Professional Documents
Culture Documents
전송기술 lg
전송기술 lg
LG /
) Gr
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
1.1.
90
90
80
WDM
OXC
OPTICAL
INTERNET
00 ~
00 ~
ANALOG
PCM
PDH
565M
90 M
45 M
HANBIT GO 160
640 G WDM
1.28T WDM
SDH
HANBIT GO 10
2.5G SDH
SMOT-1
SMOT-4
BDCS
PCM64
SMF
NZ-DSF
(ETRI )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
1.2.
- PDH/SDH
) PDH/SDH
) 2.5G SDH (96)
) W-DCS (97)
) 10G SDH (00.6.)
SDH
- WDM
) 2.5G x8 (20G) (98)
) 10G x 64 (640G)
) 10G x 80 (800G) 2002 ( )
Tbps WDM
(ETRI )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
2.1.
~ 2005
2006 ~
[ ]
IP Infrastructure
IN IP
MPLS ATM ,
MPLS ATM
WDM SDH/SONET
WDM
, WDM
[ ]
,
FTT0 FTTC
FTTH
(xDSL)
ADSL ( ) ( )
VDSL
, ,
(Fiber)
(KT )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
2.2.
[ ]
VoIP
: H.323 SIP
QUALITY
SIP
, ,
IP
, ,
VoIP
(USC)
contact
CTI contact
VoIP
VoIP IP
(KT )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Applications
layer
IP
IP
Switching/
Routing layer
IPoA
ATM
ATM
Transport
layer
HDLC/SDL
HDLC/SDL
IPoS
IPoW
Gigabit
GigabitEthernet/
Ethernet/
Fiber
Channel
Fiber Channel
SONET/SDH
SONET/SDH
Open Optical
Interface
Optical layer
WDM(or
WDM(or Fiber)
Fiber)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
ROUTER
ROUTER
SWITCH
SWITCH
ROUTER
SWITCH
ROUTER
WDM
SWITCH
WDM
IPOW I
IPOW II
Application
Present
Transport
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
Network
IP
PPP or ATM
SONET
WDM
IP
RWA
IP
MPLS
OLS
OLS
WDM
WDM
WDM
Data link
Physical
CORE
EDGE
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
3.
Digital Transmission
Global Standards
SO
N
ET
North American
Digital Systems
H
D
S
ITU-T(European)
Digital Systems
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
4.1.1.
SONET
ITU-T
Signal Rate
Signal Rate
DS0
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4
64Kbps
1.544Mbps
6.312Mbps
44.736Mbps
274.176Mbps
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4
64Kbps
2.048Mbps
8.448Mbps
34.368Mbps
139.264Mbps
DS1
E1
Signal rate
1.544Mbps
2.048Mbps
# of channel
24
32/30
DS1
1.544Mbps= 8K * (1+24*8)
DS-1
Voice
64Kbps
24
MUX
1.544Mbps
MUX
6.312Mbps
MUX
44.736Mbps
OH2 =
168K*7=1.176M
OH1 =
8K*4=32K
8Kbps
OHa
DS-3
DS-2
0.552Mbps
OHc
136Kbps
OHb
DS1
1.544Mbps = 8K * (1+24*8)
Signal rate
# of channel 24
Percentage Overhead(%) = (C1-C2)/C1 * 100%
C1: Total system capacity, C2:capacity required for information transmission
) DS1 %OH = (1.544Mbps - (8K*24*8)) / 1.544Mbps *100% = 0.51813%
Digital signal
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4
Capacity(%) Overhead(%)
99.48
0.52
97.30
2.70
96.10
3.90
93.40
6.60
Cap,OH
OH
Cap
Transmission Speed
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
AU . Payload( VC)
Payload offset AU . AU-4 VC-4 AU AU
STM-N VC-4 , AU-3 VC-3 AU AU
STM-N VC-3 .
1.5 (TU : Tributary Unit)
TU Path Path Information .
Payload( VC) TU PTR , TU-n(n = 1,2,3) VC-n TU PTR . TUG
TU Payload .
