:

/


2012-2011
:
.

 :

.
metrology .

.
.


.

.


.
:
:
.
:

-:
, .
:
.
1
0.5.
:

0-150 0-30 0-500.
2

 -1
-2
-1-1


.
.

2-1
, 100 - 0
200-0 ,150 - 0 ,125 - 0 0.02 , 0.05 , 0.1.

-1 .
-2
.
-3
3

.
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .

VERNIER CALIPERS

,
.

.

.

 :
- : ( )fixed Jaw
( .)main scale ( )mm
( )inch .
.
- : ( )movable jaw
( .)vernier scale
.
.
11/1=1.1 ( : ) ( 21/1=1.15 ) (
.)51/1 =1.12

( ).
stem for ( .
)depth measurements

- 4 :
:
:
. ( )A .

 :
,
( )B .
( )A ( )B .
.

1 () .
: = (/1) .

= ( 51
) 1.12 = 51/1.
= ( 21 )
1.15 = 21/1.

.

. .
2 .

( mm 2025 = 02 / 1 )

36 mm

13 x 0.05 mm = 0.65 mm

A+B

36 + 0.65 = 36.65 mm

( )

mm 2020 = 52 / 1

24 mm = 2.4 cm

31x0.02 mm = 0.62 mm

24 + 0.62 = 24.62 mm

A+B

- 5 :
.
:
- 1 ()Vernier Caliper
.
- 0 ()Caliper Digital

 .
.
,
.


= 46.34 mm

- 3 ()Caliper Dial
- 4 ()Depth Caliper

.
. :
, ,
- 5 ()Height Caliper


( )
.

-6 :
:
- 1

= ......................
= .....................

 - 0

=
......................
= .....................

- 3
=
......................
=
.....................

3-1

Outside
Micrometer

Inside Micrometer


( )
.
()
x .

= 0.5
( ) 50.
= /
= 0.01 = 50/0.5.
:
1.11
1.111.

. .

-1 :

- 1
:
- : ( )Frame
( )U .
11

 ( )Anvil ( )Measuring rod - Spindle

.
( .)scale main Sleeve with
( )mm 1 ( )mm 1.5
.
- : ( )thimble
( )Ratchet Knob
. 51
2/1 = 1.5 .
1.11 = 111/1 = 51/1.5 :.

-0 :
2 .
.
.

- 0
:

,
. :
- 1 :

.A
11

 ( ) 1.5 : A
B = 0.5 mm ,
2 mm = B.
- 0 :

.
.C
- 3 ()A + B + C

A = 7.00 mm B = 0 mm C = 38 x 0.01 = 0.38 mm

A + B + C = 7.0 + 0 + 0.38 = 7.38 mm

12

B = 0.5 mm C = 22 x 0.01 = 0.22 mm

A = 7.00 mm

: A + B + C = 7.00 + O.50 + 0.22 = 7.72 mm

1
C = ....... mm

B = ...... mm

A = ....... mm

A + B + C = ........ mm

2
B = ...... mm

A = ....... mm

C = ....... mm
A + B + C = ............ mm

13

 3
A = ....... mm

B = ...... mm C = ...... mm

A + B + C = ....... mm :

4
B = ...... mm C = ...... mm

A = ....... mm

A + B + C = ....... mm

- 1

()Micrometer Outside

.
. 25 - 1 : - 25 ,
51 75 - 51 , 111- 75 ,
1111.

.

- 0

()Micrometer Inside

,
.
.

14


( ).

- 3

()Micrometer Depth

.
.
.

:

1.11 1.111 .

. :

,



.
.

.
.
15

 ,
.

4-1 :
Engineer's Protractor

Feeler Gage

Vernier Protractor

Dial Indicator

:

.

Spherometer
.

""

16

 , n

1R2 R

f :
1
1
1
() ( n 1

)
f
R1 R2

, h R :
a2
R
6h

a .

