KimberlyCervantes

DigestiveSystemLabReport
Part I Structures of the Mouth
Themouthhasanimportantrolebecauseweuseittospeak,eat,digestion,andalsoforbreathing.The
salivaryglandsecretesalivaandthistypeoffluidmoistensfoodparticles,helpsbendthem,andbeginsthe
chemicaldigestionofcarbohydrates.Thesalivaryamylasecomesfromawateryfluidcalledserouswhich
comesfromsalivaryglands.Afterthesalivaryamylaseisproducedtheenzymesplitsthestarchand
glycogenmoleculesintodisaccharide,whichwillbeginthechemicaldigestionofcarbohydrates.The
tonguealsotakeactionduringthesalivaryamylase.
Tastebudsaresalt,sour,bitter,sweet,andunami.Whentastingafoodyoucansmellthefoodbysniffing
agettingasmellsoyoucanknowwhatyou'reeating.Alsowheneveryouputthefoodinsideyourmouth
youcanfeelthetexturewithyoutongueandteeth.Thetonguetakesamajorroleinfeelingthetextureof
thefoodinyourmouth.Thathelpswiththetastethatincludesthesmellandtexture.
Alsotheteethareinsidethemouthandtheyarethestrongeststructureinthebody.Theteethdevelopin
socketsofthealveolarprocessofthemandibleandmaxillae.Therearetwosetsduringdevelopment,
whicharetheprimaryteethandsecondaryteeth.Theprimaryteetharedeciduousandsecondaryteethare
permanent.Theprimaryhasincisorcentral,incisorlateral,canine,firstmolar,andsecondmolar.The
secondaryteethhasincisorcentral,incisorlateral,canine,firstpremolar,secondpremolar,firstmolar,
secondmolar,andthirdmolar.Theprimaryhasatotalof20teethandsecondaryhasatotalof32teeth.

Food

5seconds
Placeonfinger

5seconds
Chew

Unplugnoseand
chew5seconds

DoesntID
makeup

1Apple

2Carrot

3Cheese

4Bananna

5Potato

Figure1TasteLabDatashowingthestuffhecouldidentify.
TheXshowstheindividualwayofhowtheyidentifiedthefood.

SalivaryGlands:EffectsofSalivaryAmylaseonStarch

Experimental#1

Control#2

Begin

Thestarchwasbarelysoakingin

Thestarchwasbarelysoakingin

24Hours

Starchstillexistent

Youcanstillseestarch

48Hours

Starchishardlyexistent,andbreaking
down

Youcanseethestarchbutitisjustsoakingin
thereandnotbreakingdown

Figure2Describesthestarchintheexperimentalandcontroltube.Tellsdetailsabouthowthestarch
looksafter24hoursand48hoursofthelab.

Figure2Showspicturesofthedayafter24
hourspassbyandthesecondphotoshowspicturesof48hoursthathavealreadypassedby.
Question:Isit80%smell?

Figure3&4Differentteethusedformasticationandapictureofmyteethwiththelabels.

Part II Esophagus and Stomach

Theeffectsthatthepepsinhadontheproteinwasthatitstartedtobreakitdownformingitintopesin.
Pepsinplaysabigroleinthetheeffectsbutbecausepepsinisapresenceofhydrochloricacid.Asthe
dayswentbytheeggcontrolwouldchange,getcloudy,andthecolorwouldchangetheprotein.Asfor
theproteinintheexperimentalbythe3rddissolvedandtheliquidysubstancewastheonlythingthat
endedupchangingcolor.
Theesophagusisastraight,tubeabout25centimeterslong.Theesophagusispathwayforthefoodyou
eat,whichthemuscularwallpropelsfoodfromthepharynxtothestomach.Thestomachjshaped,pouch
organ,thatmeasuresabout2530centimeters.Thestomachhangsinferiortothediaphragmintheupper
leftportionoftheabdominalcavity.Thecapacityofthestomachisabout1literormore.THestomach
willreceivethefoodfromtheesophagus,whichthefoodmixeswiththegastricjuice.Thegastricjuice
containsmallquantitiesofflatsplittingenzyme,gastriclipase.Thecellsthatfromthegastricjuicere
mucous,chief,andparietalcells.
Question:

CatEsophagusandStomach

Figure5Labeledesophagusandstomachfromthecat.