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
[ SONET Signal Hierarchy ]
OC-192
STS-192
9953.28Mbps
9953.28Mbps
2488.32Mbps
2488.32Mbps
622.08Mbps
622.08Mbps
155.52Mbps
155.52Mbps
OC-48
STS- 48
OC-12
STS- 12
OC-3
STS- 3
OC-1
51.84Mbps
51.84Mbps
STS-1
STS-1 SPE
Path
Overhead
(28)
DS1
1.544Mbps
(21)
CEPT-1
2.048Mbps
(14)
DS1C
3.152Mbps
(1)
(7)
DS2
DS3
44.736Mbps
6.312Mbps
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
[ SDH Signal Hierarchy & Multiplexing Structure ]
DS-1E
2.048
Mbps
C-12
VC-12
TU-12
Pointer
processing
Multiplexin
g
Aligning
(4)
DS-2E
8.448
Mbps
(4)
Mapping
DS-3E
34.368
Mbps
(4)
DS-4E
139.264
Mbps
VC-4
TU-3
VC-3
(7)
VC-2
TU-2
(4)
DS-1
C-11
VC-11
TU-11
(1)
TUG-2
(n)
(1)
AUG
STM-n
(3)
(7)
C-3
C-2
AU-4
TUG-3 (3)
(1)
(3)
DS-2
6.312
Mbps
C-4
VC-3
DS-3
44.736
Mbps
(3)
AU-3
(7)
(4)
1.544
Mbps
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
[ SONET Transmission Efficiencies & Percentage Overhead ]
1
28
DS1
DS1
MUX
OC-1
51.84Mbps
OC-3
3
MUX
OHa
MUX
OH
24.496Mbps
OH
8.832Mbps
OH1
155.52Mbps
OC-12
OHb
622.08Mbps
OH
105.984Mbps
OHc
DS1 : 1.544Mbps
OH1 = 1.544Mbps * 0.51813% = 7.9999272Kbps
Total Sum(OH1) = 7.9999272Kbps*28 = 0.2239979616Mbps
OHa = 51.84Mbps- 43.232Mbps(1.544M*28)= 8.608Mbps
So,
Total OC-1 OH = 8.831997962 Mbps
Total OC-1 Capacity = 51.84Mbps - 8.831997962 Mbps=43.00800204Mbps
Percentage Overhead(%) = 17.03703310 %
Cap,OH
Digital signal
OH(Mbps) Capacity
Overhead
OC-1 51.84Mbps
8.832
82.97
17.03
OC-3 155.52Mbps
26.496
82.97
17.03
OC-12 622.08Mbps
105.984
82.97
17.03
OC-48 2.48832Gbps
423.936
82.97
17.03
Cap
OH
Transmission Speed
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
[ SONET/SDH Signal Bit Rate ]
SONET
SDH
STS-192
STM-64
9,953.280
STS-48
STM-16
2,488.320
STS-12
STM-4
622.080
STS-3
STM-1
155.520
STS-1
STM-0
51.840
TU-3
49.152
TU-2
6.912
VT-6
VT-3
Signal Rate(Mbps)
3.456
VT-2
TU-12
2.304
VT-1.5
TU-11
1.728
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
C3
Container-3
(C-3)
STM-n
125 sec
85
P
9 O
H
VC-3
Virtual Container-3
(VC-3)
RSOH
AU-Pointer
MSOH
125 sec
P S
T
U
F
O F
I
N
H G
S
T
U
F
F
I
N
G
AUG
258 = 3 * 86 x n
261 x n
86
TU-3
P
T
R
Tributary Unit-3
(TU-3)
125 sec
86
TUG-3
P
T
R
Stuffing
TU Group-3
(TUG-3)
125 sec
86
86
86
TUG-3
TUG-3
TUG-3
n Times Channel
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
C4
Container-4
(C-4)
x n Channel
125 sec
261
P
9 O
H
VC4
9xn
AU4
AUG-n
AU-Pointer
9xn
RSOH
STM-n
AU-Pointer
MSOH
Virtual Container-4
(VC-4)
x n Channel
125 sec
261
Administrative Unit-4
(AU-4 or AUG)
x n Channel
125 sec
261x n
STM-1
125 sec
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
C3
270 x n
Container-3
(C-3)
RSOH
H1H1H1..
125 sec
AUG
MSOH
85
P
9 O
H
VC-3
Virtual Container-3
(VC-3)
125 sec
87
AU-3
H1H2H3
P
O
H
Administrative Unit-3
(AU-3)
Stuffing
Stuffing
H1H2H3
87
AU-3
A
H1H2H3
87
AU-3
B
H1H2H3
125 sec
n Times Channel
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
87
AU-3
C
V5
V5
25 DATA Byte
34 DATA Byte
J2
J2
25 DATA Byte
34 DATA Byte
N2
N2
25 DATA Byte
34 DATA Byte
K4
K4
25 DATA Byte
34 DATA Byte
140 Byte
104 Byte
VC-11
VC-12
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
TU-11
TU-12
V1
V1
V1
78
105
321
103
V2
0
139
V2
0
427
V2
0
25
V3
34
26
V3
106
35
V3
107
51
V4
52
69
V4
70
77
213
V4
214
104
320
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
TU-11 #2
TU-11 #3
TU-11 #4
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
13 14 15
16 17 18
19 20 21
22 23 24
25 26 27
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
5 6
8 9
11 12
14 15
17 18
20 21
23 24
26 27
1.728Mbps
5 6
8 9
11 12
14 15
17 18
20 21
23 24
26 27
1.728Mbps
1.728Mbps
5 6
8 9
11 12
14 15
17 18
20 21
23 24
26 27
1.728Mbps
Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
TUG-2
Multi-Frame(500us)
125us Frame
TU-11 Pointer V1
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
1 1
4 4
7 7
10 10
13 13
16 16
19 19
22 22
25 25
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
2 2
5 5
8 8
11 11
14 14
17 17
20 20
23 23
26 26
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
2 3
5 6
8 9
11 12
14 15
17 18
20 21
23 24
26 27
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
3 3
6 6
9 9
12 12
15 15
18 18
21 21
24 24
27 27
TUG-2
12 Column
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
TUG-2 #7
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
. . . . . . . .