:
- :

.
- : .
- .
- .
-
-
:
( )SI
:
= 1111 m

()km

(10-1 m = )dcm

()cm

= 10-2 m

()mm

= 10-3 m

( )m

= 10-6 m

17

() A

= 10-10 m

GAGES and GAGE BLOCKS

-
Gage Blocks

-1 :

. ALLOY
STEEL WEAR ,
. .


- 2 :

0.05 .

)Class 00 (AA
)Class 0 (A
18

)Class 00 (1
)Class 00 (2

-2 :
:
- 1
)(Calibration
- 2
- 3 CNC Machines
- 4

-3 :

:

0.005
0.01

)(mm

)(mm
1.0051.01
1.021.10
19

2
9

0.1
1
10
30

1.201.90
110
2030
60

9
10
2
1

-4 :
:
- 1
- 2
Wringing

- 3
:
-

-

4 :
1 : Degree ofAccuracy
2 :3 : .
21

4 :# (( )) 1455103592588582547541
.
88

mm

1.0005

1
1.0011.009
0.001
9
1.01 1.49
0.01
49
0.59.5
0.5
19
10 100
10
10

88
Ex // mm 37.936
88
mm 1.006 mm5.5
mm 1.43 mm30.00
mm37.936
5.615 :
:
21

5.615

0.005 :
1.005
4.61 = 1.005 - 5.615 :
0.01

1.01

3.6 = 1.01 - 4.6 :

0.6 :
1.6
2.0 = 1.6 - 3.6 :

2.0

===> 1.001 - 1.01 - 1.6 - 2.0 : 5.615

5.615
- 1.005
------------= 4.610
-1.01
------------= 3.60
- 1.6
------------2.00
-2
------------0
22

-
Gages

- 1 :
Mass Production


Gages





- 2

:

23

1 -

(
Ring
) Thread gage
gages

Plain
Cylindrical gages

Snap gages

: : (GO)
(NOT GO)

2 -

Thickness

gages

Radius Gages

Telescopic gages

Small hole gages

Planer Gage

parallels Adjustable

24

Adjustable parallels

Planer Gage

- 3


- 4


:




:
1

2

3

4

-
Gages Dial


25

100/1 0.01

,
.
26

 :
,
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
:
1 2 3 ( )
4 . :
.

:
.
:
, ,
, analogue method
digital method.

( ) .



.
,
,
,
substitution method
,
null method

,
null detector.
27

 , ,
error detector.

. , ,
.

.
,
,
, ,
,
.
: , ,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
:

.

( ) oscillograph

.



.
, ,:
am meter voltmeter
wattmeter frequency meter ohm
meter energy meter power
factor meter ( ) Tessla meter
28

 ( ) flux meter.

logometer. (
) galvanometer.
,

integrating instruments.
-:

.
( )1-
()

().1


.
torque moment =: Ms
2rl.N.B.I r l N B
I .

,
,

.
,
,
.

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, .
,

.


.

29



,
.

.

.
:
, .

.
,
0.1 ,


.
( )2

( ) shunts
2
, , i
,I i n ( ):
g , R
( g ) s ,
n s.
, , r
:
R
( ) ( voltage) .
(
)r+R .
( ) 3-

3
.
: ,

31

 .
,
, A 6-10 ,
,
A 9-10 , ,
,
, .

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, ()

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( ) 4-


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,

.

( ).4


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, ,
2
.
S
: Rg , Vg , Ig
.
, RD
=1 RDK
:
31


,
,
.

:
RD
RDK , RD
.
RD

.
()
,
. period
,
, ,

.
.

.

, ,
,
, .
( )5-

,
, ,

( ) , .
) (R1,R2,R3 ( )5

.


32

 Rd , Rdc

RL
,
Rg
, ,

Rs
,
.
( )6- :
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( )
.

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( )7
33

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34


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35

( )11
:
,

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:
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phase-
meter.
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36

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: (
13 )
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( - 13)

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37

 , ,
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( quantization )
- coding
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oscillator
, , .