CredittoSerena

Figure6
LabeledStomach

ThePepsinlab

Control

Experiment

Day0

Youcanseeegg

Youcanseeegg

Day1

Youcanseeeggbutnotalot

Lookthesameascontrol

Day2

Nochangeintheegg

Nochangeintheegg

Day3

Cloudysubstance

Substanceclouding,eggisgone

Day4

Egggonealittle,substanceschangingcolor

Substancestayedcloudy

Day5

Eggdissolvedintoacloudyfarm

Nochangetosubstance

ControlContains

ExperimentalContains

20dropsofWater

20dropsofwater

20dropsofPepsin

10dropsofHCL

Small,thinpieceofeggwhite

20dropsofPepsin

Small,thinpieceofwhiteegg

Figure7&8Thetablesshowthecollecteddatafromtheproteindigestionlabandwhathappensover
theperiodoftime.Thetableshowcontrolandexperimentaldatacollected.

Part III Small and Large Intestines

Thisparagraphisgonnatellaboutthedifferentthingsinthesmallandlargeintestine.Thesmallintestine
ismadeupoftheduodenum,jejunum,andileum.Thelargeintestinecontainstheascendingcolon,
transversecolon,descendingcolon,andsigmoidcolon.
ThecellthatreleasethesehormonesareevenlydividedbetweentheGItract.Whenthegastrinisreleased
thefromthecellsthatarelocatedinthecaudadandtheduodenum.Thesecretinisejectedfromthecells
primarilyfoundintheduodenum,butitcanalsopresentinthejejunumandileum.AswhereCCKwill
releasethroughoutthesmallintestine.FinallytheGIPisemittedfromcellsfoundintheduodenumand
jejunum.ThesecretinwhichIwilldiscussnext.Acidgastricjuicesandchymewillentertheduodenumof
thesmallintestineandwilllowerthepHto4.5andCellswouldreleasesecretin.Thensecretinwilltravel
throughthebloodtothepancreastostimulatepancreaticHCO tobeejected.OnceejectedHCO
neutralizestheacidicgastricjuicesthatwaythesmallintestinewon'tgetharmed.TheCKK,fatthat
stimulatestheIcellintothebloodstreamandgallbladderandpancreatic.Thenthegallbladdercontractsto
releasebile,andpancreaticdigestiveenzymesareejectedfromthepancreas.GIP,dischargesfromtheK
cells,issecretedmainlyintheresponsetofatandcarbohydrates.FromthelivertheGIPistransported
throughvenouscirculationuptotheheartandthenthroughtheartilurarycirculation.Theiswillexertto
bothparietalcellsandBcell.

Question:WhataretheeffectsofGIhormonesontherat'sdigestivesystem.
IntestinalLabDataAnalysis
ExperimentalData

Control Unknow
n
1

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknow

2
3
4
n
5

Dropsoffluidfromsalivary
duct,min1

10

10

10

70

12

pHofthestomach

1.9

1.8

Dropsoffluidfrompancreatic
duct,min1

77

30

9.5

pHfluidfromamain
pancreaticduct

7.2

10

7.6

7.2

Dropsoffluidfromcommon
bileductmin1

64

2.3

2.4

2.4

Mobilityofstomach,no.of
contractions/min

3.6

15

3.4

1.0

Mobilityofsmall
intestine,no.of
contraction/min

15

17

18

30

17

13

Bloodglucoselevel,mg/dl

100

101

100

104

102

60

StrengthofcontractionmmHg

10

12

12

50

12

Figure9Hasalltheexperimentaldatathattheygotfromdoinglabsontheratsandtheygotdifferent
numberforeachrats.

ExperimentalData

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

1
2
3
4

Unknown
5

Dropsoffluidfromsalivaryduct

pHofstomach

Dropsoffluidfrompancreaticduct

pHoffluidfrommainpancreaticduct

Dropsoffluidfromcommonbileduct

Motilityofstomach

Motilityofsmallintestine

Bloodglucoselevel

Strengthofconcentration

Figure10Thistablerepresentshowtheeffectsoftheunknownagenthaddifferentfunctionsoccur
withineachrat.Itshowbyhowsomenumberwerehighandlowwithinthedifferentnumbers.

Unknowns

SubstancesName

Cholecystokinin(CCK
)

Secretin

Acetylcholine(ACh)

Gastrin

Glucose(GIP)

Figure11Justjustifieswhichunknowngoeswithwhichsubstances.

CatIntestine,pancreas,andliver

Figure12AcloseupoftheLarge
intestinelabeled.

Figure13Thesmallintestinelabeled.

Conclusion
Thesmellwasnota80%partofthesmellbecausethepersoncouldnotidentifyitwithmeunplugging
thenose.Thestarchstartedbreakingdownafter48hoursthathadgonebyontheexperimentalbutunlike

thecontrolitwasjustlikebarelybreakingdownandsoakingin.TheeffectoftheGIeffectseachrat
differentespecialbycomparingthedatatable.