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
VC-3
J1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
B3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
C2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
G1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
F2 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
H4 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
F3 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 VC-3
K3 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
N1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
VC-3 POH
85 Column
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
VC-3
[ VC-11->TU11->TUG-2->VC-3->AU-3->AUG-1->STM-1 ]
J1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
B3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
C2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
G1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
F2 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
H4 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
F3 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
K3 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
N1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
85 Column
Aligning
AU-3
Floating phase
1
30
59
87
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
J1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
B3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
C2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
H1 H2 H3 G1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
F2 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
H4 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
F3 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
K3 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
N1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
AU-3 Pointer
Stuff Byte
87 Column
AU-3
H1 H2 H3
87
AU-3
A
1
AU-3 #1
H1 H2 H3
87
AU-3
A
1
AU-3 #2
H1 H2 H3
87
AU-3 #3
AU-3
A
Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
AUG
H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3
A B C A B C
A B C
1 2 3
261
AUG
261
VC-4
MSOH
H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3
9
RSOH
A B C A B C
A B C
125us
1 2 3
STM-1 Payload
261
261
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36
12 Column
2.304Mbps
Multi-Frame
125us Frame
TU-12 Pointer V1
TU-12 #2
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36
Byte-interleaving
multiplexed into
TUG-2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
2.304Mbps
TU-12 #3
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36
TUG-2
2.304Mbps
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
TUG-2 No. 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
TUG-2 No. 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
TUG-2 No. 4
TUG-2 No. 5
TUG-2 No. 6
TUG-2 No. 7
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
TUG-3
NPI
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
Fixed Stuffing
All Zero
TUG-3
84 Column
21
21
TUG-3 No. 2
21
NPI
Stuffing
Bytes
TUG-3 No. 3
86
63
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1 1
5 5
9 9
13 13
17 17
21 21
25 25
29 29
33 33
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
63
1 1 1
5 5 5
9 9 9
13 13 13
17 17 17
21 21 21
25 25 25
29 29 29
33 33 33
2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
63
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3 3
7 7
11 11
15 15
19 19
23 23
27 27
31 31
35 35
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
63
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3 4
7 8
11 12
15 16
19 20
23 24
27 28
31 32
35 36
4 4
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
24 24
28 28
32 32
36 36
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4 4
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
24 24
28 28
32 32
36 36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
VC-4
VC-4 POH
261
H1 Y Y H2 I I H3 H3 H3
AU-4 Pointer
NPI
Fixed Stuff Byte( 1* )
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Y : 1001UU11
I : 11111111
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1 1
5 5
9 9
13 13
17 17
21 21
25 25
29 29
33 33
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1 1 1
5 5 5
9 9 9
13 13 13
17 17 17
21 21 21
25 25 25
29 29 29
33 33 33
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2 2 2
6 6 6
10 10 10
14 14 14
18 18 18
22 22 22
26 26 26
30 30 30
34 34 34
3 3 3
7 7 7
11 11 11
15 15 15
19 19 19
23 23 23
27 27 27
31 31 31
35 35 35
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3 3
7 7
11 11
15 15
19 19
23 23
27 27
31 31
35 35
3 4 4
7 8 8
11 12 12
15 16 16
19 20 20
23 24 24
27 28 28
31 32 32
35 36 36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4 4
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
24 24
28 28
32 32 125us
36 36
261
AU-4 Payload
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
261
VC-4
RSOH
H1 Y Y H2 I I H3 H3 H3
9
MSOH
NPI= 1001SS1111100000
Fixed Stuff Byte
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Y : 1001UU11
I : 11111111
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1 1
5 5
9 9
13 13
17 17
21 21
25 25
29 29
33 33
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1 1
5 5
9 9
13 13
17 17
21 21
25 25
29 29
33 33
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
3 3
7 7
11 11
15 15
19 19
23 23
27 27
31 31
35 35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3 4
7 8
11 12
15 16
19 20
23 24
27 28
31 32
35 36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4 4
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
24 24
28 28
32 32
36 36
261
AU-4 Payload
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
125us
TU-12
36
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
4
XXXXXX00
Stuffing
9 1
n+4 Frame
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*
Stuffing
XXXXXX11
Stuffing
n+3 Frame
Stuffing
9 1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*
N N N
P P P
I I I
N N N
P P P
I I I
Stuffing
XXXXXX10
Stuffing
n+2 Frame
Stuffing
Stuffing
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*
N N N
P P P
I I I
Stuffing
XXXXXX01
9 1
Multi-Frame(500us)
n+1 Frame
Stuffing
Stuffing
9 1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*
N N N
P P P
I I I
Stuffing
XXXXXX00
Stuffing
Stuffing
n Frame
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1 ... 1
PTR(V4)
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
PTR(V1)
1 ... 1
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
PTR(V2)
1 ... 1
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
PTR(V3)
1 ... 1
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
PTR(V4)
1 ... 1
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
21 Column
63 Column
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
2303 Kbit/S
125uS
N N N
P P P
I I I
Stuffing
1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
9 row
.
.
.
18 Column
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
3 Column
1
2
261 Column
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
SONET
STS-1
STS-N
STS-N
STS-N
PTE
LTE
...
...
LTE
PTE
PDH
STS-1
Section
Line
Path
PDH
STM-1
STM-N
MSTE
STM-N
STM-M
PDH
STM-1
MSTE
PTE
...
...
PTE
SDH
Regeneration
Section
Multiplex section
Path
) PTE : Path Terminating Equipment
LTE : Line Terminating Equipment
MSTE : Multiplex Section Terminating Equipment
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
SOH
P
O
H
Pointer
LOH
Transport
Overhead
90
Path Overhead
SPE
One
Frame
125
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
RSOH
MSOH
Transport
Overhead
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Pointer
87N Columns
Path Overhead
SPE
9N Columns
261N Columns
N Col.s
Transport
Overhead
270N Columns
N Col.s
2
269
90N Columns
11
P
O
H
Pointer
10
Pointer
N = 1, 4, 16, 64
P
P
O O
H
H
Transport
Overhead
270
Section
Overhead
1
2
3
4
5
Line
Overhead
6
7
8
9
89
Framing
A1
BIP-8
B1
Data Com
D1
Pointer
H1
BIP-8
B2
Data Com
D4
Data Com
D7
Data Com
D10
SSM
S1
Framing
A2
Orderwire
E1
Data Com
D2
Pointer
H2
APS
K1
Data Com
D5
Data Com
D8
Data Com
D11
FEBE
M0
Transport
Overhead
3
90
125
Section trace
J0
User
F1
Data Com
D3
Pointer Act.