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:
:
-
.


.... , 1 , 1 , 1
248
.
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( )14
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ramp function.
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38

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-

AND gate .
.
.
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( )17

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0.02.


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0.001 .
.

39


.
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50-25

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75-50

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100-75

0.01\0.001

400-100

0.01\0.001

25

600-

2
digimatic vernier caliper

3 ( )

300 200 150

600
:
0.01 0.02

2-0

41

0.01\ 0.02

0.001

 10-0 25-0
100
50

0.01
0.0002

4 ()standards End

M10
M125

II 'I '0

(
5
)

125 1000

25

II 'I '0

3 90
72 1286

0.05
1000-0

( Glass
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300-0

0.1

Ra, Rmax, Rz,

Rt

1
0
1
1

/
200

41

0.003

10-0

50-0

0.01

0.010\ 0.005

"0.2:
"2
%5
0.050.1

)CNC/NC (

CMMs

.1

()

.1

(125
400 300 250 200150
1000 800 600 500)

1000-125 :
ISO 3650
()

.2

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" "K " "OO ISO

3650
/
WC2 ""O

( M122 122
)

M10
(12.9 10.3 9.7 5.1 2.5
25 22.8 20 17.6 15
)

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200
( )

.5

.1 : 25-
0.001 : :
0.001
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0.0002 : :
0.2

42


E 826 :
Make: Mahr or equivalent
.6

: 250\175-
m 2000 x :
1.0 m
m 200 x m 0.1
m 20 x m 0.01

:
12.37 12.25 12.12 12.00

Check Master
: 1000 -
100
10

20 :

0.0012 :
0.001 :

11

: 600-

0.005 :

0.005 :
12

43

 :600-\ 900-
\ 1000-
0.0005 :

13

/ DIN
876 T ""OO
14

-
300\ 600-

15

S8P :
Perthen or :Make
equivalent

IS/ISO/DIN/JIS
()
16

13

509
1 :

II

17

2000 : Elcomet :
"0.05 :

18

360-
"0.05 \0.1 :

44

II

19

/(
)

III

20

21

500
0.1

(
)

II

II

:
2000
22

200
1 : (
5 ( 0.2 (1
) 150 :\
100

II

23

Mahr MMQ40

II

: 1000-
24

m 0.2 :

25

/
10001000 1
V

Nos 3

45

 .1

. 45
90 .
.1
/

M Sc/
B Tech /BE

.

.1
.2
.3
.1
.
. ()
.
.
:
o

46

ITS-90
. ITS-90

.
.1

50- 1200.
1-2
50- : 300
2 -2
: 1200
0.5 : 1
1-2
1-1-2

()i

()ii

47

()

50 300

5 1

()iii

RTD

50 1200

()iv

50 300

50 300

K S R

50 1600

S R

1600

1200

C T

50 1200

RTDs

50 600

()v
2

()i

()ii
3
4

1 3

( Pt/Pt 50% Rh
and

2-2 /
1-2-2
-1

50 20

0.1

0.02

25

0.05

0.05

25 50

0.05

0.05

48

(Rs. in
)lakh

50 75

0.05

0.05

75 100

0.05

0.05

100
200
10

0.02

10

0.05

100
200
25

0.05

0.12

200
300
50

0.1

0.06

-2

()

0.005

0.1

50 100

0.005

6.00

20
95

0.002

6.5

50
300

0.005

7.5

300
600

0.1

15.00

50
600

0.1

(Rs. in lakh

-3

()

49

(Rs. in
lakh

80 20

25

5 95

25

50 300

25

100
600

20

1
2

0.20
-3.00
0.20

-4

X 10

0.30

0.50

almirahs

0.20

UPS

1.00

(Rs. in lakh

-5
/

M Sc/
B Tech /BE

2-2-2

51

 1-2-2-2

""S

1200

0.1

""S

1200

0.1

( Rs. in
)lakh
2.5

2.5

2-2-2-2

--

0.005

0.1

1200

--

10.00

100

1200

--

0.5

16.00

6 2\1

50

0.1

0.5

( Rs. in
)lakh

5.00

3-2-2-2

( Rs. in
)lakh

0.5

51

Almirah for storage

0.2

4-2-2-2
/

M Sc/
B Tech /BE

.physico-mechanical
.
.

