives O2-rich blood from 4 Pulmonary Veins

Pectinate Muscles line only auricle

Left Ventricle (forms apex of heart)

Receives blood from Left Atrium via bicuspid
valve
Same structures as Rt Ventricle: Trabeculae
carnae, Papillary muscles (2), Chordae tendinae
No Moderator band
Pumps blood into aorta via Aortic Semilunar
Valve to body
pg 189, 190

Heart Valves: Lub*-Dub**

*Tricuspid Valve: Right AV valve

3 Cusps (flaps) made of endocardium and CT

Cusps anchored in Rt. Ventricle by Chordae Tendinae
Chordae Tendinae prevent inversion of cusps into atrium
Flow of blood pushes cusps open
When ventricle is in diastole (relaxed), cusps hang limp
in ventricle
Ventricular contraction increases pressure and forces
cusps closed

*Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Left AV valve

2 cusps anchored in Left Ventricle by chordae tendinae
Functions same as Rt. AV valve

They close together

pg 188

Semilunar Valves (the

dub)
pg 191

Semilunar valves: prevents backflow

in large arteries
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Trunk

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Left Ventricle and Aorta

Made of 3 Cusps
As blood rushes past the cusps are
flattened
As it settles theyre pushed down (valve
closed)

Flow of
Blood
O -poor blood (S+I VC, Coronary Sinus) enters Rt
2

Atrium
Travels through Tricuspid Valve into Rt Ventricle
Pumped out through Pulmonary Semilunar Valve into
Pulmonary trunk (branches into Pulmonary Arteries)
and to lungs
After circulating through lungs, O 2-rich blood returns
to the heart through 4 Pulmonary veins
The O2-rich blood enters the Left Atrium

Travels through Bicuspid/Mitral Valve into Left

Ventricle
Pumped out through Aortic Semilunar Valve into
Aorta to be distributed to rest of body by descending
aorta and branches of aortic arch

Cardiovascular Flow of
Blood
HeartArteries(conductingdistributing) ArteriolesCapillaries
of tissues
At Capillaries O2 is delivered and CO2
picked up
CapillariesVenulesVeinsHeart

Circuits
Pulmonary Circuit
Vessels carrying blood to and from lungs
Pulmonary arteries and veins

Systemic Circuit
Vessels carrying blood to and from the
rest of the body
All other vessels

pg 185

Blood Vessels
Powered by the heart!
Carry blood to and from the heart
3 main types:
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
arterioles

Capillaries
Veins
Carry blood toward heart
Venules

 Tunica externa
Outermost layer
CT w/elastin and collagen
Vaso Vasorum
Tiny arteries, veins, capillaries on
vessels to nourish them (outer half)

Anatomy
of Arteries
and Veins

Protects, Strengthens, Anchors

Tunica media

Middle layer
Circular Smooth Muscle
Collagen & Elastic Fibers
Vaso-constriction/dilation

Tunica intima
Innermost layer
Endothelium
Minimize friction

www.histology-world.com/keyfeatures/vessels1.htm

Vessels of Cardiovascular
System:
Arteries

Carry blood AWAY from heart

Systemic Circuit: carry O2 blood
Pulmonary Circuit: carry de-O2
blood
Walls thicker than Veins
Tunica media > Tunica externa

3 Types
Conducting (elastic)
large, elastin, high pressure

Distributing (muscular)
medium size, to organs

Arterioles
smallest

Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Lumen is typically only 1 RBC thick
Only 1 endothelial cell layer surrounded by basal
lamina (no tunica media or externa)
Deliver O2 and nutrients to cells and remove waste
Capillary Beds: networks of capillaries
Regulating amount of blood going to cells throughout
tissues
Supply tissues and organs that otherwise have poor
capillary circulation

Epithelium, cartilage has no capillaries

Vessels of Cardiovascular
System:
Veins

Carry blood from capillaries INTO the heart

Systemic Circuit: O2 poor blood
Pulmonary Circuit: O2 rich blood
Pressure in Veins less than that in arteries
Thinner walls than arteries (tunica externa > tunica
media, less elastin)
Larger lumen than arteries
Contain valves (made of T. intima)
Normal movement, Muscular contraction push blood
through

Venules- smallest veins

Cardiovascular Blood Flow

Portal System: Special vascular
circulation where blood goes through 2
capillary beds before returning to the heart
to achieve 2nd function
(eg) Hepatic Portal System: aids digestion by
picking up digestive nutrients from stomach +
intestines and delivers to liver for
processing/storage
Pick-up occurs at capillaries of stomach and
intestine
Via Hepatic Portal Vein goes to capillaries of
liver
Via Hepatic Vein blood goes back to heart pg 338

Vascular Anastomoses
Vessels unite and connect
Arterial Anastomoses
Communication between arteries
Joints, Abdominal Organs, Brain,
Heart

Venous Anastomoses
Communication between veins
More common
(eg) back of hand
pg 770

Fetal Circulation
All major vessels in place by third
month
2 main differences:
1. Fetus must supply blood to placenta
2. Lungs do not need much blood because
respiratory organ is the placenta

www.medical-illustrator.co.uk

1. Blood to Placenta
Umbilical vessels
Run in umbilical cord
2 umbilical arteries
Carry blood (little oxygen and waste) to placenta

1 umbilical vein
Returns this blood (with oxygen and nutrients) to
fetus and to portal vein (to liver)

2. Bypassing the
Lungs:
Foramen Ovale

pg 186
www.nmtmedical.com/heartrepair.aspx?id=78

Hole in the inter-atrial septum

Allows blood to flow from RA to LA
Bypasses the RV
Would usually bring blood to lungs

Becomes the fossa ovalis postnatally

2. Bypassing the Lungs:

Ductus Arteriosus
Carries blood from pulmonary trunk to aortic
arch
Empties distal to coronary arteries
This enables the heart and brain to receive the most
highly oxygenated blood

Bypasses the lungs

Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
postnatally
www.wellesley.edu/.../Courses/111/mammalian.html

First Breath!!
Lungs inflate
Ductus arteriosus constricts and closes

Oxygenated blood begins pouring

into LA for first time
Raises the pressure within the LA
This pushes the 2 flaps of foramen ovale
together and closes it