H3
APS
K2
Data Com
D6
Data Com
D9
Data Com
D12
Orderwire
E2
A1, A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1...D3
:
:
:
:
:
:
Frame Byte
Section Trace
Section Bit Parity Check
Orderwire
Section User Channel
Section Data Communication Channel
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Section
Section
Section
Section
B1 to detect(monitoring) error
Not available to report error
Line
B2 to detect error
M0 to report error
Line
Path
B3 to detect error
G1 to report error
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
1
1
Framing
A1
BIP- 8
B1
Data Com
D1
Pointer
H1
BIP- 8
B2
Data Com
D4
Data Com
D7
Data Com
D10
SSM
S1
Framing Section tr
A2
J0
Orderwire
User
E1
F1
Data Com Data Com
D2
D3
Pointer Pointer Act.
H2
H3
APS
APS
K1
K2
Data Com Data Com
D5
D6
Data Com Data Com
D8
D9
Data Com Data Com
D11
D12
FEBE
Orderwire
M0
E2
H1, H2
H3
B2
K1, K2
D4...D12
S1
M0
E2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Pointer
Pointer Action
Line Bit Parity Check
Automatic Protection Switching Channel
Line Data Communication Channel
Synchronization Status Message
FEBE(Far End Block Error) Indication
Orderwire
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
A1
A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
H1
H2
H3
B2
K1
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
S1
D11 D12
M0
E2
Path Trace
J1
BIP-8
B3
Signal label
C2
Path Status
G1
User
F2
Multi frame.
H4
User
F3
Growth
K3
TCM
N1
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Pay lo ad ty pe.
Unequipped
Equipped/nonspecific pay load
Floating VT mode
Locked VT mode
Mapping for Asy nchronous 44.736Mbps(e.g., DS3)
Mapping for Asy nchronous 139.264Mbps(e.g., E4)
Mapping for ATM(Asy nchronous Transfer Mode)
Mapping for DQ DB(Distributed Q ueue Dual Bus)
Mapping for FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
FEBE
RDI
5
Unused.
7
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
SOH
(Frame No.1)
. scrambling
LOH
. calculation
(B1)
(Frame No.2)
Section BIP-8, B1
SOH
(Frame No.1)
. No scrambling
LOH
. Calculation
(Frame No.2)
(B2)
Line BIP-8, B2
SOH
(Frame No.1)
. No scrambling
LOH
. Calculation
(Frame No.2)
(B3)
Path BIP-8, B3
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
A1
A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
H1
H2
H3
B2
K1
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
M0
E2
OverHead
A1, A2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
Description
(F628)
J0
B1
BIP-8
E1
Orderwire
F1
D1-D3
B2
BIP-24 (3byte )
K1,K2
D4-D12
S1
M0
E2
N1
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
C6
X
X
C7
X
X
.
.
.
X
B3
Frame t+1
B3
VC-3
85 Byte
.
85
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
B IP - 2
F E B E
R F I
L 1
a )
L 2
S ig n a l la b e l
5
L 3
F E R F
V ir t u a l c o n t a in e r p a t h s ig n a l la b e l c o d in g :
a)
L 1
L 2
L 3
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
M e a n in g
U
E
A
B
B
n e q u ip p e d
q u ip p e d n o n - s p e c if ic
s y n c h r o n o u s , f lo a t i n g
it s y n c h r o n o u s , f lo a t in g
y t e s y n c h r o n o u s , f lo a t in g
E q u ip p e d u n u s e d
P ro v is io n a l a llo c a tio n .
V ir t u a l c o n t a in e r p a t h F E B E c o d in g :
T 1 8 1 9 7 4 0 -9 3 /d 2 7
N o e rro rs
O n e o r m o re e rro rs
N O T E S
1
V ir tu a l c o n ta in e r p a th o v e r h e a d is d e f in e d o n ly in V C -2 # 1 o f V C -2 -m c .
2
V a lu e 1 is o n ly to b e u s e d in c a s e s w h e r e a m a p p in g c o d e is n o t d e f in e d in th e a b o v e ta b le . F o r
in te r w o r k in g w ith o ld e q u ip m e n t ( i.e . d e s ig n e d to tr a n s m it o n ly th e v a lu e s 0 a n d 1 ) , th e f o llo w in g
c o n d itio n s a p p ly :
f o r b a c k w a r d c o m p a t ib il ity , o ld e q u ip m e n t s h a ll in t e r p r e t a n y v a lu e r e c e iv e d o t h e r
th a n v a lu e 0 a s a n e q u ip p e d c o n d itio n ;
f o r f o r w a r d c o m p a tib ility , w h e n r e c e iv in g v a lu e 1 f r o m o ld e q u ip m e n t, n e w
e q u ip m e n t s h a ll n o t g e n e r a t e a s ig n a l la b e l m is m a t c h a la r m .
F IG U R E
4 -2 /G .7 0 9
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
AUG
x1
AU-4
VC-4
x3
x1
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
x1
TU-3
Conversion
x3
AU-3
x3
VC-4
AU-4
Conversion
x1
AUG
x3
x7
x7
VC-3
TUG-3
VC-3
AU-3
x7
x7
x1
TU-2
TUG-2
VC-2
x1
TU-2
TUG-2
x3
x3
TU-12
VC-12
TU-12
x4
x4
TU-11
VC-11
TU-11
Conversion
Pointer Processing
Aligning
) TU-n(n=11/12) Conversion
2.5Gbps Link MUX TU-12 TU-11 .