.
.

OIML
.

.
R111
.

.1

52


(
) .
.
39

%10 .
.
.


.
().

.1

.

OIML
:
:E1 E2
:E2 F1
:F1 F2
:F2 M2 M1
:M1
:M2

53

 :M3 4 3
5000 : 1

.1

-1

.

.

.
- .

5000

10

5000 2000 1000

500

0.1

100 200500

50

5020 10 5

10

0.1

2 5 10

0.001

100050020010050

20

0.001

20105

0.0001

2 2

-1

R111
() .
E2 E1 .
.
54


.

:

.
10.


.

( 10 1 .)100

.

20

20

20

50

10

500

.1

( (
55


F2

M1

M1M2

M2

M2M3

M3

80
000

250
000

50
0
000

800
000

600 1
000

2
500
000

10
000

30
000

100
000

20
0
000

300
000

600
000

1
000
000

000 1

1
600

000 5

16
000

000 50

10
0
000

160
000

300
000

500
000

500

800

500 2

8
000

000 25

50
000

80
000

160
000

250
000

200

300

000 1

3
000

000 10

20
000

30
000

60
000

100
000

100

160

500

1
600

000 5

10
000

16
000

30
000

50
000

50

25

80

250

800

500 2

5
000

8
000

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000

25
000

E1

E2

F1
25
000

000 5

000 2

20

10

30

100

300

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3
000

10
000

10

5.0

16

50

160

500

1
600

5
000

2.5

8.0

25

80

250

800

2
500

1.0

3.0

10

30

100

300

1
000

0.5

1.6

5.0

16

50

160

500

500

0.25

0.8

2.5

8.0

25

80

250

200

250

0.3

1.0

3.0

10

30

100

100

0.05

0.16

0.5

1.6

5.0

16

50

50

0.03

0.10

0.3

1.0

3.0

10

30

56

 20

0.025

0.08

0.25

0.8

2.5

8.0

25

10

0.020

0.06

0.20

0.6

2.0

6.0

20

0.016

0.05

0.16

0.5

1.6

5.0

16

0.012

0.04

0.12

0.4

1.2

4.0

12

0.010

0.03

0.10

0.3

1.0

3.0

10

500

0.008

0.02
5

0.08

0.25

0.8

2.5

200

0.006

0.02
0

0.06

0.20

0.6

2.0

100

0.005

0.01
6

0.05

0.16

0.5

1.6

50

0.004

0.01
2

0.04

0.12

0.4

20

0.003

0.01
0

0.03

0.10

0.3

10

0.003

0.00
8

0.025

0.08

0.25

0.003

0.00
6

0.20

0.06

0.20

0.003

0.00
6

0.20

0.06

0.20

0.003

0.00
6

0.20

0.06

0.20

R111 .
.
100 M2 5000 . 50
M2 R111
(
) M1
.R111
57


1-5

E2 E1

( 20 )25

1

0.5

%40 %60
% 5 4

F2 F1

( 20 )25

2

1

%40
% 10%60
4

M3 M2 M1

( 18 )27

2

10

10

%40 %60

% 15 4

2-5

E2 E1

65
( 0.5 )

0.1

%5

F2 F1

135 1(
)

0.5

%10

M3 M2 M1

-6
/

M Sc/
BE/ B Tech

58

ITI
-7

90 .

(
) Thread gage

Plain
Ring gages

Cylindrical gages

: :
)(GO )(NOT GO

59

Snap gages