Tributary Link DEMUX TU-11 TU-12 .
Multiplexing/De-multiplexing
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
A1
AU-4 Pointer
H1
H2
H3 H3 H3
Y=1001UU11
STM-1
VC-4
I=11111111
A1
AU-3 Pointer
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
TU-3 Pointer
H1
A1
Y
H2
H3 H3 H3
3 VC-3s
VC-4
P
O
H
A1
TU-11/12 Pointer
H1
H2
H3 H3 H3
VC-4
or 3 VC-3s
H1H1H1
H2H2H2
H3H3H3
P
O P
H O P
H O P
H O
H
3 TU-3s
V1
V2
V3
V4
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
H1
N N N N S
H2
H3
D
Negative Justification
Opportunity
Positive Justification
Opportunity
STM-1
POINTER FUNCTION
Offset value Indication
Frequency Justification Indication
New Data Flag
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
x7
PLDEN#3
125us
NJE
1
1
4
9
1
4
9
1
4
9
1
4
270
Frame No. 1
Point value=3
H3 H3 H3
J1(3,3,3)
H3 H3 H3
J1(3,3,3)
Frame No. 2
Point value=3
Frame No. 3
Point value=2
J1(2,2,2)
D bit invert, NJE
Frame No. 4
Point value=2
H3 H3 H3
J1(2,2,2)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
9
261
AU-4 POINTER
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F
I
x
e
d
S
t
u
f
f
H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2
F H3 H3 H3 0
I
x
e
1st TU-3
d
S
t
u
f H1 H1 H1
f H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3 0
2nd TU-3
...
764764764
83 83 83 84 84 84
3rd TU-3
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
V1
Pointer1
V2
Pointer2
V1
125us
N N N N S
V3
Pointer action
V4
Pointer4(RES)
V2
250us
TU size
00 => TU-2
01 => TU-12
11 => TU-11
375us
500us
TU Ty pe
TU- 2
TU- 12
TU- 11
Columns needs
12
4
3
By tes/Fram
108
36
27
Capacity
By tes/Superframe
432
144
108
O ffset range
0~ 427
0~ 139
0~ 103
Application
Rate( Mbps)
6.912
DS2( 6.312M)
2.304
DS1E( 2.048M)
1.728
DS1( 1.544M)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
TU-n Size
V2
S
TU-12
TU-11
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
V1
POINTER
VALUE
( , V5 )
V2
0`
77
V1
78
103
V2
V2
0
34
V3
35
Negative
Justification
action
106
V3
107
69
V4
70
104
V1
105
139
V2
TU-11
POINTER
VALUE
( , V5 )
V2
0
25
V3
26
51
V4
52
V1
TU-12
Positive
Justification
action
213
V4
214
320
V1
321
427
V2
TU-2
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
NDF_enable
1. NORM :
3x
Norm_point
Inc_Ind/dec_Ind
NORM
N x inv_point
3x AIS_ind
8 N 10
N x NDF_enable
8 N 10
NDF_enable
3x Norm_point
8. inv_point :
3x Norm_point
9. AIS_ind : AIS
LOP
3x AIS_ind
AIS
N x inv_point 8
N 10
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
CONC
N x inv_point
3x AIS_ind
8 N 10
3x CONC_ind
LOPC
3x CONC_ind
3x AIS_ind
AISC
N x inv_point 8
N 10
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
AU-n Pointer
1. Normal operation : 0110 3bit 0110 .
cf) NDF_disable(Normal NDF : 0010, 0100, 0110, 0111, 1110 (5 )
2. Invert operation : 1001 3bit 1001 .
cf) NDF_enable : 0001 ,1000, 1001, 1011, 1101 (5 )
3. Invalid NDF LOP or AIS AIS (All ones).
cf) Invalid NDF : 0000, 0011, 0101, 1010, 1100, 1111 (6 )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
NDF/SS/ID
01101000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101000
01101000
01101000
ID
00000000
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00101000
00101000
00101000
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00001111
00001111
00001111
norm ptr
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
inv ptr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
1(7)
1(8)
1(1)
1(2)
0
NDF_EN
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
1(7)
1(8)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
current ptr
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
15
ptr state
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
LO P
LO P
LO P
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
LO P
LO P
LO P
N
CASE 2. NO R- - > LO P
CASE 3. inc_ind
CASE 2.LO P- - > NO R
CASE 1. NO R- - > LO P
CASE 1. LO P- - > NO R
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
NDF/SS/ID
01101000
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101001
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101001
01101011
01101011
01101011
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
ID
00000000
00001110
00001110
00001110
00001110
00001110
10101110
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
01010000
00001110
00001110
00001110
00000010
00000010
00010101
00000001
norm ptr
1
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(3)
1(3)
0
1
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
0
0
0
0
inv ptr
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NDF_EN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
current ptr
0
1
1
782
782
782
782
0
0
0
0
782
782
782
782
2
2
21
1
ptr state
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
incr_ind
0 - - > 782 by 3 * Norm PTR
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
NDF/SS/ID
01101000
11111111
11111111
11111111
01101000
01101000
10011000
11111111
11111111
11111111
01101000
01101000
01101000
ID
00000000
11111111
11111111
11111111
10101010
01010101
00001111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000011
00000011
00000011
norm ptr
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
inv ptr
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
NDF/SS/ID
01101000
11111111
11111111
11111111
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
11111111
11111111
11111111
ID
00000000
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
norm ptr
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
inv ptr
0
0
0
0
1( 1)
1( 2)
1( 3)
1( 4)
1( 5)
1( 6)
1( 7)
1( 8)
0
0
0
AIS_IND
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
current ptr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ptr state
N
N
N
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
LO P
LO P
LO P
AIS
NDF/SS/ID
01101000
11111111
11111111
11111111
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
ID
00000000
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
norm ptr
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
inv ptr
0
0
0
0
1( 1)
1( 2)
1( 3)
1( 4)
1( 5)
1( 6)
1( 7)
0
0
0
0
AIS_IND
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
current ptr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ptr state
N
N
N
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS _ind
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
NDF/SS/ID
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
ID
00000000
00001100
00001100
00001100
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00001111
00001111
00001111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00001101
00001101
00001101
norm ptr
1
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
0
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
inv ptr
0
1(1)
1(2)
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
1(7)
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
1(7)
1(8)
0
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
SDH
150Mbps ; DS-4E
SONET
50Mbps ; DS-3
STM-1(155.520Mbps)
4 STM-4(622.080Mbps) 4
STM-16(2,488.320Mbps)
SDH 1/3
STS-1 : 990B
93B
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
SDH
STM-1 ; DS-1~D-4E
C, VC, TU, TUG, AU, AUG
.
SONET
STS-1 ; DS-1, DS-1E, DS-1C(3.152Mbps), DS-2, DS-3
(VT:Virtual Tributary)
VT SDH VC
VC-11 VT-1.5 / VC-12 VT-2 / VC-2 VT-6 ( SDH/SONET )
DS-1C VT3 ( / / )
VC-11, VC-12, VC-2
VC-3
STM-1
, , ,
Cf) , , ,
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
TABLE A.3/G.784
SDH performance events
A : Application specific
R : Required
EB:Errored Block
NOTES
1. As indicated in Annex C/G.826, an estimate of EBs can be derived from
an appropriate translation from BIP error count to Errored Block count.
2. For some applications, FEBE is also required
O : Optional
BBE : Background Block Error
NOTES
1. As indicated in Annex C/G.826, an estimate of EBs can be derived from
an appropriate translation from BIP error count to Errored Block count.
2. The defects included in the calculation of ES and SES events are
defined in Tables 4-1/G.783 to 4-15/G.783 [12].
TABLE A.4/G.784
SDH additional monitored events
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Physical
Section
LOS
J0
B1
K2
B2
M1
K2
LOF
RS-TIM
RS-BIP Err.
Regenerator
Section
Multiplex
Section
Higher Order
Section
AIS
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
MS-AIS
MS-BIP Err.
MS-REI
MS-RDI
AIS
AIS
1
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-BIP Err.
HP-REI
HP-RDI
V5
J2
V5
V5
V5
V5
F1
D1 D2
D3
B2 B2 B2 K1
K2
D4
D6
D5
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
S1
M1 E2 X
STM-1 SOH
AIS
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
H4
C2
B1 E1
AU-Pointer
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
C2
J1
B3
G1
G1
Lower Order
Section
H4
F3
TU_LOM
HP-SLM
K3
AIS
N1
VC-4 or VC-3
LP-UNEQ
LP-TIM
LP-BIP Err.
LP-REI
LP-RDI
AIS
LP-SLM
1 AIS
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Loss Of Signal
Out Of Frame
Loss Of Frame
Regenerator Section
BIP Error(B1)
Regenerator Section
Trace Identifier Mismatch
Multiplex Section
BIP Error(b2)
MS Alarm Indication Signal
MS Remote Error Indication
Drop in incoming optical power level causes high bit error rate
A1,A2 errored for >= 625us
If OOF persists for >= 3ms
Mismatch of the received & computed BIP-8 covers the
whole STM-N frame
Mismatch of the accepted & expected Trace Identifier
in byte J0
MS BIP
Mismatch of the received & computed N x BIP-24 covers
Error
the whole frame expected RSOH
MS-AIS
K2(bits 6,7,8)= 111 for 3 frames
MS-REI
Number if detected B2 errors in the sink side encoded
in byte M1 of the source side
MS-RDI
MS Remote Defect Indication K2(bits 6,7,8)= 110 for z frames (z-3 to 5)
AU-AIS
AU Alarm Indication Signal All ones in the AU pointer bytes H1 and H2
AU-LOP AU Loss Of Pointer
8 to 10 NDF enable, 8 to 10 invalid pointers
HP BIP
HO Path BIP Error
Mismatched of the recovered and computed BIP-8
Error
(B3)
Covers entire VC-N
HP- UNEQ HO Path Unequipped
C2 = 0 for >= 5 frames
HP-TIM
HP Trace Identifier Mismatch Mismatch of the accepted & expected Trace Identifier in byte J1
HP-REI HP Remote Defect
Number if detected B2 errors in the sink side encoded
Indication
in byte G(bits 1,2,3,4) of the source side
HP-RDI HP Remote Defect Indication G1(bits 5)= 1 for z frames (z-3,5,10)
HP-SLM HP Signal Label Mismatch Mismatch of the accepted and expected Payload Label in C2
TU-LOM TU Loss Of Multiframe
H4(bits7,8) multiframe not recovered for x ms (x= 1 to 5 ms)
TU-AIS TU Alarm Indication Signal All ones in the TU pointer bytes V1 and V2
TU-LOP TU Loss Of Pointer
8 to 10 NDF enable, 8 to 10 invalid pointers
LP BIP
LO Path BIP Error
Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8(B3) or
Error
BIP-2(V5 bit 1,2) covers entire VC-N
7.2.1.2
LPLO Path Unequipped
VC-3
: C2=0 for >= 5frames
UNEQ
VC-m(m=11,12,2) : V5(bits 5,6,7)=000 for >= 5 multiframes
LP-TIM LP Trace Identifier
Mismatch of the accepted & expected Trace Identifier
Mismatch
in byte J1(VC-3) or J2
7.2.1.1.2
LP-REI LP Remote Error Indication VC-3: Number of detected B3 errors in the sink side encoded
in byte G1(bits 1,2,3,4) of the source side
9.3.2.1
VC-m(m=11,12,2): If one or more BIP-2 errors detected in the
sink side,byte V5(bit 3)=1 on the source side
LP-RDI LP Remote Defect Indication VC-3: G1(bit 5)=1 for z frames , z=3,5,10
VC-m(m=11,12,2): V5(bit 8)=1 for z multiframes
LP-SLM LP Signal Label Mismatch Mismatch of the accepted and expected Payload Label
in byte C2 or V5(bits 5,6,7)
G.958,0.3.1.1
G.758,2.3.1
G.783,2.2.28
G.783,4.2.2
G.783,2.2.2.4,
4.2.2
G.783,5.2.2
G.783,5.22
G.707,9.9.9.12
G.783,2.2.2.6
G.783,5.3.1.2,A.C
G.783,5.3.1.2,A.C
G.783,6.2.1.2
G.783,2.2.2.2
G.783,2.2.2.4,
G.707,9.3.1.4
G.783,2.2.2.6
G.783,2.2.2.7
G.783,2.2.2.9
G.783,6.3.1.2,A.C
G.783,6.3.1.2,A.c
G.783, 7.2.1.1.2,
G.783,2.2.2.2
G.783,2.2.2.4
G.707,9.3.1.4,
G.783,2.2.2.6
G.783,2.2.2.7
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Review Question
1. ?
STM-1
2. A1A2 F627 ?
3. B1 ?
4. H1H2 1 ?
5. B3 ?
6. TU-AIS 1 ?
7. AU-AIS 1 ?
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
8. ?
9. ( , , .) H1 H2 H3
?
10. 3 .
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
(1)
(3)
(2)
LADM
REP
TM
G1
(5)
(6)
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
(6)
(5)
(3)
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
(6)
(5)
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
All 1 :
valid payload
Valid signal :Others
RDI signal :
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Answer
9
1
4
Frame No.
2
Point value=3
H3 H3 H3
J1(3,3,3)
9
1
4
9
1
4
Frame No.
3
Point value=2
J1(2,2,2)
D bit invert,
NJE
Frame No.
4
Point value=2
H3 H3 H3
J1(2,2,2)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
5.1.
- TM
: Point To Point
- Linear ADM
- UPSR
- BLSR/2
- BLSR/4
2. Linear ADM
TM
TM
TM
Working
ADM
ADM
TM
Working
Protection
Protection
Working
Protection
1. : 2.5G bit/s
2. Protection : 1+1,1:1 Protection
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
5.1.
4. BLSR/4
3. BLSR/2
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Working
Protection
Working
Working
Working
Protection
Working CH
Protection CH
ADM
ADM
5. UPSR
ADM
ADM
1. : 2.5G x N bit/s = 10Gbit/s
2. Protection : APS Byte(K1, K2)
- MS Shared Protection
- Ring Switch
- Span Switch
ADM
BLSR/4
700%
ADM
Working
BLSR/2
600%
Protection
500%
400%
300%
UPSR
200%
ADM
ADM
1. : 2.5G bit/s
2. Protection : MS Dedicated Protection ??
100%
2
10
11
Number of Nodes
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
5.2. UPSR(SNC/P)
P r o t e c t io n
P r o te c t io n
W o r k in g
W o r k in g
S w itc h
B r id g e
T r a f f ic o u t
T r a f f i c in
a ) N o r m a l c o n d it i o n T r a n s m it t e d t r a f f i c b r i d g e d
a ) t o w o r k in g a n d p r o te c t io n p a t h s
a ) R e c e iv e d tr a f fic s w it c h s e le c t s w o r k in g c h a n n e l
P r o te c tio n
P r o t e c t io n
W o r k in g
W o r k in g
F a ilu r e
S w it c h
B r id g e
T r a f f ic o u t
T r a f f ic in
T 1 5 1 6 8 7 0 -9 4 /d 2 2
b ) F a ilu r e in w o r k in g c h a n n e l o f in c o m in g t r a f f ic
a ) R e c e iv e r s w it c h s e le c t s p r o te c tio n p a th
F IG U R E
7 -1 0 /G .8 4 1
N o d e u s in g d iv e r s e r o u t in g f o r 1 + 1 t r a il o r S N C p r o t e c t io n
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
5.2. UPSR(SNC/P)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
5.3. BLSR2(MSSpring2)
- Reusable bandwidth
- Transporting Extra Traffic
- Ring Switch
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
5.3. BLSR2(MSSpring2)
Terminating Traffic
Service A-D-C
Service A-B
Service A-B
STM-16
Bidirectional Fiber Pair
STM-16
Bidirectional Fiber Pair
Service A-B
Terminating
Traffic
Service B-C
Reused Bandwidth
( AU-3 Time Slot 1)
Service B-C
Service A-D-C
Service A-D-C
Service B-C
Terminating Traffic
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
5.3. BLSR2(MSSpring2)
Terminating Traffic
Terminating Traffic
Service A-D-C
Service A-B
Service A-B
Service A-D-C
Unaffected Traffic
Service CH:A-B-C
Node
NodeAA
Brige
STM-16
Bidirectional Fiber Pair
Service A-B
Node D
Bidirectional AU-3
Loopback to protection Time
Slot
Rerouted
Service A-B
Node B
Pass-through
routing of
protection bandwidth
Bidirectional AU-3
Loopback to protection Time
Slot
Node D
Node B
Rerouted
Service A-B
Node C
Node C
Service A-D-C
Terminating Traffic
Terminating Traffic
Switch
5.4. BLSR4(MSSpring4)
STM-16
2.5G
STM-16/2
1.2G
STM-16
2.5G
STM-16 x2
5G
STM-16
2.5G
STM-16 x2
5G
Optic Module
Fault
Fiber Cut
Protection Fibers
Activated
Protection Fibers
Unused
Bidirectional LoopBack
to Protection Fibers
Redirected Traffic
on Protection Fibers
Bidirectional LoopBack
to Protection Fibers
Protection Fibers
Activated
Protection Fibers
Unused
Redirected Traffic
on Protection Fibers
Fiber Cut
Redirected Traffic
on Protection Fibers
Terminating
Traffic
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
SDH IP
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Application
Presentation
Session
Nortel Networks
Cisco Systems
Transport
IP
Network
Logical Link Control
Data Link
MAC Control
MAC
PPP in
HDLC-Like
Framing
MAC Encapsulation
Physical
SONET/SDH
SONET/SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Application
Presentation
Session
Nortel Networks
Cisco Systems
Transport
IP
Network
Logical Link Control
Data Link
MAC
MAC Encapsulation
Physical
PPP in
HDLC-Like
Framing
MAC Control
SONET/SDH
GFP
SONET/SDH
Lucent
Technology
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Ethernet
Frame
PPP/HDLC
Frame
Encapsulation
Block
PPP Frame
PPP_GFP Frame
HDLC Frame
GFP
Encapsulation
Block
Ethernet Frame
HDLC_GFP Frame
SDH
Mapping
Block
SDH Frame
Ethernet_GFP Frame
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Bytes
Ethernet Frame
IEEE 802.3
Preamble
(101010)
SD
(10101011)
1
Flag
(01111110)
HDLC Frame
1
Flag
(01111110)
PPP Frame
2
GFP Frame
PLI
2
cHEC
2
Type
2~6
Destination Address
Source Address
Data + Pad
1~2
Variable
2~4
Data
FSC
Variable
2~4
Data
FSC
1
Address
2 ~ 1500
Control
1~2
Address
(1111111)
Control
(00000011)
Protocol
FSC
0 ~ 60
Extension
Header
GFP Payload
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
VC Concatenation
Method for the transport of payloads that do not fit in the standard set of
virtual containers(VC-3/4/2/12/11)
) VC-3/4 : to provide transport for payloads requiring greater capacity
than one Container-3/4
VC-2 : to provide transport for payloads that require capacity greater
than one Container-2, but lower than one Container-3/4
Concatenation
Contiguous concatenation
High cost
Common POH
Virtual Concatenation
Overcoming high cost problem
Individual POH
However, Large buffer,Equipment for detecting.,Differential Delay
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
Service
Bit rate
Without VC
With VC
Ethernet
10 Mbit/s
VC-3 (20%)
VC-12-5v (92%)
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbit/s
VC-4 (67%)
VC-3-2v (100%)
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 Mbit/s
VC-4-16c(42%)
VC-4-7v (95%)
25 Mbit/s
VC-3 (50%)
VC-12-12v (96%)
Fiber Channel
200 Mbit/s
VC-4-4c (33%)
VC-3-4v (100%)
Fiber Channel
1000 Mbit/s
VC-4-16c (42%)
VC-4-7v (95%)
ESCON
200 Mbit/s
VC-4-4c (33%)
VC-3-4v ( 100%)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
WAN
WAN Port
POS Port
SDH
LAN Port
E1/T1/E3/DS3
, STM-1 /4 Unit
Bridge
LAN Port
LAN
Bridge
IP Unit
Ethernet
IP Unit (EthernetPPP )
Edge Router
LAN Port
PPP, SDH(PPP)
STM-16
Router
WAN Port
Ethernet
STM-16
IP Unit
LAN
WAN
SDH
E1/T1/E3/DS3,
STM-1/4 Unit
LAN
Layer-3
PPP, SDH(PPP)
STM-16
Ethernet
Layer-2
Router
WAN
E1/T1/E3/DS3,
STM-1/4 Unit
WAN Port
POS Port
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
VoIP ,
Internet Service
DACS
Router
S-MUX
STM-4
T3
STM-1
WAN
SDH-IP
SDH-IP
ACCESS
NETWORK FLC
ATM
CORE
NETWORK
STM-4
SONET/SDH
SDH-IP
SDH-IP
E1
STM-4
FLC
xDSL
FLC
STM-4
or 100BaseT
ACCESS
NETWORK
ATM
LAN(<70Km)
OPTIC Interface
Gigabit
Gigabit Router
VoIP ,
Internet Service
Synchronous
Technology Transmission
STM4
SDH-IP
SDH-IP
Internet Service
Router
WAN
or
LAN
GLOBAL
NETWORK
SDH-IP
Gigabit
or LAN
10/100
Local
Network
Workgroup Switch Switch/Hub
SDH-IP
Leased Line
E1, T1
T3, STM1
IP
Multi-Media Server
(Storage, Video, Audio)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission